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Chapter 1
Introduction to Municipal Solid Wastes
What are Solid Wastes?
► All the wastes arising from human & animal activities that
are normally solid.
► Are discarded as useless or unwanted.
► are the heterogeneous mass of throwaways from
residences and commercial activities as well as more
homogeneous accumulations of a single industrial activity.
► It could be semi-solid, semi-liquid, liquid or gaseous forms
also.
► Called as refuse, rubbish, garbage, and trash etc.
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SOLID WASTES
Municipal Solid Waste Industrial Solid Waste Hazardous Solid Waste
Food wastes Rubbish Radioactive
Rubbish Ashes Chemical
Corrosive
Ashes and residues Demolition & construction Reactive
wastes Toxic
Demolition & construction
wastes Special waste Biological
From Hospitals
Special wastes Hazardous Waste
(street sweeping, road- Flammable
side litter, catch basin-
debris, dead animals, Explosive
abandoned vehicles)
Treatment plant waste
Various Types of Solid Wastes
Food wastes (garbage)
Rubbish
Ashes and residues
Bulky household wastes
SW Street wastes (refuse)
Dead animals
Construction and demolition wastes
Industrial wastes
Hazardous wastes including hospital and slaughter
house wastes
Sewage wastes
Garden (horticulture) wastes
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Components of SW
Organic
Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, rubber, leather, yard
wastes, wood, dead animals etc.
Inorganic
Glass bottles, tin cans, aluminum, other metals, dirt, ash, debris or
construction rejects etc.
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Hazardous wastes
Household: Household cleaners, personal care products, automotive products,
paint products, batteries, photographic chemicals, pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers
etc.
Commercial: (Depends on the type of establishment) for e.g. Inks from print shops,
solvents from dry cleaning establishments, cleaning solvents from auto repair shops,
paints and thinners from painting contractors etc.
Why do we need to properly manage SW?
It can
► cause bad odour
► lead to proliferation of pests, rodents and wind-blown litter
► make us sick
► spread epidemics through cockroaches, mice, stray animals etc.
► attract birds and hence, cause bird menace to air flights
► cause fires
► can release green house gases
► cause contamination of surrounding soil
► lead to groundwater pollution due to waste dumps
► cause surface water contamination by the run-off from the waste
dump
► make city landscape unattractive
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How Waste is Generated
► Everyone produces about half kg of garbage everyday
► The activities that produce garbage are:
Preparation, cooking and serving food
Sweeping of house
Discarding waste papers, packaging, metal cans, glass and plastic
bottles etc
Discarding broken articles, furniture etc.
Cleaning of lawn and gardens
Construction and demolition activities
Markets, commercial sources, community halls, hotels, water and
wastewater treatment plants also generate these wastes as a part
of community
Solid Waste Generation
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Solid Waste Generation by Technological Processes
Solid Waste
Generation in an
Urban Society
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Role of Solid Waste
Management
(a) Waste Generation
without Integrated
Management
(b) Waste Minimizations
by Integrated
Management
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A Multi-Material,
Multi-Source,
Integrated Solid
Waste Management
Approach
Elements of A
Municipal Solid Waste
Management System
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Hierarchy of Integrated Solid Waste Management Options
Waste
Reduction by
Integrated
Solid Waste
Management
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Components of A Municipal Solid Waste Management
System
Detailed
Structure of A
Municipal Solid
Waste
Management
System
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Linkages Between MSW Management System and Other
Types of Wastes Generated in an Urban Centre
Interaction
Between
Municipal Solid
Waste
Management
System and
Other Waste
Management
Systems
Materials Flow Chart for 100 TPD Waste
(i) Materials Flow Chart showing Direct Landfilling
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(ii) Conceptual Materials
Flow Chart showing
(a) Reduced Landfilling
(b) Material Recovery
(c) Compost Recovery
(d) Energy Recovery
MSW – WORLD SCENARIO
MSW generation rates are affected socio-economic development, degree
of industrialization, and climate
High Income Countries
Current Year 2025
Total waste = 85 million tonnes/year Total waste = 86 million tonnes/year
Others
Others 11%
12% Metal
5%
Metal Organic Organic
8% 28% Glass 33%
7%
Glass
7% Plastic
10%
Plastic
9%
Paper Paper
36% 34%
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Middle Income Countries
Current Year 2025
Total waste = 34 million tonnes/year Total waste = 111 million tonnes/year
Others
13%
Others
Metal Metal
11%
3% 5%
Glass
Glass
2% 3%
Plastic
Organic
11% Organic Plastic 50%
9%
Paper 58%
15%
Paper
20%
Low Income Countries
Current Year 2025
Total waste = 158 million tonnes/year Total waste = 480 million tonnes/year
Others
12%
Metal
4%
Organic
Glass
Others 41%
3%
47%
Plastic
6%
Metal Paper
1% 5%
Organic
Glass Plastic
60%
4% Paper
2%
15%
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MSW – INDIAN SCENARIO
► Increasing urbanisation and changing lifestyles has led to the MSW
generated in Indian cities having increased from 6 million tonnes in 1947
to 48.1 million tonnes in 1997.
► The production and consumption of plastic have increased over 70 times
between 1960 and 1995.
► The collection of MSW is inefficient (more than 25% of the total is not
collected at all), its transportation is inadequate, and its disposal is
unscientific.
► The landfills to dispose of the waste are neither well equipped nor
managed efficiently.
Source: TERI (1998)
Contd…..
…..Contd.
► The per capita of MSW generated daily, in India ranges from about 100
g in small towns to 500 g in large cities.
► There is no national level database for MSW generation, collection and
disposal. The increase in solid waste generation, over the years, was
studied for a few urban centres. For example, the population of Mumbai
grew from around 8.2 million in 1981 to 12.3 million in 1991, registering
a growth of around 49%. While, the MSW generated in the city
increased from 3,200 tonnes per day to 5,355 tonnes per day in the
same period registering a growth of around 67% (CPCB, 2000).
► This clearly indicates that the growth in MSW in our urban centres has
outpaced the population growth in recent years. This trend can be
ascribed to our changing lifestyles, food habits, and change in living
standards.
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Waste quantum in India
Per capita waste generation rates
Waste Generation Statistics
Population Average per capita
Year Per capita waste Total urban range (in waste generation
generated municipal waste lakhs) (g/capita/day)
(g/day) generated (mt/y)
1 to 5 210
1971 375 14.9
5 to 10 250
1981 430 25.1
10 to 20 270
1991 460 43.5
20 to 50 350
1997 490 48.1
50 500
Source: TERI (1998) Source: NEERI strategy paper on
SWM in India (1996)
Quantity of SW generated in Metropolitan cities
(Source: CPCB, 1995)
City Qty of SW City Qty of SW
(TPD) (TPD)
Mumbai 5000 Jaipur 1021
Calcutta 3500 Kochi 680
Delhi 4600 Coimbatore 710
Chennai 3500 Vadodara 900
Hyderabad 2800 Indore 800
Bangalore 2700 Patna 714
Ahmedabad 1600 Madhrai 711
Pune 1527 Bhopal 500
Kanpur 1314 Vishakapatnam 630
Nagpur 1100 Varansi 660
Lucknow 1043 Ludhiana 656
Surat 1000 Total 37666
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Crucial Issues in Municipal Solid Waste
Management in India (Source: TERI, 2001)
O
N
E
T
W
O
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T
H
R
E
E
Where do we stand today?
► SW collection efficiency
► 60-70% in major metro cities
► 50% or less in smaller cities
► Most of the Urban Local Bodies
► Utilise 30-50% of their staff and resources
► Spend Rs.500 to Rs.1,500 per tonne of SW of which
- 60-70% on street sweeping and waste collection
- 20-30% on transportation of wastes
- Less than 5% on final disposal of wastes
► Dump SW on low lying areas as they do not have sanitary
landfills
► Suffer from non-availability of adequate expertise and
experience
► Lack technical, managerial, administrative, financial resources
as well as adequate institutional arrangements
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