READING

Intensive Reading:
• Focuses on detailed understanding of a text.

• Involves close reading and analysis.

• Often used in academic settings.

• Example: Analyzing a scientific article for specific data

and conclusions.
Extensive Reading:
• Focuses on overall understanding and enjoyment.

• Involves reading large quantities of material.

• Encourages fluency and vocabulary acquisition.

• Example: Reading a novel for pleasure and general

comprehension.
Graded Readers
• Simplified versions of original texts.

• Adapted to different language proficiency levels.

• Help learners build confidence and improve reading skills.

• Example: A graded reader version of "Pride and Prejudice"

for intermediate English learners.

Original Novels
• Full-length, unabridged texts.

• Provide authentic language exposure.

• Suitable for advanced learners.

• Example: Reading "To Kill a Mockingbird" in its original

form.
Top-Down Strategies in Reading
• Focus on overall meaning and context.

• Use prior knowledge and schema to understand the text.

• Example: Predicting the content of a story based on the

title and cover.

Bottom-Up Strategies in Reading
• Focus on decoding the text from the smallest units (letters,

words) to larger units (sentences, paragraphs).

• Involve recognizing and understanding vocabulary,

grammar, and syntax.

• Example: Decoding unfamiliar words using phonics and

context clues.
Reading for Detail
• Focuses on extracting specific information from a text.

• Involves careful reading and note-taking.

• Example: Finding specific dates and events in a historical

document.
Opportunities in Teaching Reading
 • Enhancing vocabulary and language skills.
• Developing critical thinking and analytical skills.

• Promoting cultural awareness and empathy.

• Example: Using literature circles to discuss diverse

perspectives.
Difficulties in Teaching Reading
• Motivating reluctant readers.

• Addressing varying proficiency levels in a class.

• Ensuring comprehension and retention.

• Example: Struggling to engage students in a complex text.

Stages of a Reading Lesson

1. Pre-Reading:
o Activating prior knowledge.

o Introducing key vocabulary and concepts.

o Setting a purpose for reading.

o Example: Discussing the theme of a story before

reading.
2. While-Reading:
o Guiding students through the text.

o Encouraging active reading strategies.

o Example: Asking comprehension questions during

reading.
3. Post-Reading:
o Summarizing and discussing the text.

o Reflecting on key points and themes.

o Example: Writing a summary or participating in a

group discussion.
The Curve or Arch of a Reading Lesson
• Introduction:

o Engaging students and setting the stage.

o Example: Using a hook or a related activity to grab

attention.
• Development:

o Deepening understanding through various activities.

o Example: Group work, role-playing, or guided

discussions.
• Conclusion:

o Summarizing key points and reinforcing learning.

o Example: Reflecting on the lesson, asking final

questions, and assigning follow-up tasks.

LISTENING
Listening for Detail
• Definition: Focuses on extracting specific information

from a listening text.

• Example: Listening to a weather report to note the exact
 temperature and forecast for the week.
Listening for Gist
• Definition: Focuses on understanding the main idea or

overall message of a listening text.

• Example: Listening to a news broadcast to get a general

understanding of the day's top stories.

Accents
• Definition: Variations in pronunciation of a language by

different speakers.
• Example: Recognizing the difference between a British

English accent and an American English accent.

Dialects
• Definition: Variations in vocabulary, grammar, and

pronunciation within a language.

• Example: Understanding the differences between

Southern American English and Northern American

English.
Bottom-Up Strategies in Listening
• Definition: Focus on decoding the audio from the smallest

units (sounds, words) to larger units (sentences,

discourse).
• Example: Using phonemic awareness to distinguish

between similar-sounding words like "bat" and "bad."

Top-Down Strategies in Listening
• Definition: Focus on using prior knowledge and context to

understand the audio.

• Example: Predicting the content of a conversation based

on the setting and participants.

Stages in a Listening Lesson
1. Pre-Listening:
o Activating prior knowledge and setting the context.

o Introducing key vocabulary and concepts.

o Example: Discussing the topic of a podcast before

listening.
2. While-Listening:
o Guiding students through the audio.

o Encouraging active listening strategies.

o Example: Providing a list of questions to answer

while listening to a lecture.

3. Post-Listening:
o Summarizing and discussing the audio.

o Reflecting on key points and themes.

o Example: Participating in a group discussion or

writing a summary of the audio.

WRITING
Product Writing
• Definition: Focuses on the final written product and its

accuracy.
• Example: Writing an essay and then editing it for

grammar, punctuation, and structure.

Process Writing
• Definition: Emphasizes the stages of writing, from

brainstorming to final draft.

• Example: Writing a story by first outlining, then drafting,

revising, and editing.

Stages in Writing
1. Pre-Writing:
o Brainstorming and organizing ideas.

o Example: Creating a mind map for an essay on

climate change.
2. Drafting:
o Writing the first version of the text.

o Example: Writing the first draft of a business report.

3. Revising:
o Making changes to improve content and structure.

o Example: Rearranging paragraphs in an essay to

improve flow.
4. Editing:
o Correcting grammar, punctuation, and spelling

errors.
o Example: Proofreading a research paper for typos

and grammatical mistakes.

5. Publishing:
o Finalizing and presenting the written work.

o Example: Submitting a final draft of a manuscript for

publication.
Informal Writing
• Definition: Casual and conversational style, often used in

personal communication.
• Example: Writing a letter to a friend or a blog post.

Formal Writing
• Definition: Structured and professional style, often used in

academic and business settings.

• Example: Writing a formal report or a research paper.

Pronunciation
• Definition: The way in which a word or language is

spoken.
• Example: Practicing the correct pronunciation of

"schedule" (as "sked-jool" in American English).

Spelling
• Definition: The correct sequence of letters in a word.
 • Example: Ensuring the correct spelling of
"accommodation" (with double 'c' and double 'm').

SPEAKING
Key Factors to Getting a Good Discussion Going
1. Clear Objective:
o Define the purpose of the discussion.

o Example: Discussing the pros and cons of renewable

energy.
2. Engaging Topic:
o Choose a topic that interests participants.

o Example: The impact of social media on society.

3. Structured Format:
o Use a clear structure to guide the discussion.

o Example: Starting with an introduction, followed by

main points, and ending with a conclusion.

4. Active Participation:
o Encourage everyone to contribute.

o Example: Using prompts and open-ended questions

to stimulate conversation.
5. Respectful Environment:
o Foster a respectful and inclusive atmosphere.

o Example: Setting ground rules for respectful

communication.
Teaching Pronunciation
1. Modeling:
o Demonstrate correct pronunciation.

o Example: Repeating words and phrases clearly for

students to mimic.
2. Phonetic Training:
o Teach the phonetic alphabet to help students

understand sounds.
o Example: Using IPA (International Phonetic

Alphabet) charts.
3. Practice Activities:
o Use drills and exercises to reinforce pronunciation.

o Example: Tongue twisters and minimal pair

exercises.
4. Feedback:
o Provide constructive feedback on pronunciation.

o Example: Correcting mispronunciations gently and

offering alternatives.
5. Technology:
o Utilize technology for pronunciation practice.

o Example: Using apps and online resources for

pronunciation exercises.
Accuracy
• Definition: The correctness of language use, focusing on

grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation.

• Example: Writing a grammatically correct sentence

without errors.
Fluency
• Definition: The ability to communicate effectively and

smoothly, even with some errors.

• Example: Speaking confidently in a conversation without

long pauses.
Communicative Activities
1. Information Gap:
o Activities where participants exchange information

to complete a task.
o Example: One student describes a picture while

another draws it.

2. Role Play:
o Acting out real-life scenarios to practice language

use.
o Example: Simulating a job interview.

3. Debates:
o Structured discussions on a topic with opposing

viewpoints.
o Example: Debating the benefits of remote work

versus office work.

4. Group Discussions:
o Collaborative discussions on a given topic.

o Example: Discussing the causes and effects of

climate change.
Role Play
• Definition: Acting out roles in simulated situations to

practice language and social skills.

• Example: Students role-playing a customer and a

salesperson in a store.
Real Play
• Definition: Engaging in authentic, unscripted interactions

to practice language in real-life contexts.

• Example: Participating in a community event or a

language exchange meetup.