SPWLA Asia Pacific Technical Symposium 2018 Bogor-Indonesia, November 7-8 Saturation height functions - the basic concepts and lesson learned from applied reservoir assessments Ivan Novikrl?, Candra Sugama?, Gunawan Sucahyo" * Baker Hughes, a GE company Reservoir Characterization Case StudiesOutline Saturation height function - What is it? Saturation height function - Why do I need it? Saturation height function - When do I need it? Saturation height function - How do I do it? Path ForwardSaturation height function - What is i Rock typing is a process of classifying reservoir rock into distinct units, each of which was deposited under similiar geological condition and has undergone similiar diagenetic alteration (Gunter, et al, 1997) A hydraulic (pore geometrical) unit is defined as the representative elementary volume of total reservoir rock within which geological and petrophysical properties that affect fluid flow are internally consistent and predictably different from properties of other rock volumes. HU can include several rock facies dependeing on their depsitional texture & mineralogy content (Amaefule et al., 1993, SPE 26436) Saturation-height functions are mathematical expressions that are used to evaluate water saturation, Sw, from height, H, in true vertical space that honour the data. These formula may be related to physical characteristic of the rock and reservoir and this written expression introduced on how practical techniques are experimentation. (source : PF. Worthington, AAPG Method, No 12, 2002)Saturation height function — What is it? This work is aimed to build a 3D rock quality and water saturation model. Depth- matched and overburden corrected routine core data (porosity, permeability, and grain-density) and wire-line logs are quality checked. RQI and FZI are calculated from the core data using the following equations: RQI = 0.0314 x ; ) Where RQI means Rock Quality Index, K represents permeability and represents effective porosity. 4, --be 2" 1-4, Where means normalized porosity and represents effective porosity Rar 8) Q) FZI=Saturation height function — What is it? F2t Application i in defining different flow : Poro-perm relationship at net overburden Point coloured by flow zone Give multiple poroperm relationshipFlow Zone Indicators & Hydraulic Units HU FZI High FZI Low Qualitative Name Wealum Guay Resevat aR ‘ew Quay Reservar Lara 0.50 ‘ov Qual Reserva Lore 100,00 Model Pemeabity nd 8 0.50 03 Very Low Guay ‘Revena LOR A. 03 02 Very Low Quay Resenat var 0.10, play mf290 100.00 02 04 Extemeh Low ‘Quay Reservar ELOR A 0.4 0.001 ‘Exverey Low ‘usty Reser LORS. ‘Non ReservoirSaturation height function — What is it? Water Saturation Functions Having established FZI or Hydraulic Unit logs and fluid properties, appropriate J functions are established for each Hydraulic Unit. Special Core Analysis or SCAL (capillary pressure) data could be used from specifically selected rock samples whose FZI are known to establish J curves. Log data can also be calculated as J function and plotted against log-calculated water saturation as a scatter-plot (by Hydraulic Unit). Both, SCAL and log data can be superimposed and compared in J-Sw space. J function is described below: Where Pc is capillary pressure, « is interfacial p z tension between oil and water, @ is the contact Jisu) = 0.2166 fE (4) angle, K is rock permeability and 4. is effective “ porosity. “A Where’a”’ is an empirical multiplier, Sw is water I(s») =4* Sw +B (5) saturation, 4is an empirical exponent, b is an empirical constant.Saturation height function — What is it? The water saturation (Sw) is calculated using equation (6) commonly, which is derived by substituting equation (4) in equation (5) and after rearranging: SB ar cue iin pram for 3 feet ae et a (6) Ba ° a Ee ose alo Where WG is pressure gradient of water in the aquifer immediately underlying the reservoir and OG is the pressure gradient of the oil in the reservoir. The parameters a, b and are specific to a Hydraulic Unit, which are determined empirically. In complex reservoirs, water saturation may be calculated by equations (6): Where “a” is a multiplier, an exponent, b a constant; PB denotes 4 function of Hafwl (Height above FW) in which AI and A2 are Sy sag +b Imulplers and C1 is a constant, i vscosy ofall in reservo 0368-03685, thich sa function of Hof (Height above FW) in which BL, 82 5S, = 5,4 /,83 and B4 are multipliers and C2 is a constant; is viscosity of water in reservoir. The “d” is an empirical parameter that (ieee fa 811) determines the thickness of the transition zone (thickness above exp FWL where water saturation has not reached the minimum or Py 2A xHy + Ay xHyy + connate water limit). Ho ~ By» Hig + By x Hig + By % Hg, + By % Hayy + Cy ZzJ(Sw) vs SW Plot The J-Sw plot is used to establish representative J curves by Hydraulic Unit. Any equation that adequately fits the J-Sw data can be used. The Lambda function is commonly used in simpler reservoirs. agHow Does Capillary Pressure Relate to Logs? Capillary Pressure Log Derived Water Saturation Rocktype C Height Rocktype A Water Saturation Log SW / Water Saturation al Rocktype CodeSaturation height function - Why do I need it? © The saturation height functions for each Hydraulic Unit are solved for Sw at well location and compared with the Sw calculated from resistivity logs. The modeled Sw and resistivity derived Sw should closely scatter along a 1:1 line on a cross-plot. The modeled Sw is also overlain on resistivity derived Sw in key wells and differences are noted and investigated. © A perfect match between model and resistivity Sw is neither expected nor desired. Water saturation modeling using a saturation height function and rock quality grouping is superior to resistivity derived water saturation as it corrects the mistakes in resistivity derived water saturation due to thin-bed and shoulder-bed effects in resistivity measurements, bad-hole conditions, tool mis-calibrations and usage of in-appropriate parameters in water saturation equations. A properly calibrated saturation height model, reconciling reliable log saturations with core data, represents the best possible way to calculate saturations in a reservoir and to transfer this information in static and dynamic models.Saturation-height functions of carbonate reservoir has been developed using J-functions and a good agreement with log- derived water saturation (S,,.) ‘Model PHI‘1.Su)Saturation height function - Why do I need it? © We can calculate saturation from log — but what happened away from well control? How do we populate our reservoir model with Sw between wells? © If we cant answer this question then we can not calculate hydrocarbon inplace. © Key measurement is capillary pressure. By defintion capillary pressure is the pressure difference across the curve interface between two immiscible fluid phases. The phases are either wetting or non wetting with respect to the pore well.Saturation height function - Why do I need it? Common objectives of this study were: *Develop log-derived Pcs or J-functions using the available data (log-porosity, log-Swi, core permeability, and log-derived to calculate the initial water saturation distribution in the entire reservoir. *Most important is to match the calculated Swi with log-Swi profile from several wells across the field and calculate the original oil in place (STOIP). © The methodology for the field evaluation of water saturation varies according to the type of saturation-height function to be applied. All functions are specific to a given petrofacies unit and to a given fluid system. Determine saturation-height functions of oil and gas reservoir using FAL log- derived results* ( k and S,,,), and using the saturation functions to populate geological model for volumetric purposes.Saturation height function - How do I do it? What data do we neeed to produce saturation height function . Free water level : + Need to acurately know FWL to anchor saturation height function «Use RFT pressure data or core dean stark saturation data Review geological, facies and structural Interpretation, production data & well test data. Review well logs with knowledge of saturation calculation Routine Core and Capillary pressure Lab analysis: + Special core analysis data + For all reservoir rock type both pay and non pay Permeability model : most saturation height function model require permeability, this can be measured on core or estimated calibrated from log models Fluid property for both water and hydrocarbons : density; IFT interfacial tension, contact angel (wettability) Exercise saturation height functions in excel or any petrophysical application __—Theoritically Capillarity and gravity give rise to a saturation-height profile in porous permeable rocks. Drainage occures when hydrocarbon dosplaces water downwards on migration into structure due to bouyancy forces Saturation vs height Formation Pressure vs Height height ie, MDT Survey Curved “meniscus Drainage case, forms wetthing phase, saturation il gradient Ay =0,36 psi/tt arnenn ila contact 7 Fava Weting G14 . fetaned 100% Water gracntw 20,456 pat \Saturation height function - How do I do it? Fluid Properties * Oil and water properties are determined in this work process. Oil properties include reservoir density and viscosity and needed water properties are its density or salinity and resistivity. Profiles of oil properties versus elevation are established where significant variations exist due to gravity segregation. Pressure profiles and oil density are reconciled. The fluid property values or profiles are needed as an input in subsequent modeling. Fluid Distributions * Areal variation of the fluids must be established for building a representative model. Some reservoirs must be subdivided into blocks if Free Water Level varies significantly and / or oil properties differ (and whether free gas is present or absent). The boundaries of such blocks must be established to contain wells with similar fluid properties. Seismic data (time-slices) at appropriate levels offer some promise to locate block boundaries with confidence. FWL may also differ by stratigraphic zones in the same block in which case that must be modeled as such.Reservoir background * Carbonate reservoir with edge water * Multiple Regions of Free Water Level (Deepening towards East) + Tight Reservoir N t Note: The OWC contour is hand-drawn for ‘llsztion purpose only. A details of hid interpretation fom well logs. Free-water-levels (FWL) pn these Carbonate reservoir have been determined from FAL data. There appears to be four levels and in general tends to deepen from west to east in direction.Rock Fluid Parameters 7 Porosity Cutoff (Fraction) =| Saluretion Cutoff Fraction} High Structure Elevation Fest TVD SS ‘Low Structure Elevation Feet TVD SS =| Maximum Transition Zone Thickness Feet Elevation Inerement Feet Interfacial Tension T dynes/om =| Contact Angle Theta Density of Reservoir Cil b/eu Density of Reservoir Gas ib/eu Density of Water bicu ‘Sigma Cosine Theta Oi- Water Pressure Gradient of Oil psift Pressure Gradient of Gas psi Pressure Gradient of Water pout Buoyancy Gradient of Oil psif Buoyancy Gradient of Gas psu = ‘Sigma Cosine Thela Gas-0iTypical values foro & 0 Laboratory conditions: + Hg/air o = 480 dynes/cm, 8 = 140, cos 8 = -0.766 + Air-water o = 72 dynes/cm, 8 = 0, cos @ = 1 + Oil-water o = 48 dynes/cm, 6 = 30, cos 6 = 0.87 Reservoir (typical): + Gas/water o = 50 dynes/cm, 8 = 0, cos 8 = 1 + Oil-water, o = 30 dynes/cm, 6 = 30, cos 6 = 0.87 Pressure & temperature dependentand, reasonable value at depth S000ft, CorelabOil Water Interfacial Tension (Source : Core Labs) s)2 5) sie BSieialelas 2) (o1-water Contact Angle Theta: Source "Petroleum Engineering by Archer & Walt strong Water rs [1s | m5 | 30 5 | 60 | 75 | 00 0 Proferertaly O1Wel| co | 105 | 10 | 15 | 150 ‘Sronoly Oi Well —is0 | ~a57'5| tes | ar2.5| 100Quality Check Saturation model Well-B 05Saturation Height Equation HU Lamhda D a A Si = 0.03x¢ +b 1 1.6 0.25 2 1.45 0.20 3 18 -0.05 4 15 -0.02 5 “1.48 0.00 6 aa 0.025 7 71.33 0.125 0.368—0.368x S.,, pO ne = Dwi o.2179x0:15SHorm.,. |K | 92 26 é 02 expPHI-K Empirical Approach EE ssetomm(_tor tai tab vat 10 [tat aro ate [at tata 10 11a 110 Toto | a 109 ‘ewe a | aw oe rem (oe [em aera oe [ase [as [ae a aoa sesengiacl awa a as ae [ae ow [at [ear ees ae [aaa [naa atetetststsistatetmtatstetsts ts |e B z PetCo AS [ 95 a5 fas as (as a5 as | as | as sas | as as [as Contec SE Treo EO) eG EG) eG] TE eG) OE WED SO] TUE a EO] THE ne TE eo Tums Tame foes | on owe (con Ts Tom Toon Toe | wees (on [oo | omer [unaeo [ooze [out [on [oars] oa hon ane [-ao [amv a [| eas [oe en [once [eam eer [oer [noua orm [ ae a(R cone i TT Td ns ‘e 200 cE nc HCE tha Ler ar [ae sa Tse ver [ oo apee Csi [os se em [ eure [oe oa mt [eke | owes [as Pease gone | aoe | [oom Poe | [one [om | os [rer Sat ae oan moe (ro Tua [ers [ |e rome (comme [ores | oor nae | as | a stat [aa [sme mes a6 [xe Do ae La | as Lacs me [vores [os [ aa [ sss [ ens [aes tao var |e [a [ss [we | tt [em [seer aerey [zen [tame [tr ese [ome | uaa ose onaer ae asa Le [ane [Lm Dram Tsao | ae La ea [a | women | ees |e [mer |e [Saran es | cr [one tee [ve Le ene ae a nee [san | | es oo | ret [me | a | us [eae [rae ia ERSESS EE ZzPath Forward From workflow summary Saturation Height models have three critical variables; (1) Permeability, (2) Height above Free Water Level, (3) Capillary Pressure curves. Saturation mode! fail to perfectly match water saturations log in tight rock. To make model saturations more comparable to water saturations log the J-Sw curves require significant modification so that they are no longer calibrated to capillary pressure data. Saturation height model based on mercury injection curves assume the reservoir is in drainage equilibrium. If that is not the case then the left-hand model is invalid. This issue must be explored in depth. Source of uncertainty : FWL (affected by residual, dynamic aquifer ) and reservoir interfacial tension, density across the field more fluid properties data required from PVT or Core Lab (SCAL/MICP) It’s good to start with a simple model, i.e. J Function Remember, saturation isn’t everything, relative permeability is also important0 BackupAbstract ‘The accurate determination of hydrocarbons initially in place requires an understanding of hydrocarbon distribution within the reservoir. One of the industry standard is the practices of saturation height function which gives us the shape of the transition zone and quantifies how water saturation varies as a function of height above the FWL. This function can be used to initialize the 3D reservoir model. The most important criteria when choosing a mathematical function to describe the relationship between saturation and height are that: + The function must provide a good fit to the measured data over a wide water saturation and rock quality range. Differences between the function and the real data must be examined so that the uncertainties can be assigned. +The function must be able to be integrated easily for zonal average hydrocarbon saturation calculation, In other words, it must be possible to effectively map in the reservoir the parameters (porosity / permeability / facies etc.) upon which the core derived model is based. +The underlying assumption is that the stratigraphic zones correspond (lithologically) to the petrophysical rock types used to establish the saturation height functions themselves. Where they do not, the saturation-height functions should be applied only to the intrazonal petrophysical units. It then becomes necessary to reconcile the ‘two partitioning schemes when the petrophysically interpreted reservoir properties are input to the stratigraphic zonation for purposes of volumetics ‘As a deliverable of petrophysics is the saturation-height equation which allows prediction of the relative proportion of fluids properties anywhere in the reservoir for a given height above the free water level and reservoir quality rock classification, Capillary pressure data measured in the laboratory using various methods are widely used to provide SHF since capillary properties are directly measured sample representing on complex reservoir rock. The accuracy of the prediction derived from a SHF based on experimental data will only be as good as the relevance, viability and quality of such data, as well as the application of adequate scaling corrections. This presentation illustrates some key issues related the exercise test design, quality control and implementation from chosen saturation height function ‘method, which are reinforced by several examples,Hydraulic Unit Rock Type Classification Porosity Chass Rock T a 2 Perea ky Constant [50,008 | 40,006 | 35,008 | 30.000 | 20,008 | 70,000 0,000 | 8,000 35,000 oo[ os | 0s Peas] os 0s Pas] as,J(Sw) vs SW Plot The J-Sw plot is used to establish representative J curves by Hydraulic Unit. Any equation that adequately fits the J-Sw data can be used. The Lambda function is commonly used in simpler reservoirs. _Saturation-height functions of clastic reservoir has been developed using J-functions and a good agreement with log- derived water saturation (S,,.) Model PRrCtsinorn Check Saturation model wee Peeeibise eae? é 7. é seb ee eeeSaturation Height Eq. — Applied J Function 4 0.368 — 0.368 x (0.025 xg, '?) © GOR: 5, =(0.025x¢, 12), 0268 0.388 (0.025 x95) oar7s«ovossstn|E | a ox * MOR: “one coe a FLOR + 5, — (0.016547) 2308 O:368 x(0.016%9.") 7