Introduction
To Well Logging
Introduction to Well Logging
Wireline and LWD Evaluation Tools
Prof. Dr. Moustafa Oraby
Graduate Program Director
Petroleum Engineering Professor
American University in Cairo
26 Years of Industry Experience
Email: Moustafa.Oraby@aucegypt.edu
Introduction
To Well Logging
From Planning to Production - Review
Introduction
To Well Logging
Logging for Evaluation
Logging While Drilling
Wireline Logging
Introduction
To Well Logging
What do we measure?
⚫ Borehole sizes Different rocks
Have different
⚫ Porosity density
⚫ Density
⚫ Fluids Saturation
– Water?
– Hydrocarbon?
⚫ Rock mechanics
Porosity
Introduction
To Well Logging Porosity = Close to none
Clays / Shale - Very Harming to Reservoirs
Clays
Shale
Introduction Reservoir Porosity Neutron
To Well Logging
Porosity
Basic Wireline/LWD Logging Tools Caliper Tool Tool
Gamma Ray Tool
Borehole Diameter
Clay / Shale finding
Density Tool
Rock
Lithology
Resistivity Tool Fluids Saturation
Rock
Sonic Tool Mechanical
Properties
Introduction
To Well Logging
Caliper Tools for Borehole size
• Why
– Washout while drilling
– Washout after drilling
– Clays swelling
– Rock deterioration
⚫ 2 arms caliper
⚫ 4 arms caliper
⚫ 6 arms caliper
Introduction
To Well Logging
Clay Zones Evaluation
Physics:
✓ Clays are Radioactive
✓ They contain radioactive elements
✓ Potassium K
✓ Thorium Th
✓ They emit gamma rays
Detection:
✓ measure the gamma rays
Introduction
To Well Logging
Gamma Ray Tool For Clays
Clean
GR Detector
Gamma Rays
Clay
Introduction
To Well Logging
Porosity Measurements
Introduction
To Well Logging
Porosity Measurements The Neutron Tool
Physics:
✓ Use a neutron source
✓ Let the neutrons collide with atoms
Detection:
✓ Count the number of neutrons coming back
Introduction ❑ Uses a neutron source
To Well Logging
❑ Usually (AmBe)
The Neutron Tool ❑ Uses neutron detectors
The source emits very high energy neutrons
into the formation
As neutrons collide with hydrogen and
other elements, they lose energy
Less More Low
hydrogen counts porosity
12%
More Fewer High
hydrogen counts porosity
Introduction
To Well Logging
Fluids Saturation Hydrocarbon or Water?
Physics:
✓ Water is conductive
✓ Oil / gas are resistive
Detection
✓ Measuring resistivity will differentiate
Introduction
To Well Logging
Resistivity Tools - Lateral Resistivity Tools
Current CR
Return
(Low Hydrocarbon volume)
Conductive mud
(High Hydrocarbon volume)
Reservoir
Current
Source
Introduction
To Well Logging
Resistivity Tools in Resistive Mud - Induction Resistivity Tools
Amplitude
Transmitters
Resistive mud
angle
0 360
Receivers
Introduction
To Well Logging
Electrons Measurements
Introduction
To Well Logging
Density Tool
A chemical source (137Cs) emits low energy gamma
rays into the formation
As the gamma rays collide with formation electrons their
energy is reduced
The reduction in energy is inversely proportional to bulk density
Introduction
To Well Logging
Sonic Tools - Detection: Sound Listening Tools
Physics:
✓ Sonic (sound) wave
✓ When sent into the rock
✓ Compresses grains
✓ Shears grains
✓ From this, we can find out the
rock strength
Introduction
To Well Logging
Sonic Wave motion in a formation
Shear
Compression
Introduction
To Well Logging
The Sonic Tool
Long spaced sonic tools have transmitter and receivers which
Sonic wave allow for a greater depth of formation investigation
Transmitter
The transmitter emits sound wave into the formation
The receivers measure the travel time (t) it takes the
t compressiol wave to go through the formation and reach
the receivers
Sonic wave
Receivers
t
Introduction
To Well Logging
Conclusions
⚫ Many tools are available for formation rock evaluation
⚫ Each tool uses
– Physical property to measure
– Tool design to capture the rock property
⚫ Porosity
⚫ Clays
⚫ Density
⚫ Fluids saturation
⚫ Rock strength (mechanical properties)
⚫ The combination of tools you run is dependent on what you
want to evaluate
Introduction
To Well Logging
Thank You
Wish you all the best in your career
Email: Moustafa.Oraby@aucegypt.edu
