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The document explains default arguments in C++, where parameters can have default values in function declarations, requiring subsequent parameters to also have defaults. It also covers operator overloading for new and delete, demonstrating how to allocate and deallocate memory dynamically for objects. An example is provided showcasing both concepts with a student class that utilizes these features.

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8 views4 pages

Imp

The document explains default arguments in C++, where parameters can have default values in function declarations, requiring subsequent parameters to also have defaults. It also covers operator overloading for new and delete, demonstrating how to allocate and deallocate memory dynamically for objects. An example is provided showcasing both concepts with a student class that utilizes these features.

Uploaded by

stickman8068
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Default Arguments in C++


a. In C++, default arguments can be provided for any function parameter by
assigning a value to the parameter in the function declaration. If the function is
called without an argument for that parameter, the default value is used.
However, once a default argument is given for a parameter, all subsequent
parameters must also have default arguments.

Here's a simple C++ example demonstrating default arguments:

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

int sum(int x, int y, int z = 0, int w = 0) {

return (x + y + z + w);

int main() {

cout << sum(10, 15) << endl; // Outputs 25

cout << sum(10, 15, 25) << endl; // Outputs 50

cout << sum(10, 15, 25, 30) << endl; // Outputs 80


return 0;
}

2. Operator overloading using new and delete

The skeletons for the functions that overload new and delete are shown here:

// Allocate an object.

void *operator new(size_t size)

{
/* Perform allocation. Throw bad_alloc on failure.
Constructor called automatically. */

return pointer_to_memory;

// Delete an object.
void operator delete(void *p)

/* Free memory pointed to by p.

Destructor called automatically. */

Program on Operator overloading using new and delete keyword

The new operator is used to dynamically allocate


#include<iostream> memory on the heap for an object or an array of
#include<stdlib.h> objects. And delete operator is used to deallocate
the memory.
They allow the programmer to create and delete
using namespace std; variables in the program. The use of these
class student operators is essential for creating and managing
{
different program elements. These are also
helpful when debugging a program or removing
string name; invalid data from a program.
int age;

public:

student()

cout<< "Constructor is called\n" ;

student(string name, int age)


{

this->name = name;
this->age = age;
}

void display()

cout<< "Name:" << name << endl;


cout<< "Age:" << age << endl;

void * operator new(size_t size)

cout<< "Overloading new operator with size: " << size <<
endl;

void * p = ::operator new(size);

//void * p = malloc(size); will also work fine

return p;
}

void operator delete(void * p)

cout<< "Overloading delete operator " << endl;

free(p);

}
};

int main()

student * p = new student("Yash", 24);

p->display();
delete p;
}

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