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Cs Theory

The document outlines the concepts of validation and verification in data entry, defining validation as an automated check for reasonable data and verification as ensuring data accuracy during entry. It explains various data types, the difference between variables and constants, and the distinction between defining and calling functions. Additionally, it discusses features that enhance program readability, the process of calling functions, advantages of file storage, and the differences between local and global variables.

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fahadsiddiqui2023
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11 views2 pages

Cs Theory

The document outlines the concepts of validation and verification in data entry, defining validation as an automated check for reasonable data and verification as ensuring data accuracy during entry. It explains various data types, the difference between variables and constants, and the distinction between defining and calling functions. Additionally, it discusses features that enhance program readability, the process of calling functions, advantages of file storage, and the differences between local and global variables.

Uploaded by

fahadsiddiqui2023
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Validation and verification

- Validation is appropriate to check that only reasonable data is accepted when


data is entered.
- Validation is an automated check carried out by a computer to make sure the data
entered is reasonable
- abnormal data – test data chosen to be rejected by the solution as not
suitable, if the solution is working properly
- extreme data – the largest and smallest values that normal data can take
- Normal data - the data lies within the required range and is accepted

- Verification is appropriate to check that the data does not change as it is being
entered.
- Verification is used to ensure that data has been accurately copied from one
source to another
- Visual check
- Use – the user looks through the data that has been entered and confirms that
no changes
- Double data entry
- Use – data is entered twice, the two entries are compared and if they do not
match, a re-entry is requested

Definitions of data types


- integer: a positive or negative whole number that can be used with mathematical
operators
- real: a positive or negative number with a fractional part that can be used with
mathematical operators
- Boolean: a variable or constant that can have only two values TRUE or FALSE
- char: a single alphanumeric character
- string: multiple alphanumeric characters
Difference between variables constants
- variables and constants are used to store items of data
- the data stored in variables and constants are accessed by an identifier
- the value of a variable may change during the execution of a program
- the value of a constant will remain the same during the execution of a program

Difference between calling and defining a function


A function is defined once and called many times
Defining a function is setting up the function and calling a function is using a
function

Functions and their use


DIV
- To perform integer division
- Meaning only the whole number part of the answer is retained
- For example, DIV(9,4) = 2
ROUND
- To return a value rounded to a specified number of decimal places
- The result will either be rounded to the next highest or the next lowest
value
- depending on whether the value of the preceding digit is >=5 or <5
- for example, ROUND(4.56, 1) = 4.6
MOD
- To perform integer division when one number is divided by another
- ... and find the remainder
- For example, 7 MOD 2 = 1
RANDOM
- To generate (pseudo) random numbers
- …. within a specified range
- for example, RANDOM() * 10 returns a random number between 0 and 10
Features of high level languages that can be used to make a program easier to
understand
- Meaningful identifiers – to enable the programmer to easily recognise the purpose
of a variable, array, or constant through the program
- Use of comments – to annotate each section of a program so that the programmer
knows the purpose of that section of code
- Procedures and functions – to make programs modular and easier to update

How to make a program easier to understant

- ensuring that all identifiers have meaningful names. For example, using Total to
store a running total
- using comments to explain how the program works. For example, // all values are
zeroed before the next calculation
- using procedures and functions for the tasks within a program. For example,
CalculateInterest(Deposit, Rate)

What happens when a function is called


- the function is called using its identifier
- Parameters are passed (from the main program) to the function (to be used
within the function)
- The function performs its task ...
- ... and returns a value to the main program

Advantages of storing data in files


- data is stored permanently
- data can be moved to another computer
- another copy of data can be made and stored

Difference between local and global variables


- local variables - scope is a defined subroutine
- global variables – scope is the whole program
- local variables - value cannot be changed elsewhere in the program
- global variables – value can be changed anywhere in the program

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