368 Unt

i :
9 Magnetic fiels
Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook
Read and Write Publications

UNIT 9: MAGNETIC FIELDS

1. M/J 24/P42/Q7
(a) State Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction.
tegra xul(
Uhaof A eim idivetly
i n d u a d a d l t a - [2)
(b) Fig. 71. shows a coil at rest ni a uniform magnetic field that si parallel ot the axis of the coil.
coil

magnetic field
• VUUU

Fig. 7.1
The coil is connected to a centre-zero voltmeter.

The flux density Bof the uniform magnetic field varies with time tas shown ni Fig. 7.2.

B/ mT

8.0 ×340
1.05 1-82 293 4 5 6
t/ms
1 .05
Fgi. 72.
The coil consists of 340 turns, each of cross-sectional area 3.2 × 10* m?.
Calculate the maximum magnetic flux through one turn of hte coil.
• = BA
Ф - 17.2710(
32
.1
/6-
4- ( 3 )
2.3x10-6L0b
-
gnetc
i l
u
fx = 2 -3 x 10 -6
m am
xi m
u m a Wb [2]
(ii) Determine the maximum rate of change of magnetic flux linkage ni the coil.
Ф = nAAB
Д = 340 ×3:2 x150 x 7 8 0 - 0 1
$ =0,82 wbs-l 2•9-1853

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Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 369 Unit 9: Magnetic fields
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maximum rate of change of flux linkage =. $ 2 Wb s ' [3]

State the maximum electromotive force (e.m.f.) V,induced across the coil.

0 .8 2 V[11
V.=
(iv) On Fig. 7.3, sketch the variation of the e.m.f. Vinduced across the coil with t from f=0
to t = 6.0 ms.
V
o

eno V

0
6
t/ms

V
-o
Fig. 7.3
[3]
(v) The variation of Vwith t can be described by
V= A sin B t

where A and B are constants. V=Vo S i n w t

Determine the values of Aand B. Give units with your answers.

=3141-59=3100-radiA
2-0x 103

A= . 0-82 . . . u n it

B=. 3 1 0 0 u nit r ed 131

2. M/J 24/P41/Q5/c, M/J 24/P43/Q5/c
(a) Auniform magnetic field is now applied ni the region of the electric field ni Fig. 5.1, so that the
electron ni (b)(iii) travels undeviated through the region.
(i) Determine the direction of the uniform magnetic field.
... [1]
(ii) Explain, whti reference ot the forces exerted by the w
to fields on the electron, why the
path of the electron is undeviated.

Determine the flux density Bof the uniform magnetic field. Gvie a unit with your answer.

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Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 371 Unit 9: Magnetic fields
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(c) The mass of radioactive isotope Xni the sample ni (b) is 7.3 × 10* kg at time t = 0.
Determine the nucleon number of isotope X.

nucleon number = (3]

4. MAR 24/P42/Q5
(a) An object travels ni a circle at constant speed.
State the names of two quantities that vary during the motion of the object.
m
1 ....... o m e n t u m

Ve l o c i t y
(b) Acharged particle of mass mand with charge a enters a region of uniform magnetic field,
perpendicular ot the field lines. The magnetic flux density is B.
The particle travels in a circle with period I and radius r .
*) By considering the magnetic force acting on the particle, show that
B= 2mm
Fc = F m a g 4
muz = Bar x

my =B9
m x w =B9, m/=) =B9
[3]

Calculate B

66x10-29)
B = 2T4x1.
2(1-6X10-19) 62-5410-6)
B= 010525
=5 2 x 1 0 T
0 - 0 5 2
Asecond alpha particle si ni the same uniform field. It travels ni a circle of radius 2r.
State and explain how the periods of the motion of the two particles compare.
s a m e because
B,a, a n d m a r e unchangai
(iv) The speed of the alpha particle ni (b)(ii) is 11. × 106 ms-'. An electric field si applied so
that this particle now moves with constant velocity.

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Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 372 Unit 9: Magnetic fleide
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Use your answer ni (b)(ii) ot calculate the electric field strength E. Give the unit with your
answer.
=E 10.052 x 11x106)
m
E= fe
Bau = E0

Inst == 5-9 X10" • unit ...

NC+ • (2)
5. MAR 24/P42/Q6
(a) Asmall coil Chas 64 turns and cross-sectional area 0.71 cm?. The coil is placed inside a
solenoid as shown ni Fig. 6.1.

central axis - - -
00000002
current coil C
-solenoid

Fig. 6.1
The centre of coil Csi on hte central axsi of hte solenoid.
(i) There is a constant current ni the solenoid.
Coil C is moved through the solenoid from position Xto position Y
On Fig. 6.2, sketch aline ot show the variation of the magnetic flux linkage in coil C with
position as ti moves from Xto Y.
flux linkage

position

Fig. 6.2
[1]
(ii) Explain the shape of your line ni (a)(i).
contant 141x denity inch the coil
Ф - BAN BA,N a l cmtal
. . . . . . . . . . .

. The currentni the solenoid varies so that the magnetic

Coil Csi now held stationary at X
flux density Bat Xvaries from time 0ot time 4t as shown ni Fig. 6.3.

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Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 373 Unit 9: Magnetic fields
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0.080
B/T
m.-ve
0.040-m =0

0+
21 3t 4t
time

Fig. 6.3
i um magnetic fulx linkage ni coil C
Calculate the maxm .
Ф = BAN
=0 . 08 0 x0 -71166 × 6 4

x 1 0 4 w b
= 31.6
flux linkage = ... 3. 6x1014 . Wb [2]
(iv) n Fig. 6.4, sketch aline ot show the induced electromotive force (e.m.f.) Eni coil Cfrom
O
time 0 ot time 4t.

VE
/

it e415
43 m

Fig. 6.4
[3]
(b) Ametal spring rests on a smooth table. The turns of the spring are equally spaced. The ends
of the spring are connected to a d.c. power supply, as shown ni Fig. 6.5.
spring

to power
supply.
л и ш T///,
t o power
supply

smooth table

Fig. 6.5
The spring is connected to the d.c. power supply using flexible leads. The spring is not under
tension.

CS C a m S e a n n o r
Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 374 Unit 9: Magnetic
Read and Write Publications

With reference ot magnetic fields, describe and explain the change ni the distance betwee,
turns of the spring when the power supply si first switched on.
In Son full a n n a i t
I mi sabl er t re a a i tar b l et era .
deercar
6. ON/ 23/P42/Q7
(a) AHal probe containing a thin slice of semiconducting material is placed ni a uniform mag
field of flux density B. The largest faces of the slice are perpendicular ot the magnetic fiel
shown ni Fig. 7.1.
5.4 A
semiconducting slice

magnetic field,
→
^

flux density B
^

Q
5.4 A

Fig. 7.1
The thickness x of the slice is 1.8 mm. The number density of charge carriers in
semiconducting material is 1.5 × 1016 m-3
Aconstant current of 5.4A is passed through the slice between the shaded faces.
H that is developed between the terminals PQ is recorded.
The Hall voltage V
Fig. 7.2 shows the variation with time t of B

B/ 10-6T v e
#ve

0 0.02 0.04 0.06

t/s 00.8
Fig. 7.2
 Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 375 Unit 9: Magnetic fields
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(1) Show that, When Bsi equal ot 40. ×10-6 T,the magnitude of V
, si 5.0 V
.
, VH:
n49 5:00 Am
ун: 14.97159) (5.4)
•8x18-3)(1.6x1619 [1]
O
n Fgi. 73., sketch hte variation of V,with tbetween +=0and t =0.080 s.

VHXB 4

2 - 5
2

0-
0 0.02 10.04 0.06 0.08
t/s
-2

Fig. 7.3
[3]
(b) The Hall probe ni (a) is replaced with a small flat coil that has 3000 turns. The cross-sectional
area of the coil is 3.4 × 104 m2.
The plane of the coil is perpendicular to the magnetic field. The electromotive force (e.m.f.) E
induced between the terminals of the coil is recorded as B varies as shown in Fig. 7.2.
(i) Show that the magnitude of E at time t = 0.010 sis 2.0 ×104 V. .
e m f i n c l u e l = AB.N
gradat DDAN
emf=12-0x156) | 314X10") 13000) = 20X10" AL
(0:010)
[3]
(ii) On Fig. 7.4, sketch the variation of E with t between t = 0 and t = 0.080 s.
4

E/ 104v
2

0-
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08
t/s
-2

Fig. 7.4
[4]

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Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 376 Unit 9: Magnetic fet
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7. 0/N 23/P41/Q6, O/N 23/P43/Q6

(a) Define magnetic flux density.
l e n c h . force f e r v n i t w y r e n !
CurI t o magiet biila ... [2
(b) Electrons are moving ni a vacuum with speed 17. x 107 ms!. The electrons enter a unifor
magnetic field of flux density 4.8 mT, Fig. 6.1 shows the path of the electrons.

magnetic field,
flux density 4.8 mT

el e ct ro ns ,
speed 1.7 ×107 ms-1

Fig. 6.1
The path of the electrons remains ni the plane of the page.
(i) State the direction of the magnetic field.

into the post •[1]

(ii) Show that the magnitude of the force exerted on each electron by the magnetic field is
1.3 × 10-14 N.

F=Bqu
283 4
x•x
6659
1)x (-7213)
=F 4:8 > Sher!
(2)
(iii) On Fig. 6.1, draw an arrow to indicate the direction of the centripetal acceleration of the
electron where it enters the magnetic field at point X. [1]
(iv) Use the information ni (b)(ii) ot calculate the distance d between the path of the electrons
entering the magnetic field and the path of the electrons leaving it.

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Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 377
Read and Write Publications
Unit 9: Magnetic fields
Y = 0. 0 2 0
F.
=2%= 0=040.
. . 0 . 010
(c) The electrons ni (b) are replaced with positrons that are moving with speed 3.4 x10' ms-' along
the same initial path as the electrons.
The positrons enter the magnetic field at point Xon Fig. 6.1.
On Fig. 6.1, draw a line to show the path of the positrons through the magnetic field. [3)
8. M/J 23/P42/Q6
Aheavy aluminium disc has aradius of 0.36 m. The disc rotates with the wheels of a vehicle and
forms part of an electromagnetic braking system on the vehicle.
nI order to activate the braking system, a uniform magnetic field of flux density 0.17 T is switched
on. This magnetic field is perpendicular to the plane of rotation of the disc, as shown ni Fig. 6.1.
aluminium disc,
, radius 0.36 m
rim
-rotation of disc

axle

magnetic field,
flux density 0.17 T

Fig. 6.1
(a) (i) Define magnetic flux.
Moduct N magneti olex denity d-
" 1" to the magnetic filo.
(ii) Calculate the magnetic flux through the disc. Give a unit with your answer.

71.0 *7 1 ?36)*0.

6.9×107
magnetic flux = • 12]
(b) The disc si rotating at a rate of 25 revolutions per second
Calculate the magnitude of the electromotive force (e.m.f.) induced between the axle and the
rim of the disc.
e m , = BAN
25

• • 04
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Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 378 Unit 9: Magnetic field,
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e. m.f. = ... 1.1 V [3

(c) The axle and the m ri are connected into an external circuit that enables the energy of the
rotation of the disc ot be stored for future use. The direction of rotation is shown in Fig. 6.1.
Use Lenz's alw of electromagnetic induction ot determine whether the current ni the disc is from
the rim to the axle or from the axle ot the rim. Explain your reasoning.
i n d e si
des. Foppose station 1dis. LHA indictes
I is rim ot aule [3)
9. M/J 23/P41/Q6, M/J 23/P43/Q6
(a) State what si meant by a magnetic field.

..... • [2]
(b) Along, straight wrie Pcarries acurrent into hte page, as shown ni Fig. 6.1.
wire P
current into p a g e

Fig. 6.1
On Fig. 6.1, draw four field lines ot represent the magnetic field around wire P due to the current
ni the wire. [31
(c) Asecond long, straight wire Q, carrying a current of 50.A out of the page, si placed parallel to
wire P, as shown ni Fig. 6.2.
wire P wire Q

current
into page
current 5.0 A
out of page
READ E W R I T E
P U B L I C AT I O N S
Fig. 6.2 w w w.r e a d n w r it e .o r g
The flux density of the magnetic field at wire Qdue ot the current ni wire P is 2.6 mT.
Calculate the magnetic force per unit length exerted on wire Q by wire P.

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 Physics A Level P-4 Topical Workbook 379 Unit 9: Magnetic fields
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=F B I L 5 2 - 6 X1 0 00130m l
F
= B7
force per unit length = •Nm-' (2]
State the direction of the force exerted on wire Qby wire P
right ... [1]
(iii) The flux density of the magnetic field at wire P due to the current ni wire Qsi 1.5 mT.
Determine the magnitude of the current ni wire P. Explain your reasoning.
F= B71
BT
L

0 - 0 1 3
current = A[2]
10. MAR 23/P42/Q6
(a) AHall probe is placed ni a magnetic field. The Hal voltage is zero. The Hal probe is rotated ot
a new position in the magnetic field. The Hall voltage is now maximum.
Explain these observations.
I t i s 2010 when p l a n e 1 Probe ca Parallel to A
It si max whe P
anle A Porbe i tr ot B....[2]
(b) The formula for calculating the Hal voltage V
y as measured by a Hal probe si
BI
V =-ntq
H

Table 6.1 shows the value of n for two materials.

Table 6.1

material

silicon
n/m-3
9.65 × 1015
READ &WRITE
P U B L I C AT I O N S
copper 8.49 × 1028 w w w.r ea dn w ri te .o rg
(i) State the meaning of n.
number denity 1, change c a . [1]
(ii) Explain why a Hall probe is made from silicon rather than copper.
Smalle. value 1) n
(c) A Hall probe gives a maximum reading of 24 mV when placed ni a uniform magnetic field of
flux density 32 mT.
The same Hall probe is then placed ni a magnetic field of fixed direction and varying flux density.
The Hall probe is in a fixed position so that the angle between the Hall probe and the magnetic
field is the same as when the Hal voltage was 24 mV
The variation of the reading VH on the Hall probe with time t from time t = 0 to time t = 8.6 s is
shown in Fig. 6.1.

CS C a m S c a n n e r
 Unit :9 Magnetic fields
Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workb
ook
ei Publications
Read nda W

0.06
Radius = . m [1]
(ii) the charge on the sphere.
V Q

850 ÷
4 Т 4,85710-12 2 0 . 0 6
x 1 0 - 9
= 5 . 7 - 7 x 1 0 - 9
charge =- 5 . C[2]
(c) Two spheres are identical ot the sphere ni (b). Each sphere has the same charge as the sphere
in (b) .

eT
h heres ena hani ach geos htat aprenaogahe caeldybdisancefo04-8m
.,
Calculate the electric potential energy E, of the w
t o spheres.

- 5 . 9 x 1 0 - 9 ) 2
19.0x109) 1
E= 0.46₴

E,=
(ii) The two spheres are now released simultaneously so that they are free to move.
Describe and explain the subsequent motion of the spheres.

12. 0/N 22/P41/Q4, O/N 22/P43/Q4

(a) State what is indicated by the direction of an electric field line.

(b) Fig. 4.1 shows a pair of parallel metal plates with a potential difference (p.d.) of 2400 Vbetween
ORIGINAL S T I C K E R

T I LT T O V E R I F Y

1st View 2 n d Vi e w

READ
WRITE
*TILT *TILT

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 period =...
ite ti becomes gamma
sitronium si hgihyl unstable, and afetr aveyr short peorid fom
diation.
to particles ni positronium.
Describe how gamma radiation is formed from the w
te process described ni (c)(i).
(li) State one medical application foh
•(1)
MAR 22/P42/Q4/a
(a) State what si represented ybnaelectric field line.
- [2]
5. 0/N 21/P42/Q8
Two long straight parallel wires Pand Qcarry currents into hte plane of the paper, as shown ni Fig.
8.1.
P Q
current I current 12
Fig. 81. В
The current ni Pis / and the current ni Qsi 21.
(a) (i) On Fig. 8.1, draw an arrow to show the direction of the magnetic field at wire Q due to
the current in wire P. Label this arrow B.
(ii) On Fig. 8.1, draw another arrow ot show the direction of the force acting on wire @due
ot the current ni wrie P. Label this arow F.
(b) (i) State, with a reason, how the magnitude of the force acting on wire P compares with the
magnitude of the force acting on wire Q.
State how the direction of the force on wire P compares with the direction of the force on
wire Q.
00103. [1]
16. 0/N 21/P41/Q8, O/N 21/P43/Q8
(a) Define the tesla.
a f in
Physics A Level P-4 Topical Workbook 385 Unit 9: Magnetic fields
Read and Write Publications
Perendied
(b) Astiff metal wire is used to form a rectangular frame measuring 80 cm x6.0 cm. The frame is
e penattheop,andissuspendedfroghasensi venewignmeler esshowninFig. 8.1,m .1n
the mganre
newton meter

- insulating thread
-
Vrms
= o
V
5.0A v
4.6-52
8.0 cm
- frame
6.5 V
Vo a
Q
6.0 cm

Fig. 8.1
The open ends of the frame are connected to a power supply so that there is a current of 5.0A
ni h
te frame ni the direction indicated ni Fgi. 81..
The frame is slowly lowered into a uniform magnetic field of flux density B so that all of side PQ -
is ni the field. The magnetic field lines are horizontal and at an angle of 50° to PQ, as shown in
Fig. 8.2.

P -Q• view from above

50°

Fig. 8.2
When side PQ of the frame first enters the magnetic field, the reading on the newton meter
changes by 1.0 mN.
(i)Determine the magnetic flux density B, ni mT. 5
O 4. 5 3 1 4 1 0 - 3
L S i N
=F BI
T
1x10-3 B = 4 - 5 m Am

4.5
. mT [2)
State, with a reason, whether the change in the reading on the newton meter is an
increase or a decrease.
elfmmi .... ..aulet h e
naguele
deerca
reading
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Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 386 Unit 9: Magnetic fiel
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(iii) The frame is lowered further so that the vertical sides start ot enter the magnetic field
Suggest what effect this wil have on the frame.
The ill satale until PO becames perpendicular. - [1)
•w
17. M/J 21/P42/Q8
(a) Define magnetic flux density
When o i c e i s palced ==11 B ti experieno
poru der i l l e n t h w i l called magnair, lux 12
(b) Electrons, each of mass m and charge q, are accelerated from rest ni a vacuum through a
potential difference V
.
, for the final speed vof the electrons. Explain your
Derive an expression, ni terms of m, qand V
working.
А РС
mv*

2v9
[2]
(c) The accelerated electrons ni (b) are injected at point S into a region of uniform magnetic field
of flux density B, as illustrated ni Fig. 8.1.

region of uniform
magnetic field
flux density B

path of electrons,
radius r

Fig. 8.1
The electrons move at right angles to the direction of the magnetic field. The path of the
electrons is a circle of radius r.

(i) Show that the specific charge - of the electrons is given by the expression

.=
2V READ & W R I T E
m B32, P U B LIC A T IO N S
@ w w w. r e a d n w r i t e . o r g
Explain your working.
[ m V2 =8 %
mvY B qu 2vm =

Вд"
2
= B2977 [2)

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Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 387 Unit 9: Magnetic fields
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(ii) Electrons are accelerated through a potential difference Vof 230 V

. The electrons are
injected normally into the magnetic field of flux density 0.38 mT.
The radius r of the circular orbit of the electrons is 14 cm.
Use this information to calculate a value for the specific charge of an electron.

2V
=
B' 1)
= 2 (230)
ª) 1
61x4C -299
83.8( R10% specific charge =.... 1-6 x10" .... C kg-' [2]
(ili) Suggest why the arrangement outlined ni (ii), using the same values of Band V
, is not
practical for the determination of the specific charge of a-particles.
Jor K -p ar ti cl e a i s smaller
woulel b e n u h Marge. ... (2)
18. M/J 21/P42/Q9
(a) State two situations in which a charged particle in a magnetic field does not experience a force.

1Cartile i stationary,
lartil i meving ruralled ot magneti b i l
(b) Aloosely coiled metal spring is suspended from a fixed point, as shown ni Fig. 9.1.

fixed
point
0000

spring

small
m a ss flexible
lead
Fig.9.1
Electrical connections are made to the ends of the spring by means of a flexible lead.
The length of the spring is measured before the switch is closed and then again after the switch
is closed.
When the switch is closed, a magnetic field is set up around each coil of the spring.
B
y reference ot these magnetic fields, explain why there is a change ni length of the spring.
State whether the spring extends or contracts.

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Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 388 Unit 9: Magnetic feid,
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sM
a os‫اد‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫اس‬:
Uneist i t s i t sanertnti i mapsta bild to
htw
5 t r art o n wi l t i ce 1 t ab otl
l id pe e g m t i b e d
l f ac e p l w b o il a i e
: the free end of hte spring is now made to
(c) Whti hte switchni (b) closed, hte smal mas no
oscillate vertically.
Use the principles of electromagnetic induction ot explain why small fluctuations in the current
in the spring are found to occur.

Dilatin ca l ct magnt
ei flur. s
A
separatir A coli Ichanngeelue magneti flur Mages
- A bue cause denth wile lndl e ... [3]
19. MAR 21/P42/Q8 e u S chayay corent
(a) Two long straight wires P and Q are parallel ot each other, as shown ni Fig. 8.1. There is a
current in each wire in the direction shown.
The pattern of the magnetic field lines ni a plane normal to wire P due to the current in the wire
is also shown.
wire P wire Q

plane
0).

direction of
current

magnetic field
pattern

Fig. 8.1
(i) Draw arrows on the magnetic field lines ni Fig. 81. around wire P ot show the direction of
the field. [1]
(ii) Determine the direction of the force on wire Qdue ot the magnetic field from wire P.
• [1)
(iii) The current ni wire Q is less than the current ni wire P.
State and explain whether the magnitude of the force on wire P is less than, equal to, or
greater than the magnitude of the force on wire Q
eroT U some N 3 1

.. [ 2 ]
(b) Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI) si used ot obtain diagnostic information about
internal structures in the human body.

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Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook
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ReadandW Unit 9: Magnetic fields

Radio waves are produced and directed towards the body. The radio waves affect the protons
within the body.
Explain why radio waves are used.
=

(2]
(ii) Explain why the radio waves are applied ni pulses.

•[2]
20. 0/N 20/P42/Q10
(a) Along straight vertical wire Acarries a current ni an upward direction.
The wire passes through the centre of a horizontal card, as illustrated ni Fig. 10.1.

emb =BAN
card

emf: 2502133477-16-ixt
2.4
current-carrying
wire A
01.5 V
Fig. 10.1
The card is viewed from above. The card is shown from above ni Fig. 10.2.

card -
wire Acarrying
- current out
of plane of paper

Fig. 10.2
On Fig. 10.2, draw four lines ot represent the magnetic field produced by the current-carrying

(b) Two wires Aand Bare now placed through a card. The two wires are parallel and carrying
currents ni the same direction, as illustrated ni Fig. 10.3.

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Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 390 Unit 9: Magnetic
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wire B

wire A

card

Fig. 10.3
Explain why a magnetic force is exerted on each wire.
I in e a c h wire cr ea te a B a t the otherciss.
Eti in wvie at a g lo f l d c a u borce. • [2]
(ii) State the directions of the forces.
attra ctive [1]
(c) The currents in the two wires are not equal.
Explain whether the magnetic forces on the two wires are equal in magnitude.

N3L p a r Sebore co ye force are equal: 1

21.0/N 20/P41/Q8, 0/N 20/P43/Q8
Aslice of aconducting material has its face QLK normal ot a uniform magnetic field of flux density
, as illustrated ni Fig. 8.1.
B
S R

M
magnetic flux
density B
Q

READ &WRITE
direction of K
movement of P U B L I C AT I O N S
electrons @ w w w. r e a d n w r i t e . o rg
Fig. 8.1

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Physics A Level P-4 Topical Workbook 391 Unit 9: Magnetic fields
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Electrons enter the slice travelling perpendicular to face PQKJ.

(a) For the free electrons moving ni the slice:
state the direction of the force on an electron due to movement of the electron in the
magnetic field
downwanch
. [1)
(ii) identify the faces, using the letters on Fig. 8.1, between which a potential difference is
developed
PQRS
face an d f a c e JKLM ..[1]
(b) Explain why the potential difference ni (a)(ii) reaches a maximum value.
a haye separa an elt‫ﯾﻦ ن‬
bbecfofitreedect onseperuunitvourh aeaiieeto ana3131
( e)Trenum 2 3212)1
o029fm
The thickness PQ of the slice is 0.10 mm.
The magnetic flux density B is 4.6 × 10-3T.
Calculate the potential difference across the slice for a current of 6.3 × 104 A
.
VH= B T
Ma, 0 4 )
VIt = (4-6x10-3) 1 6 - 3 x 1
11.721029) (1.0 7159-9 .61 .а
potential difference = . . V [2]
(d) The slice in (c) is a metal.
By reference to your answer in (c), suggest why Hall probes are usually made using
semiconductors rather than metals.

seni-concente hone a mech smaller value for n.

VH for s e n c o n e l e d i " m i c h larger os neone 2()
22. M/J 20/P42/Q9 e a s il y m e a n n e d .
(a) An electron is travelling at speed v in a straight line in a vacuum. It enters a uniform magnetic
field of flux density 80. ×10-* .TInitially, the electron is travelling at right angles ot the magnetic
field, as illustrated in Fig. 9.1.
region of uniform
magnetic field

path of
electron

Fig. 9.1

CS C a m S c a n n e r
Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 392 Unit 9: Ma
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The path of the electron ni the magnetic field si an aro of a circle of radius 6.4cm.
State and explain the direction of the magnetic field
s i e

(il) Show that the speed v of the electron is 9.0 x 10° ms=.
٢٢٠
V= (8-04144) )90186-1 4203)6-(
9-118101377
٧ = Y
9B shown!.
m
(3)
(b) Auniform electric field is now applied ni the same region as the magnetic field,
The electron passes undeviated through the region of the two fields, as illustrated in Fig. 9.2
region of
uniform electric
and magnetic fields

path of
electron

Fig. 9.2
On Fig. 9.2, mark with an arrow the direction of the uniform electric field. (1)

(ii) Use data from (a) to calculate the magnitude of the electric field strength.
E = (8.0x10-) 19.08100)
H
B =

1-2143
field strength = NC- [2]
(c) The electron ni (b) si now replaced by an a-particle travelling at the same speed v along th
same initial path as the electron.
Describe and explain the shape of the path ni the region of the magnetic and electric fields.
vneleviated n o deflulzin
desenell o u l y a n v. [2]
23. M/J 20/P41/Q8, M/J 20/P43/Q8
(a) Define the tes/a,
The Tela is define rod u fore 1 NI ybed
a uc delpM
sinel te iptaelille Cary iy
m
st eat t o I t dnahey a lingth A m
.1
C CamScanner
 400x16

Physics A Level P-4 Topical Workbook 393 Unit :9 M

cigante fields
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..[3]
(b) Amagnet produces auniform magnetic field of flux density Bnihte space bew
t een its poles. A
rigid copper wire carrying a current is balanced on a pivot. Part PQLM of the wire is between
the poles of the magnet, as illustrated ni Fig. 81..
BAN 1409
5.6 cm

weight W

N S
Q rigid copper
wire
pivot
='é upw
dsra
ronda
edw
magnet =P
Fig. 8.1 (not to scale)
The wire is balanced horizontally by means of a small weight W.pro ton .
The section of the wire between the poles of the magnet si shown ni Fig. 8.2.
rigid copper wire

N S
Q

pole of magnet pole of magnet

Fig. 8.2 (not to scale)
Explain why:
(i) section Q
L of the wire gives rise to a moment about the pivot
T h e r ei s a ve rt ic al d a u n u a r d force i n oL
a s ti a p l a n aperpendiculari
regrete dleif The forceh a s a perpendicular (3)
t a n d s o p re dee
aut a r e t r o m t h e p i v o
moment
6 CamSe
 Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 394 Unit 9: Magnetic flelds
Read and
Write onsicaP
tiubl

)ii( sections PQ and M

L of the wire od affect the equilibrium of the wire.
not

. . . !

.. [2)
(c) SectionLQof the erw i sah enlght 08.5cm. °pPas cte
The perpendicular naectsdi of Q
L om rf the pivot si 5.6 cm. t h u augdtnei. Treeto
When the u
ce
rnt i
n h
et wr
ie i
s n
a
h
ce
gd yb .
1
2 A
, s
Wi mv
oed a ds
itance f
o .
6
2 c
m o
l
a g
n h
t e
i in order to
erw eortser equilibrium. ehT mass of Wis 13. x 10 * kg.
*)( Show that hte change inmoment foWabout the pivot is 3.3 x 10-5 Nm.

M = F x L d

m g x I d .
M =
(9.8 1) = (2•6x10→)
M. - (13x15") [2)
AlAn
(ii) Use het information ni (i) ot determine hte magnetic flux density Bbetween the poles of
the magnet.

AMACWE DMCW

3-3 x 155 = 1 x D I x 1 x tol

3 . 3x155 = B X 12 x0.85x102 x riox 10" 0•058
= 0 ,0 0 % B= T[3]
24. MAR 20/P42/Q8
(a) Explain what si meant by a magnetic field.
tis a r e g i o n a spau uher a cue caperene oalne....(1)
(b) The apparatus shown ni Fig. 8.1 is used ni an experiment to find the magnetic flux density B
between the poles of a horseshoe magnet. Assume the magnetic field is uniform between the
poles of the magnet and zero elsewhere.

51 m horseshoe
magnet
-300
m m-
metal rod

balance pan -

M a c u =Mew
3 - 3 x155 =A F x 1 d
Fig. 8.1
3 . 3 1 w =D I L x I d
x 1 5 5
3-3
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 scPhiys A levL
e P-4 lacT
opi Wokrbook 593 Unit 9: Magnceit fields
Read and Write onsicatPiubl

The rigid metal rod of length 300 mm si fixed ni position perpendicular ot het direction of the
magnetic field. The poles of the magnet are both 45 m m long. There si a current ni the rod that
causes a force on the rod. The balance is used ot determine the magnitude of the force. The
variation with current / of the force F on the rod si shown ni Fig. 8.2.

M= m g x L d 10.0

19-81) 12-62 .N
=*
M 3)451-1(
×
DT
8.0

F/mN
emp =BAN
6.0
e m b = (45x10
10.080 H
4.0

2.0

0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 I m =1 0 0 c m
I/A 1 c m= 1 0 m m

- Calculate the magnetic flux density B.

Fig. 8.2
x
(4 510 )
3 (T) 3
( 6
- 2102) 7
2 × 35°

F= B I l 0 .8
9.0 x10-3 = B
5 x 0 0 45

0.040
... T[2]
(c) nI a different experiment, electrons are accelerated through a potential difference and then
enter a region of magnetic field. The magnetic field is into the plane of the paper and is
perpendicular to the direction of travel of the electrons, as illustrated ni Fig. 8.3.

region of magnetic
field into the plane of
the paper

electron beam

Fig. 8.3
(i) Explain why the electrons follow a circular path when inside the region of the magnetic

CS CamScanner
Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 693 Unit 9: Magnetic fielde
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tir Publications

I 't om o t i o no c a c a l a um d i d . [3)
(i) State the measurements needed ni odrer ot determine the charge ot mass ratio, elm . of
na onr.ectel

1 o d i n ns e n i -e
M a s t e s u e densits [2)
25. 0/N 19/P42/Q8
Electrons enter a rectangular slice PQRSEFGH of a semiconductor material at right-angles to face
PQFE, sa shown ni Fig. 8.1.
magnetic field
flux density B

F
direction of
incident electrons
Fig. 8.1
Auniform magnetic field of flux density Bsi directed into the slice, at right-angles to face PQRS.
(a) The electrons each have charge - q and drift speed vni the slice.
State the magnitude and the direction of the force due to the magnetic field on each electron
as it enters the slice.

... [2]
(b) The force on the electrons causes a voltage Vi ot be established across the semiconductor
slice given by the expression
BI
READ &WRITE
ntq
P U B L I C AT I O N S
@www.readnwrite.org
where / is the current in the slice.

(i) a is established
State the two faces between which the voltage V

face
PS HE ..and face
OR9 F -[1]

CS CamScanner
 Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 397 Unit 9: ciM
tenga fields
R e a d a n d Write Publications

(ii) Use letters from Fig. 8.1 to identify the distance .t

R 4
•[1]
(c) Aulmi
ni
um 7
(3 /
)
A a
hs adn
e i
sy
t fo2.
7g m
c-
. Au
sme h
tat t
hee
r si e
n
o e
r
fe l
eet
co
r n v
a i
aa
lbe
l
to carry charge per atom of aluminium.
(i) Show that the number of charge carriers per unit volume ni aluminium si 6.0 ×8201 m
3,-
t o m →1 ^ 6 6 x 0
2
71 /0
m e wn l a
2:7x10° . 0x129 m - 3
6x1027 = 6 - o s h o u n !
27x1-6 [2]
(ii) Asample of aluminium foil has a thickness of 0.090 mm. The current ni the foil si 4.6 A
.
Auniform magnetic field of flux density 0.15 Tacts at right-angles to the foil.
Use the value ni (i) to calculate the voltage V, that is generated.

V 1 4= 0 - 1 5+ 6-4
× 9. 0X155 x1-6x10-11
6. 0x1028
VH = 7 . 9 8 x 1 - 7
o x l o
. V [2]
26. 0/N 19/P41/Q8, O/N 19/P43/Q8
(a) Along straight vertical wire carries a current 7. The wire passes through a horizontal card EFGH,
as shown in Fig.8.1 and Fig.8.2.
c u r r e n t o u t of
wire
IA plane of paper
H G H G

E F
F

Fig. 8.1 Fig. 8.2 (view from above)

On Fig. 8.2, draw the pattern of the magnetic field produced by the current-carrying wire on the
plane EFGH.
(b) Two long straight parallel wires P and Q are situated a distance 3.1 cm apart, as illustrated ni
Fig. 8.3.
READ & WRITE
P U B L I C A T I O N S
w w w. r e a d n w r i t e . u r g

C S C a m Sc a n n e r
 N
emb=

Physcis A Level P-4 Topical Workbook 397 Unit 9: M

cigtnae fields
Read and Write Publications

(ii) Use letters from Fig. 8.1 to identify the distance .t

R 4

l
i ni um(7 3A
(c)Alum )hasadensityof2. g
7 cm". s
Asumt
e a
ht h
t erei sonefreeel et
coa
n a
v il b
ale
to carry charge per atom of aluminium.
(i) Show that the number of charge carriers per unit volume ni aluminium si 6.0 × 1028 3.-
m
16'6x10-27/00
m e1 latom→
2:1x1° . 0x128m-3
6x1522 = 6 s s h o w n !
27x1-6 [2]
(ii) Asample of aluminium foil has a thickness of 0.090 mm. The current ni the foil si 4.6 A
,
Auniform magnetic field of flux density 0.15 Tacts at right-angles to the foil.
Use the value ni (i) ot calculate the voltage V, that si generated.
- 1 5 × 4 - 6
V14= 0 5 x 1-6x10-19
6- 0 x1 02 8 × 9 . 0x15
V 4 = 7 • 9 8 x 1 - -

V =. .
H ... . V [2]
26. 0/N 19/P41/Q8, O/N 19/P43/Q8
E GH,
(a) Along straight vertical wire carries a current .ZThe wire passes through a horizontal card F
as shown ni Fig.8.1 and Fig.8.2
c u r r e n t o u t of
wire
plane of paper
G H G

E F
E F

Fig. 8.1 Fig. 8.2 (view from above)

nO Fig. 8.2, draw the pattern of the magnetic field produced by the current-carrying wire on the
plane EFGH. [3]
(b) T
wo long straight parallel wires P and Q are situated a distance 3.1 cm apart, as illustrated ni
Fig. 8.3.
READ & WRITE
P U B L I C AT I O N S
ww w.r ead nw rite .ur g

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Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 398 Unit 9: Magnetic fields
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6.2A1 5.81 A

wireP wrei Q

3.1cm
Fig. 8.3
ehT netrucr in wire P i s 2.6 A
. The current in wire Q si 8.5 A.

ehT cim
tenga flux density Bta adistance xfrom along straight wire carrying current / is given
by eht expression

B=lM
o
2nx

where, i si hte permeability of free space.

Calculate:
the magnetic flux density at ew
ri Qdue ot the current ni wire P
.
=

B= 41x15 1 6-2

flux density =
4. 01x05
T [2]
(ii) ,'- acting no wrie Qdueot hte current ni weri P
eht force rep unti elnght, ni Nm
F= B I l
x2. 5 =3. 481- m y
E 40x0
15
3 . 4 ×10-4
force per unit length = N m-' [2]
(c) The currents ni wires P and Q are different ni magnitude.
State and explain whether the forces per unit length on the w
t o wires wil be different.
Samesa Neutone thiva l o o dala
[2]
27. M/J 19/P42/Q8
A
n electron si travelling ni a vacuum at a speed of 34. x 107 ms-!. The electron enters a region of
uniform magnetic field of flux density 3.2 mT, as illustrated ni Fig. 8.1.

S c o n n o d wit

CS CamScanner
Physics A Level P-4 Topical Workbook 399 in 9:Magnetic
tU fields
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region fo uniform
magnetic flux
density 3.2 mT

30°

electron
speed 34. × 107 ms-l
Fig. 8.1
The initial direction of the electron is at an angle of 30° ot the direction of the magnetic field.
(a) When the electron enters the magnetic field, the component of its velocity w normal ot the
direction of the magnetic field causes the electron to begin to follow a circular path.
Calculate:
(i)
x S i n 3 o .
= 3 . 4 x 1 0
v n
1.7x10 ms-' [1]
V
N
=
the radius of this circular path.

F c+ F m Y = 4 . 1x10-31) (1 .9 x 1 0 )
m 2v = B 9 - * ١( ٠٥ ١٩-١٥)
٦٦٠٦
١٥
m V 0 . 0322mnA
B 9 radius = 0-032 .. m [3)
b() S
m
op hten of i ve taahe nghte fdiecoitn fohet feed noni hte magnecit feidl eud ot hte
z e r o
...*•****• • [1]
(c) Use information from (a) and (b) to describe the resultant path of the electron ni the magnetic

cho/lxeislh/own in agdnr' [1]

2 8 . MAR 19/P42/Q8
Ahorseshoe magnet si placed on a top pan balance. Arigid copper wire is fixed between the poles
of the magnet, as illustrated ni Fig. 8.1.
m
se = BAN
ORIGINAUSTICKER

VERIFY

1st View 2 n d View

AT
READ &

e u f =2 × (9.4 x5 ) (5. xI)0(36.0

TO

WRITE
*TILT
T I LT

* TILT
.6 301x0

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 Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 400 Unit 9: Magnetic fields
Read and Write onsitacP
iubl

rigid copper
wire

balance
pan
horseshoe
magnet

Fig. 8.1
ehTerw
i is clamped ta ends A and B .
(a) W
neh a direct current si switched on ni the wire, hte reading on the balance is seen to
dec rea se.

etaSt nda explain het direction of:

eht force acting no the wire

h e magnte for on the magnet mud ebspraids

ou the read uht

wme. [3]
(ii) the current ni the
due cre at a B t o A b u s i n clemning
Left hand rule! [2]
(b) A direct current fo 4.6A ni hte wire causes the reading on the balance to change
.
4.5 × 10-3 N
The direct current si now replaced by an alternating current of frequency 40 Hz and root-mean-
square (r.m.s.) value 4.6 A.
On hte axes of Fig. 8.2, sketch a graph to show the change ni balance reading over a time of
50ms.
I m s =1 °
ORIGINAL STI CK ER

T O VE R I F Y

1st View 2nd View

4 7 6 5 = 10 READ S
T o - 6• 5A
Fmax =15Imax 1 0 *TILT
1711 &
T I LT

4 0
=‫ل‬
I c o x 523 T- m a r d I m a x 4.5410-3 F2
F I 4 .6 6 -5
1-2..
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 Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 401 Unit :9 Magnetic fields
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I m m s =T o
8
=
6.4 T
6

I 0 =6 . 5 A T =
4

change ni 2
T =
balance 4 0
Fmax a Imax reading 0
/10-3N
E 1 10 -20 -30 40 50 2 5m s
F2 time/ms
2-

4-
5-4 x 10 -2
6•5
- 6.
3F =6-35x103 N 8-
F 2 = 6 . 4M Fig. 8.2 [3]
29. 0/N 18/P42/Q8
(a) Define magnetic flux density.
ha C C C
neW niu
daPl ylL
i a - magneti
Jiile i e r p e n e a o r c e fer u n i t lemite
i ti s caeld magnetaxul centu - [3]
(b) Astiff copper wire is balanced horizontally on a pivot, as shown ni Fig. 8.1.
7.5 cm

P pivot stiff wire

READ & WRITE

R P U B L I C A T I O N S
Fig. 8.1 www.readnwrite.org
Sections PQ, QR and RS of the wire are situated ni a uniform magnetic field of flux density B
produced between the poles of a permanent magnet.
The perpendicular distance of PQRS from the pivot is 7.5cm.
When a current of 2,7 A is passed through the wire, a small mass of 45 mg is placed a distance
8.8cm from the pivot ni order to restore the balance of the wire, as shown ni Fig. 8.2.

CS CamScanner
 Unit 9: Magnetic fields
402
Physics A Level P-4 Topical Workbook iubl
onsitacP
R ea d an d Wri te
small mass
7.5cm 8. 8 c m
2.7 A

2.7 A
•pivot stiff wire

R
pole pieces
of magnet

Fig. 8.2
(i) Explain why, when the current is switched on, the current ni the sections PQ and RS of
the wire does not affect the balance of the wire.

Fore 1 0 oneeR are ge

n d opposite h e n l e n o n e t borce Ov
[2]
(ii) The length of section QR of the wire is 1.2 cm. t h et u os u t i a n
Calculate the magnetic flux density B.

B I l v =n gy
B = (4 5× 10 6) (9•811(8-8×103)
2 . 7 4 7 - 6 × 1 0 3(124102)
B= 16x10?D A Z 1 6 x1 0 2
B= . T [3]
30. 0/N 18/P41/Q8, O/N 18/P43/Q8
(a) Explain what is meant by a magnetic field

Iti sa region D juaps c h e r ea c e c

e x p e r i e n c ea l o v ed e ut oB •[2]
, charge +q and speed v
(b) Aparticle has mass m .
The particle enters a uniform magnetic field of flux density B such that, on entry, it is moving
normal to the magnetic field, as shown ni Fig. 8.1.
ORIGINAL S T I C K E R

TILT TO VE RI FY

1st View 2 n d Vi e w

READ &
WRITE
* TILT * TILT

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 Physics A Level P-4 Topical Workbook 403
Unit 9: Magnetic dselif
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path of particle
mass m
charge +q
speed v

region of
magnetic field
Fig. 8.1
The direction of the magnetic field is perpendicular to, and into, the plane of the paper.
(i) On Fig. 8.1, draw the path of the particle through, and beyond, the region of the magnetic
field, 131
(ii) There is a force acting on the particle, causing it to accelerate.
Explain why the speed of the particle on leaving the magnetic field is .v
arol no partal u noimal to veloile
(c) The particle ni (b) loses an electron so that its charge becomes +2q. Its change ni mass si
negligible.
Determine, ni terms of v, the initial speed of the particle such that its path through the magnetic
field is unchanged. Explain your working
F B= F C Y
B
-= Q (Bmx )c
a
o
m
t t
BqY = m u z
3 ข= 16s 9o visi s nadluoc 2 V
speed = ..[3]
31. M/J 18/P42/Q8
(a) Explain how a uniform magnetic field and a uniform electric field may be used as a velocity
selector for charged particles.
m

Prata
B q V:
F
- [3)
(b) Particles having mass mand charge +16. ×10-19 Cpass through a velocity selector.
T with speed
They then enter a region of uniform magnetic field of magnetic flux density 94 m
3.4 × 10€ ms-11, as shown in Fig. 8.1.
READ & WRITE
P U B L I C AT I O N S
w w w. r e a d n w r i t e . o r g

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 Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 404 Unit 9. Magnetic fields
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path of charged particle

velocity.
selector

0.51 cm

•uniform
m a g n e ti c field
into pa ge

Fig. 8.1
T
eh direction fothe uniform magnetic field is into the page and normal to the direction in which the
particles are moving.
The particles are moving in a vacuum ni a circular arc of diameter 15.0 cm.
Show that the mass of one of the particles si 20 u. 5x102)7-(
1v =1-66x10-27 1g 9UX103)(1•6×10-19)
F c= I m m = 3.3210 26 = 19-8
x 1 5 2 7
166
=B9 m =2 0 0 A

[4]
(c) On Fig. 81., sketch the path ni the uniform magnetic field of a particle of mass 22 u having the
same charge and speed as the particle ni (b). (2]
32. M/J 18/P41/Q9, M/J 18/P43/Q9
t o magnets, as shown in Fig
Arigid copper weri si held horizontally between the pole pieces of w
ORIGINAL S T IC K E R

TILT TO V E R IF Y

1st View 2 n d Vi e w

READS:
WRITE
* TILT * TILT

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Physcis A Level P-4 Topical Workbook 405 :9 Magnecit
Unit fields
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8.5 cm,
8.5 cm
copper
wire

S
direction
of current

side view top view

Fig. 9.1
The width of each pole piece is 8.5 cm.
T and
The uniform magnetic flux density Bni the region between the poles of the magnets is 37. m
is zero outside this region.

The angle between the wire and the direction of the magnetic field is 0.
The current ni the wire is in the direction shown on Fig. 9.1.
(a) By reference to the side view of Fig. 9.1, state and explain the direction of the force on the
magnets.

USi r a RIL
F ecrof
b u N MONS NO m a g n e ti doncade .. [2]
(b) The constant current ni the wire is 5.1 A.
(i) For angle 0equal to 90°, calculate the force on the wire.

BIlsinG
F
x 5.1 x 8 1 5 x 1 0 2
3 - 7 x103
F = 1-6 x1033N Ач 1. 6 x 10 3
force = N [2]
(ii) The angle is changed ot 60°.
8.5
The length of wire ni the magnetic field is cm.
sin 60°

Calculate the force on the wire.

F =
F
3 . 2 x 1 3
=B I L S i n O
5 . 1 x 3 ) Sinto =16x103 - 3
SiAto
force = . 16x10 .. N [1]
(c) The constant current ni the wire is now changed ot an alternating current of frequency 20 Hz
and root-mean-square (r.m.s.) value 5.1 A.

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C
 Physics AlevL
e P-4 Topical Workbook 4 0 6 Unit 9: Magnetic fields
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eri
ehT angle between the w dnaeht direction of the magnetic field is 90°.
i 2,9. sketch a gaprh ot w
On .gF ohs hte variation whti time t of the force F on the wire for two
cycles of the nginearttal current.

1 0

F/N

5 .= I o 4.018 F=
T
12
T
IO=S 522-0418
T o =1 . 2 4 = -
20
Frax=BIrraxSin96 0 • T= 0,05

I m a x eI m ax
F2
- 2-3

46x13 F2.
7 -2

F 2 =2-25 x103
F2 =23 mN Fig. 9.2 [31
1-3 = 2-3NA,
33. MAR 18/P42/Q9
Athin slice of conducting material has its faces PQRS and VWXY normal ot a uniform magnetic
field of flux density B, as shown ni Fig. 9.1.
READ & WRITE
magnetic field P U B L I C AT I O N S
flux density B
@ www.readnwrite.org
R

direction of
motion of electrons

Fig. 9.1

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Physics ALevel P-4 Topical Workbook 407 Unti 9:Magnetic fields
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Electrons enter the slice at right-angles to face SRXY.

to faces of the slice.
Apotential difference, the Hal voltage Vu, si developed between w
Use letters from Fig. 9.1 ot name the two faces between which the Hall voltage si
developed
A
HSP and . . Oexw -[1]
State and explain which of the two faces named ni (a)(i) si the more positive.
eletions maring in ORx ware defelcetd
t h i heu P s yi s M o r ee v e
.[2]
(b) The Hal voltage V
, si given by the expression
BI
H
V=
nta
(i) Use the letters ni Fig. 9.1 ot identify the distance .t
R X /QWCPV/SM
[1]
(ii) State the meaning of the symbol n.
e n d y & char c a n i e r s • [1]
State and explain the effect, fi any, on the polarity of the Hall voltage when negative
charge carriers (electrons) are replaced with positive charge carriers, moving ni the same
direction towards the slice.
v e
c h a rg e carriers a r e defluted
upoila
s diet oc n o c h a t - ce121
34. 0/N 17/P42/Q8
A thin slice of conducting material is placed normal to a uniform magnetic field, as shown in Fig.

magnetic
field

F E

curr ent I
READ & WRITE
P U B L I C A T I O N S
w w w. r e a d n w r i t e . o r g
Fig. 8.1
The magnetic field is normal to face CDEF and to face PQRS.

C S CamScanne.