MAGNETIC FIELD
1. Stationary magnetic field
is a part of space where all the quantities which describe the magnetic field do not change with time. It is formed near
• stationary conductors or coils carrying steady currents
• stationary permanent magnets (usually ferrites)
forces between different magnetic fields:
I I I I I I
N S N N N N
S
a b
a b c d e f
magnetic field lines are the lines in 3dim and the tangents to them represent at any point the direction of a very small
plotting compass. Their direction is
geographical
• from N to S pole of a permanent magnet N
h magnetic field lines:
magnetic
pole
S
N
Bar magnet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uj0DFDfQajw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vgWiBYuPpjw
The Earth´s magnetic field
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oGaGIIm6tE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-V3yR2RZUE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2NqVJtNp6Y
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XXFVpwecixY
• for a straight conductor:
Ampere’s right-hand-grip rule: thumb in the direction of current, fingers show the direction of field lines
right-hand screw rule
(see additional materials): if a right-handed screw moves forward in the direction of the current, then the direction of
rotation of the screw gives the direction of the magnetic field lines
-1- MAGNETIC FIELD
Sketch magnetic field lines: I
wire
current out current
of paper into paper
field line
• for a coil:
Ampere’s right-hand-grip rule: grip the coil - fingers in the direction of the conventional current, thumb
shows the north pole
Sketch magnetic field lines:
2. Magnetic force on a conductor in a magnetic field
S
S
• magnets are affected by magnetic force S
when placed in the outer magnetic field
• conductors carrying currents are surrounded
by magnetic field can behave like “magnets“ Fm
when placed in another outer magnetic field
N
– are affected by magnetic force
• Fleming’s LEFT hand (motor) rule: when conductor ⊥ to the field lines
CZ: E:
field lines into the palm first finger in the direction of the field
fingers in the dir. of the current second finger in the direction of the current
thumb shows the direction of the force Fm thumb shows the thrust (= force)
-2- MAGNETIC FIELD
→
3. Magnetic flux density ( B )
represents the “strength” of the magnetic field (sometimes called magnetic field strength)
• Fm l , I, B, α
Fm = BIlsinα
Fm = BIl ... for the conductor ⊥ to the field lines
Fm
B=
Il
B = N
= T (tesla)
A m
Questions:
L5/251-259, 262, x263-5
4. Magnetic field of two parallel current carrying conductors
→
• B near a straight wire I
I B
size: B=μ
2π d
dir.: tangent to the field lines d
• μ ... permeability of the medium around the wire, material constant
μ = μr μ0
μ r ... relative permeability – in the book of data
μ0 ... permeability of vacuum
μ0 = 4π 10 −7 N A −2
-3- MAGNETIC FIELD
• magnetic field of two conductors
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6uSKFmgmQvs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43AeuDvWc0k
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GW7PvSR9VUo
I
size: Fm = BI2l = μ 1 I2 l
2π d
μ I1I 2
size: Fm = l
2π d
dir.: attraction when I1, I2 in the same dir.
repulsion when I1, I2 in opposite dir.
Finish pictures (label magnetic flux density, mark forces):
I1 I2 I1 I2
+
–
+
Definition of 1 A: when 2 parallel long wires in vacuum 1 m apart carry 1 A each, the force per 1 m of their common
length is 2×10-7 N.
Questions:
1. State the magnitude and the direction of magnetic flux density at the point X
(see the figure). r1 r2
I1 = 50 A, I2 = 10 A, r1 = 5 cm, r2 = 15 cm, permeability of vacuum is 4π·10-7 N∙A-2. I1 I2
X
5. Magnetic fields of coils
• direction – tangent to the field lines
• size in the centre:
of a single loop of a long solenoid or toroid
μI μNI
B= B=
2r l
N ... number of loops
l
B
r B
I N
I
-4- MAGNETIC FIELD
Questions:
2. A solenoid has the length 40 cm and 500 loops of a densely reeled wire. Relative permeability of the steel core is 1200
and the current passing through is 0.1 A. Stipulate B in the middle of the solenoid with and without the core.
L5/267-271
6. Charged particle in a magnetic field
+ -
Q Ne Nev
I= = =
t l l
v
l = vt
→
when the conductor is ⊥ to B , the size of the force on N electrons: Fm = BIl = BNev
→ →
size of the force on ONE electron v ⊥ B: Fm = Bev
→ →
size of the force on a moving charge q , v ⊥B: Fm = Bqv
direction of the force: Fleming’s left hand rule (for + charge!!!)
B B
Fm
+ v – v
Fm Q Q
trajectory of the particle
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a2_wUDBl-g8
→ →
v ⊥B ... a circle when the field is large enough, if not – just a part of it
→ →
v not ⊥B ... a helix
Fm = FC
mv 2
Bev =
r
e v
=
m Br
Wehnelt’s tube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=slmV2IlluAM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xno5AZOlR8k Earth
-5- MAGNETIC FIELD
Lorentz´s force: A charged particle moving in both electric and magnetic fields is affected simultaneously by electric and
magnetic force. Their result is Lorentz´s force which determines the direction and type of motion of the particle.
FL = Fe + Fm
Questions:
3. An electron enters the uniform magnetic field of
B = 2.5 ×10-3 T at speed v = 106 m∙s-1 perpendicularly to
magnetic field lines. Find the radius of the circle –
trajectory of the electron. v
e = 1.602×10-19 C, me = 9.109×10-31 kg
Then calculate the radius in case of α-particle whose
charge is 2e and mass 6∙10-27 kg. F
A
m
K
4. A solenoid with 1000 loops and of length 0.1 m is lined up so that its axis is parallel to the Earth´s field lines. The
magnetic flux density is 70 μT at the position of the solenoid. Calculate the current in the solenoid which will create a
magnetic field of the same strength as the Earth´s field. Assume permeability of vacuum 4π∙10 -7 N∙A-1.
L5/272-284
7. Magnetic properties of materials
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62dez4tD5Ok
Magnetic properties of different materials are described as relative permeability μ r . Big relative permeability means that
the material can reinforce the strength of the outer magnetic field. Such materials can be used e.g. for cores of
electromagnets, where they make the electromagnet μ r -times “stronger“.
• diamagnetic materials
- μ r is slightly less than 1 (e.g. 0.99999), so they make the outer magnetic field slightly weaker than it would
be in a vacuum
- noble gases, gold, copper, mercury, ...
• paramagnetic materials
- μ r is slightly more than 1 (e.g. 1.000023 for Al), so they make the outer magnetic field slightly stronger
- sodium, potassium, aluminium, ...
• ferromagnetic materials
- μ r from about 100 to 100 000, so they reinforce the outer magnetic field a lot
- soft - do not keep the magnetic properties when the outer field is removed or change with it quickly, used e.g.
for cores of electromagnets
- hard – are more difficult to magnetise, but they keep their magnetism even when removed from the outer
magnetic field, e.g. ferrites – made from iron oxide combined with other metal oxides (Mn, Ba), used for
permanent magnets
- they have the property only when
• in crystalline, not liquid or amorphous state
• their temperature does not exceed Curie’s temperature – material property, for Fe 770 ºC
if not – they become paramagnetic
-6- MAGNETIC FIELD
Domain theory of magnetism
Magnetic domains are formed spontaneously within the material – volume about 10-3 mm3 to 10 mm3. Within these
domains electrons revolve in similar directions – “tiny magnets“. When outer magnetic field is applied – domains tend to
be lined up. When the outer magnetic flux density rises, more and more domains do that until all of them are lined up. We
call this situation magnetic saturation.
B0 = 0 B0 B0
Hysteresis loop describes the magnetic flux density in the material (B) when placed in the outer magnetic field (Bo).
Area inside is proportional to the energy needed to complete one “cycle of magnetisation and demagnetisation“ so heat is
formed as well during the process.
Sketch the picture of a hysteresis loop to the coordinate system:
Biron Bferrite
/T /T
0 Bair /mT 0 Bair /mT
8. Uses of electromagnets
relay
-7- MAGNETIC FIELD
moving-coil galvanometer
moving-coil loudspeaker
Questions:
L5/287-290
Answers:
1. 187 μT
2. 0.189 T, 1.57×10-4 T
3. 2.27 mm, 7.49 m
4. 5.6×10-3 A
-8- MAGNETIC FIELD
