HUMAN ANATOMY PRELIM TERM
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
AND PHYSIOLOGY NURSING 1
MC 102NUR FACILITATOR: MA. DJOCELLE
LECTURE / SECOND SEMESTER C. MALICAD
SY. 2021-2022
SAINT PAUL UNIVERSITY – PHILIPPINES
WEEK 6 Classification of Bones
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
LONG BONES
Components of the Skeletal System Typically longer than they are wide
Have a shaft with heads at both ends
CARTILAGES Contain mostly compact bone
hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic Example:
Femur
BONES Humerus
spongy, compact; long, short; flat, irregular
TENDONS
connect muscle to bone
LIGAMENTS SHORT BONES
connect bone to bone Generally cube-shape
Contain mostly spongy bone
Example:
Functions of the Skeletal System Carpals
• Framework and support Tarsals
o gives the body shape
o protects and supports body organs
• Movement
o provides levers for muscles to pull on
FLAT BONES
• Storage Thin, flattened, and usually curved
o Stores calcium and other minerals Two thin layers of compact bone
surround a layer of spongy bone
Example: Skull
Ribs
Functions of Bones Sternum
• Produces blood cells
• Support the body
• Protect soft organs
• Allow movement due to attached skeletal muscles
• Store minerals and fats IRREGULAR BONES
• Blood cell formation Irregular shape
Do not fit into other bone
Classification categories
Example:
Bones of the Human Body Vertebrae
The adult skeleton has 206 bones Hip bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
• COMPACT BONE
o Homogeneous
• SPONGY BONE . Bone Growth and Development
o Small needle-like pieces of bone Growth occurs in terms of
o Many open spaces Length
Articular cartilage
Width
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• Hyaline cartilage covers joint surfaces.
The Skeletal System
PARTS OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
Bones (skeleton)
Cartilages
Ligaments
Tendons
Joints
TWO SUBDIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Factors Affecting Bone Growth AXIAL SKELETON
Forms the longitudinal axis of the body
NUTRITION Principal subdivisions are the skull, vertebral column,
o Vitamin C.= collagen synthesis of osteoblasts and bony thorax
o Vitamin D = normal absorption of calcium in the Provides support and protection
intestines
HORMONES
o Growth hormone (anterior pituitary gland)
o thyroid hormone
o sex hormones
Types of Bone Cells
• Osteocytes-mature bone cells
• Osteoblasts-bone-forming cells
• Osteoclasts-bone-destroying cells
o Break down bone matrix for remodelling and release of
calcium in response to parathyroid hormone
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
Consists of the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles
Bone Growth and the limbs
Allows mobility for manipulation and locomotion
APPOSITIONAL GROWTH
The formation of new bone on the surface of existing bone
ENDOCHONDRAL GROWTH
The growth of cartilage in the epiphyseal plate and its eventual
replacement by bone
Bone Structure
• Bone markings are important anatomical landmarks that reveal
o Sites of muscle attachment
o Points of articulation (joint)
o Sites of blood vessels and nerve passage
Axial Skeleton: The Skull
Formed by 22 bones
Base and vault are formed by the cranium
Its facial skeleton:
o provides openings for the respiratory and digestive
• A long bone is composed of a diaphysis (shaft) and epiphyses
passages
(ends)
o serves as attachment points for facial muscles
o Medullary cavity of the diaphysis contains yellow
marrow
o Periosteum covers the diaphysis
o Endosteum lines inner bone cavities
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THE HYOID BONE
Supported in the neck by ligaments
Serves as an attachment point for the tongue and neck
muscles
FORAMEN MAGNUM
The opening in the base of the skull or occipital bone where
the spinal cord passes
FACIAL BONES
The 14 bones of the face include the paired maxillae,
zygomatics, nasals, lacrimals, palatines and inferior conchae
Single mandible and vomer bones
Cranial sutures
Fibrous joints connecting the bones of the
o Skull fixed
o Immovable (in adults)
o No cavities
Axial Skeleton: The Vertebral Column
The vertebral column includes
PARANASAL SINUSES 24 movable vertebrae
o 7 cervical
occur in the
o 12 thoracic
Frontal bone
o 5 lumbar
Ethmoid bone
Sphenoid bone Sacrum
Maxillary bones Coccyx
The primary curvatures of the vertebral
column are the
o thoracic
o sacral
The secondary curvatures are:
o Cervical
o Lumbar
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Axial Skeleton: The Thoracic Cage Appendicular Skeleton: The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
The bones of the thoracic cage include the Each pectoral girdle
o 12 rib pairs o Consists of one clavicle and one scapula
o sternum o Attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
o thoracic vertebrae
protect the organs of the thoracic cavity
THE CLAVICLES (COLLAR BONES)
Hold the scapulae (shoulder blades) laterally away from the
thorax
THE STERNOCLAVICULAR JOINTS
Only attachment points of the pectoral girdle to the axial
skeleton
THE STERNUM THE SCAPULAE
consists of the Articulate with the clavicles & with the humerus bones of the
o fused manubrium arms
o body
o Xiphoid process
Appendicular Skeleton: The Upper Limb
Each upper limb
o consists of 30 bones
o is specialized for mobility
ARM/FOREARM/HAND
The skeleton of the arm
o composed of
RIBS solely the
The first 7 rib pairs are called true ribs humerus
The 8th to 12th pairs of ribs are called false ribs The skeleton of the
Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs. forearm
o composed of
solely the radius
and ulna
The skeleton of the hand
o consists of the
carpals,
metacarpals and
phalange
Appendicular Skeleton: The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
The pelvic girdle
o Composed of 2 hip bones
o Secure the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
o Together with the sacrum, the hip bones form the basin-
like bony pelvis
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THIGH
The femur
o only bone of the thigh has ball-shaped head that
articulates with the acetabulum
ILIUM/ISCHIUM/PUBIS:
• The ilium is the superior flaring portion of the hip bone
o each ilium forms a secure joint with the sacrum
posteriorly
LEG
• The ischium is a curved bar of bone
o we sit on the ischial tuberosities The bones of the leg: The tibia and the fibula
o participate in forming both the knee & ankle joints
• The V-shaped pubic bones
o articulate anteriorly at the pubic symphysis
FOOT
The bones of the foot: Include the tarsals, meta-tarsals, &
phalanges
The most important tarsals
The Pelvic (Hip) Girdle o the calcaneus (heel bone)
Decubitus ulcer in the ischial tuberosity o the talus
- Articulates with the tibia superiorly
Pelvic structure and childbearing
The male pelvis
o Deep and narrow
o Has larger, heavier bones than those of the female
The female pelvis
o Forms the birth canal
o Is shallow and wide Joints
Sites where bones meet
Hold bones together
Allow various degrees of skeletal movement
Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limb
Consists of the thigh, leg, & foot & is specialized for
weight bearing & locomotion.
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Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints THE SHOULDER JOINT
3 common types of movements can occur when muscles A ball- and -socket joint
contract across joints: Formed by the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the humeral
(a) Gliding movements, head
(b) Angular movements (which include flexion, extension, Most freely movable joint of the body
abduction, adduction, & circumduction) Allows all angular and rotational movements
(c) Rotation
THE HIP JOINT
Also a ball- and -socket joint
Formed by the acetabulum of the coxal bone and the femoral
Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints
head
Special movements
Highly adapted for weight bearing
Supination and pronation inversion and eversion
Protraction and retraction.
Elevation and depression
Selected Synovial Joints
THE KNEE JOINT
Largest joint in the body
A hinge joint
Formed by the articulation of the tibial and femoral condyles
(and anteriorly by the patella and patellar surface of the
femur)
Extension, flexion, and (some) rotation are allowed
THE ELBOW
Also a hinge joint
The ulna (and radius) articulates with the humerus
Allows flexion and extension
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