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Statistics and Probability

Third Quarter
Module 10: Random Sampling

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VII-CENTRAL VISAYAS
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF SIQUIJOR
__________________________________________________________________________________

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Published by the Department of Education

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Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Edmark Ian L. Cabio

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Writer: Alberta S. Bato

Evaluators: Shaly B. Yuag Ana Roces B. Looc

Management Team: D Dr. Marlou S. Maglinaoo

CID - Chief

___________Neddy G. Arong g
Education Program Supervisor (MATHEMATICS)

EEdesa T. Calvadoress
Education Program Supervisor (LRMDS)

Printed in the Philippines

Department of Education – Region VII, Central Visayas, Division of Siquijor
Office Address: Larena, Siquijor
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E-mail Address: deped.siquijor@deped.gov.ph

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 11
Statistics and Probability
Third Quarter
Module 10: Random Sampling

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 Introduction

This module is written in support of the K to 12 Basic Education Program to

ensure attainment of standards expected of you as learner.

This aims to equip you with essential knowledge on Random Sampling

which are functionally used in conducting researches and studies.

This includes the following activities / tasks:

• Expected Learning Outcome – This lays out the learning

outcome that you are expected to have accomplished at the end of
the module.
• Pretest - This determines your prior learning on the particular
lesson you are about to take.
• Discussion of the Lesson – This provides you with the important
knowledge , principles and attitude that will help you meet the
expected learning outcome.
• Learning activities – These provide you with the application of the
knowledge and principles you have gained from the lesson and
enable you to further enhance your skills as you carry out
prescribed tasks.
• Post – test - this evaluates your overall understanding about the
module.

With the different activities provided in this module may you find this
material engaging and challenging as it develops your critical thinking.

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 What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

➢ illustrate random sampling.

What I Know

A. Directions: Identify the type of sampling technique used by the

researcher in each of the following situations: simple random
sampling, systematic random sampling , stratified random
sampling, or cluster random sampling. Write your answers
in your notebook.

1. The office clerk gave the researcher a list of 500 Grade students. The
researcher selected every 20th name on the list.
2. In a recent research that was conducted in a private school, the
subjects of the study were selected by using the Table of Random
Numbers.

3. A researcher is doing a research work on the students” reaction to the

newly implemented curriculum in mathematics and interviewed every
10th student entering the gate of the school.

4. A researcher interviewed people from each town in the province of

Albay for his research on population.

5. A researcher who is studying the effects of educational attainment on

promotion conducted a survey of 50 randomly selected workers
from each of these categories: high school graduate, with under
graduate degrees, with masters.

6. A researcher selected a sample of n=120 from a population of 850 by

using the Table of Random Numbers.
7. A researcher interviewed all top 10 Grade 11 students in each of 15
randomly selected private schools in Metro Manila.

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 8. A researcher randomly selected 10 barangays in a town for her
study. She did this by writing the names of each barangays on a
piece of paper which she folded and put in a bowl then she draw 10
pieces from the bowl.

9. A teacher asked her students to fall in line. He instructed one of them

to select every 5th student on the line.

10. A researcher chose the subjects of her study by selecting every kth
member of the population.
11. A researcher surveyed all diabetic patients in each of the 25 randomly
selected hospitals in metro manila.
12. A statistician selected a sample of n=100 high school students from a
private school with 2,500 students. He randomly selected the students
from each grade level.

B. Directions: Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement

is false. Do it in your answers in your notebook.

1. In simple random sampling, each element in the population has an

equal probability of selection.

2. The systematic sampling technique is the most basic type of

sampling technique.

3. Cluster sampling involves the selection of every kth element in the

population until the desired number of elements in the sample is
obtained.

4. Stratified sampling is a sampling technique in which the population is

first divided into strata and then samples are randomly selected
separately from each other.

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 What’s In

In statistics, the term population refers to the totality of observations or

elements from a set of data. On the other hand, a sample refers one or more
elements taken from the population for a specific purpose. This is a subset or
a representative of the population that is selected for a specific purpose.

Directions: Determine whether the statements below refer to a population

or sample. Write your answers in your notebook

1. The total number of students in a school

2. A group of 40 patients in a hospital who are given a particular
treatment.
3. The ages of all employees of a certain company.
4. The top 50 taxpayers in the Philippines.
5. The list of all the countries in the world.

What’s New

When conducting studies where only few members of population can

participate, the selection of sample is very crucial as wrong sampling can lead
to invalid results. Researchers need to guarantee that the sample chosen to
partake in a study is the representative of the entire population and thus ,
proper sampling technique must be carried out in order to ensure that the
results of the study will not be put to waste.

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 What Is It

Random sampling is a part of a sampling technique in which each

sample has equal probability of being chosen. A sample chosen randomly is
meant to be unbiased representation of the total population.

A sampling procedure that employs the methods of randomization is

called probabilistic sampling.

There are four types of random sampling.

A. Simple Random Sampling

A simple random sampling is the most commonly used sampling

technique. In this technique, each member of the population has an equal
chance to be selected as a participant. The process is done by choosing the
members of the sample one by one, using either the lottery method or the
tables of random numbers.

▪ In lottery method, all the members of the population are assigned with
specific numbers which are then written on pieces of paper and placed
on a bowl or a box. The researcher then selects numbered pieces of
paper from the bowl, one at a time. All members that correspond to the
selected numbers will make up the sample.

Example1.

A researcher wants to study the effects of social media on grade 11

students in Siquijor Mathematics High School. He wishes to use the simple
random sampling technique in choosing the members of his sample. If there
are 1000 Grade 11 students in the school, how many students should there
be in the sample?

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 Solutions:

These are the steps he must take if he wishes to use the lottery method.

Step 1. Determine the number of students that should be in the

sample. Use the Slovin’s Formula.
𝑁
n=1+𝑁𝑒2

where n = number of samples needed

e = margin of error

For the margin of error, use 5% or 0.05

1000
n= 1+(1000)(0.05)2

n= 285.7 or 286 students to be included in the sample.

Step 2. Assign a number to each member of the population. In this

problem, assign a number to each of the 1,000 students.

Step 3. Write the numbers on pieces of paper with the same size and
shape. Fold the pieces of papers.

Step 4. Put all the folded pieces of paper in a bowl or box.

Step 5. Without looking, randomly pick out 286 folded pieces from the
bowl.

B. Systematic Random Sampling

A systematic sampling is a random sampling technique in which every

kth element of the population is selected until the desired number of elements
in the sample is obtained. The elements to be included in the desired sample
are selected by skipping through the list at regular intervals. The value of k is
calculated by dividing the number of elements in the desired sample. The value
of k is the sampling interval.

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 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
k= 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒

𝑁
k= 𝑛

where k= sample interval

N = population size

n = sample size

Example 1.
In group of 250 students, how will you select a sample containing 71
students by using the systematic sampling technique.

Solution:

Step 1. Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the 250

students.

Step 2. Assign each student a number from 1 to 250.

Step 3. Find the sampling interval k. Divide the population size 250 by
the sample size 71.

Step 4. Select a number from the whole numbers between 0 and k+1
are 1,2,3, and 4. This chosen value is called as the random
start.

Step 5. Assume that the randomly selected number is 2. Use 2 as the

starting number.

Step 6. Select every 4th student from the sampling frame starting from
the 2nd student.

The numbers of the sample will then be 2, 6, 10, 14, 18…

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Example 2.

In a group of 180 workers, how will you select a sample of 36 workers

by using the systematic sampling technique?

Solution:
Step 1. Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the
180workers.

Step 2. Assign each worker a number from 1 to 180.

Step 3. Find the sampling interval k. Divide the population size 180 by
sample size 36.
𝑁
k=𝑛
180
k= 36

k= 5

Step 4. Select a number from the whole number between 0 and k+1 by
random technique. The numbers that are between 0 and k+1
are 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

Step 5. Assume that the randomly selected number is 4. Use 4 as the

starting number.

Step 6. Select every 5th worker from the sample frame starting from the
4th worker. That is.

The number in the list that will be included in the sample are

4, 9, 14, 19, …….

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C. Stratified Sampling
Stratified Sampling is a random sampling technique in which the
population is first divided into strata and then samples are randomly selected
separately from each stratum.

Example 1
You want to interview 200 students in your school to determine their
opinion on the new school uniform. How are you going to choose your sample
by using stratified sampling If there are 1,200 students in Grade 7; 1,100 in
Grade 8; 1,050 in Grade 9; 940 in Grade 10; 900 in Grade 11; and 810 in
Grade 12?

Solution:
Subdivide the population into several strata. In this problem, subdivide
the population into year levels. Then, make a table similar to the
following. Compute the sample size in each Grade level.

Population N=6,000 Number of students Sample n=200

per strata
Grade 7 1,200 40
Grade 8 1,100 37
Grade 9 1,050 35
Grade 10 940 31
Grade 11 900 30
Grade 12 810 27
Total 6,000 200

Solution:
1200
a. Grade 7: x 200 = 40
6000

1100
b. Grade 8: x 200 = 36.67 or 37
6000

1050
c. Grade 9: x 200 = 35
6000
940
d. Grade 10: x 200 =31.333 or 31
6000

900
e. Grade 11: x 200 = 30
6000

810
f. Grade 12: x 200 = 27
6000

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 Sometimes, the computation will result to one less than the value of n.
If this happens, round up one of the data to the next integer. In this problem,
n=200. If the sum of all the samples per year level is 199 instead of 200, then
round up one of the data which is not a whole number to the next integer.

Example 2.
Marcela a Statistic student wants to determine who care more about their
physical appearances, the male or the female students. She wants to limit her
study to the Grade 10 students. There are unequal numbers of Grade 10
students: 340 are male and 500 are female. She wants her sample to consist
only 50 students. She chooses the members of her sample using stratified
sampling technique.

Solution:
Subdivide the Grade 10 students into two subgroups using gender.
Divide the number of students per gender by the total number of students of
students, and then, multiply the resulting quotients by 50. The computation is
shown below:

Compute the sample size in each gender group.

Population ( N=840) Number of students Sample ( n=50)

per strata
Male 340 20
Female 500 30
Total 840 50

340
a. Male: 840
Χ 50 = 20.14 or 20 students will be included in the sample.
500
b. Female: Χ 50 = 29.76 or 30 students will be included in the sample.
840

D. Cluster or Area Sampling

Like stratified sampling, the population is divided into clusters. From

these clusters, a random sample of clusters will be drawn. All the elements
from the sampled clusters will make up the sample. Sometimes, clusters are
too large and there is a need for a second set of smaller clusters to be taken
from the original clusters.

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Steps in cluster sampling:
1. Determine the clusters and sub- clusters where the population belong.
2. Randomly select the clusters for sampling.
3. Randomly select the sub- clusters in step 2.
4. Obtain the sample from the sub- clusters selected in Step 3 using simple
random sampling or systematic random sampling and
5. List the sample elements.

Example 1.
Suppose a researcher wants to study the effect of a certain teaching
methodology among the students coming from a particular town. Since there
are many schools in the town, it will be very inefficient and impractical to
consider all the schools in the study. Instead, the researcher will randomly
choose a few schools and then, the students in these schools will be surveyed.

Example 2.
Suppose there are 25 people leaving in a certain province has 3 towns A,
B, C with A having 2 barangays, A1 and A2. Town B has 3 barangays B1, B2, B3,
and C has 2 barangays C1 and C2. The specific addresses of the 25 people are
as follows:

Residents Towns Barangay Residents Towns Barangay

Dianne A A1 Alexis A A2
Jane B B2 Kevin B B1
Chandi C C1 Joy C C1
Teresa B B2 Apple B B3
Evelyn C C1 Princess A A1
Lou B B2 Ezra A A2
Febbie A A2 Kamille C C1
Chezka A A1 Jovi B B2
Alexandra B B3 Marie C C2
Claire A A2 Enrique A A1
Charlene C C2 Angel C C1
Dawn B B1 Khristine B B3
Hazel C C2

Obtain a sample of size 3 from the population of 25 people using cluster

sampling.

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Solution:

Step 1. The clusters in this sampling are the 3 towns of this province.
Step 2. We randomly select one town out of 3, say Town A.
Step 3. We randomly select one sub-cluster (barangay) out of the 2
barangays, and say, barangay A2 was selected.
Step 4. Since the residence of A2 are:

Febbie, Claire, Alexis, Ezra, we select 3 out of 4 and we have a sample of

size 3.
Suppose the persons selected at random were:
Claire, Alexis, Ezra
Then the elements of our sample are Claire, Alexis and Ezra.

What‘s More

A. Directions: Read and answer the following questions. Write your answers
in your notebook.

A researcher is conducting a study about the effectiveness of using

algebra tiles in teaching factoring among the grade 8 students. He grouped the
students homogeneously according to their mathematical ability. The table
below shows the groups formed with their corresponding sizes.

Math Ability Group Size

Beginning 18
Developing 50
Approaching Proficiency 130
Proficient 17
Advanced 15
Total 230

1 What sampling technique is most appropriate to use?

2 How many members from each group will be included in the sample with
size 40.

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B. Directions: Identify whether each of the following situations illustrate
simple random, systematic, stratified and cluster sampling. Write your
answer in your notebook.
1. Kyle chose 10 samples from a population of 50 by assigning numbers to
each member and then selecting the members whose assigned numbers
are multiples of 5.
2. A researcher grouped the respondents according to religious affiliations
and then chose proportional numbers of members from each religious
group.
3. A teacher assigned class numbers to each student and then spun a
number roulette to identify the members of the sample.
4. A researcher who studies the effectiveness of a particular drug chose
four hospitals at random which are located within the region and then
surveyed all the patients in the selected hospitals.

What I Have Learned

I learned that:

➢ simple random sampling is the most commonly used sampling

technique. The process is done by choosing the members of the
sample one by one using the lottery method.
➢ Systematic random sampling technique in which every kth
element of the population is selected until the desired number of
elements in the sample is obtained. The elements to be included
in the desired sample are selected separately by skipping through
the list at regular intervals.
➢ Stratified random sampling is a sampling technique in which the
population is first divided into strata and then samples are
randomly selected separately from each stratum.
➢ Cluster sampling like stratified sampling, the population is into
groups, called clusters. However, unlike stratified sampling, the
clusters are heterogeneous groups of population.

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 What I Can Do
Directions: Answer the problem below. Write your answers in your notebook.
Suppose that from the list of 25 people below, we choose 8 individuals at
random using systematic random sampling,

1.Dan 6.Phoebe 11.Eunice 16.Kristine 21. Ezra

2.Jose 7.Frances 12.Marie 17.Enrique 22. Princess
3.Angelo 8.Stephen 13.Rochelle 18.Jovi 23. Apple
4.Maria 9.Sunshine 14. Sam 19.Kamille 24. Joy
5.Teresa 10. Fionna 15.Norton 20.Roshiane 25. Kevin

1. Find the value of k.

2. Suppose Jose is the random start who is the next person to be included
in the sample?
3. Name the remaining persons to be included in the sample of 8
individuals.

Assessment
A. Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write your answer in your notebook.

1. What type of sampling techniques in which every element of the

population has the same probability of being selected for inclusion in the
sample?
a. Cluster or Area sampling
b. Simple random sampling
c. Stratified sampling
d. Systematic sampling

2. Which of the following is NOT a reason for the need for sampling?
a. It is usually too costly to study the whole population.
b. It is usually time consuming to look at a whole population
c. It is sometimes destructive to observe the entire population.
d. It is always more informative by investigating a sample than the
entire population.

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3. Which of the following is NOT a reason for drawing a sample?
a. A sample is less time consuming than a census
b. A sample is less costly to administer than a census.
c. A sample is always good representations of the target population.
d. A sample is more practical to administer.

4. What type of sampling technique known to be the most basic sampling

technique?
a. Cluster or Area sampling
b. Simple random sampling
c. Stratified sampling
d. Systematic sampling

5. What type of sampling technique in which the value of k is calculated by

dividing the number of elements in the population by the number of
elements in the desired sample?
a. Cluster or Area sampling
b. Simple random sampling
c. Stratified sampling
d. Systematic sampling

6. What type of sampling technique in which the population is subdivided

into several strata?
a. Cluster or Area sampling
b. Simple random sampling
c. Stratified sampling
d. Systematic sampling

7. A teacher interviewed people from the province of Albay for his

research on population. What type of random sampling technique is
applicable in this situation?
a. Cluster or Area sampling
b. Simple random sampling
c. Stratified sampling
d. Systematic sampling

8. A researcher randomly selected 10 barangays in a town for her study. She

did this by writing the names of each barangays on a piece of paper which
she folded and put it in a bowl then she draws 10 pieces of paper from the
bowl. What type of sampling did the researcher use in selecting the
barangay to be included in the study?
a. Cluster or Area sampling
b. Simple random sampling
c. Stratified sampling
d. Systematic sampling

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Directions: Complete the third column of the table below by solving the
number of samples using stratified random sampling. Show your solutions in
your notebook.
1. A sample of 100 students is to be selected from a junior high school
population of 1000, of which 250 are in grade 7, 200 are in grade 8, 300 are
in grade 9 and 250 are in grade 10. If the sample size is to be proportionally
distributed, how many samples are to be taken from each stratum?

Consider the table below:

Grade Level Number of students Number of samples

Grade 7 250
Grade 8 200
Grade 9 300
Grade 10 250
Total 1,000

How many samples are to be taken from grade 7? Grade 8? Grade 9 and
grade 10?

Rubrics For Problem Solving

Score Descriptions

4 Used an appropriate strategy to come up with the correct solution

and arrived at a correct solution.
3 Used an appropriate strategy to come up with a solution, but a
part of a solution led to an incorrect answer
2 Used an appropriate strategy but came up with an entirely wrong
solution that led to an incorrect answer.
1 Attempted to solve the problem but used an inappropriate strategy
that led to a wrong answer.

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 References:
Millard R . Mamhot, PhD , Alicia A. Mamhot M.S: Statistics And
Probability, Published by Unlimited Books Library Services And
Publishing Inc.

Jesus P.Mercado, Fernando B. Orines: Statistics And Probability.

PHOENIX Publishing House

Raymund B. Calapan: Statistics And Probability Module. Diwa Learning

System Inc.

Teaching Guide For Senior High School adapted from:

De Veau, R,D, Velleman, P,F, and Bock, D,E. (2006) Intro
Stats.Pearson Ed. Inc
Probability and Statistics: Module 24 (2013). Australian Mathematical
Science Institute and Education Service Australia. Retrieved from
Hhtp//www.amsi.org.au/ESA- Senior_ Years/PDF
InferenceProp4g.pdf

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