STATISTICS &
PROBABILITY
QUARTER 3 – MODULE 4
Random Sampling,
Parameter and Statistic,
and Sampling
Distribution of Statistics
Lesson 1:
Random Sampling
What’s In
If a researcher wants to
observe, examine or test a
theory or hypothesis, he will
consider the problem by
selecting a section of the
population of the study using a
method called random
In random sampling, all subjects
in the population listed in the study
have the same chances of being
chosen for the survey. This means
that, ultimately, each member of
the sample retains characteristics,
or impartial characteristics, of the
population.
What’s New
Analyze the following study.
1. Mrs. Dela Cruz wants to get
the analysis on her pre-test in
Statistics and probability of
grade 11 students in ABC high
school with 150 students in the
subject. Should she get the
Analysis
Mrs. Dela Cruz class is not
that big, it is much better if
she will get the scores of her
entire class to have an
analysis.
What Is It
The population refers to the
whole group under study or
investigation. In research, the
population does not always refer
to people. It may mean a group
containing elements of anything
you want to study, such as
objects, events, organizations,
A sample is a subset taken
from a population, either by
random sampling or by non-
random sampling. A sample is a
representation of the population
where it is hoped that valid
conclusions will be drawn from
the population.
RANDOM SAMPLING
Random sampling is a selection of
n elements derived from the N
population, which is the subject of
an investigation or experiment,
where each point of the sample
has an equal chance of being
selected using the appropriate
Types of Random Sampling
Techniques
1. Lottery sampling is a sampling
technique in which each member of
the population has an equal chance
of being selected. An instance of
this is when members of the
population have their names
represented by small pieces of
2. Systematic sampling is a
sampling technique in which
members of the population are
listed and samples are selected
at intervals called sample
intervals. In this technique,
every nth item in the list will be
selected from a randomly
For example, if we want to draw
a 200 sample from a population
of 6,000, we can select every 3rd
person in the list. In practice, the
numbers between 1 and 30 will
be chosen randomly to act as the
starting point.
3. Stratified random sampling is a
sampling procedure in which
members of the population are
grouped on the basis of their
homogeneity. This technique is
used when there are a number of
distinct subgroups in the
population within which full
The sample is constructed by
classifying the population into
subpopulations or strata on the
basis of certain characteristics of
the population, such as age, gender
or socio-economic status. The
selection of elements is then done
separately from within each
stratum, usually by random or
Example:
Using stratified
random sampling,
select a sample of 400
students from the
population which are
grouped according to
the cities they come
from. The table shows
the number of
Solution:
To determine the number of
students to be taken as sample
from each city, we divide the
number of students per city by
total population (N= 28,000)
multiply the result by the total
sample size (n= 400).
4. Cluster sampling is sometimes
referred to as area sampling and
applied on a geographical basis.
Generally, first sampling is
performed at higher levels before
going down to lower levels.
For example, samples are taken
randomly from the provinces first,
followed by cities, municipalities or
5. Multi-stage sampling uses a
combination of different sampling
techniques. For example, when
selecting respondents for a national
election survey, we can use the
lottery method first for regions and
cities. We can then use stratified
sampling to determine the number
of respondents from selected areas
Lesson 2:
Parameter and Statistic
What’s New
Study the cases below. Identify
which of the cases involves
measures from a population and a
sample.
1. A researcher randomly selected a
sample of 1000 people in Barangay,
143 and asked if they used a certain
coffee product and 40% of them said
2. A researcher interviewed all the
students in a certain school to
identify their insights about their
favourite shoe brand.
Analysis:
In the first case the researcher
measures for a sample. Only 40% out of 100
said yes. While in the second case the
researcher measures the population
because the researcher interviewed all the
What Is It
A parameter is a descriptive
population measure. It is a
measure of the characteristics
of the entire population (a mass
of all the units under
consideration that share
common characteristics) based
on all the elements within that
Example:
1. All people living in one city, all
male teenagers worldwide, all
elements in a shopping cart, and
all students in a classroom.
2. The researcher interviewed all
the students of a school for their
favorite apparel brand.
Statistic is the number that describes
the sample. It can be calculated and
observed directly. The statistic is a
characteristic of a population or
sample group. You will get the sample
statistic when you collect the sample
and calculate the standard deviation
and the mean. You can use sample
statistic to draw certain conclusions
about the entire population.
Example:
1. Fifty percent of people living in
the U.S. agree with the latest
health care proposal. Researchers
can’t ask hundreds of millions of
people if they agree, so they take
samples or part of the population
and calculate the rest. 2.
Researcher interviewed the 70% of
Lesson 3:
Sampling Distribution of
the
Sample Means
What’s New
A population consists of the
five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10, and 12.
Consider samples of size 2 that
can be drawn from this
population.
What Is It
A population consists of the
five numbers 2, 3, 6, 10 and 12.
Consider samples of size 2 that
can be drawn from this
population.
A. How many possible samples
can be drawn?
To answer this, use the formula NCn
(the number of N objects taken n at a
time), where N is the total population
and n is the sample to be taken out of
the population,
In this case N= 5 and n= 2
5C2 = 5! = 5(4)3! =
20 = 10
(5-2)!2! 3!2! 2(1)
So, there are 10 possible samples to
B. Construct
the sampling
distribution of
sample means.
List all the
possible
outcome and
get the mean of
every sample.
C. This time, let
us make a
probability
distribution of the
sample means.
This probability
distribution is
called the
sampling
distribution of the
sample means.
A sampling distribution of sample
mean is a frequency distribution
using the means computed from all
possible random samples of a
specific size taken from a
population.
Construct a sampling distribution
of sample mean for the set of data
below.
Consider a sample size of 3 that can be
drawn from a population.
A. How many possible samples can be
drawn?
To answer this, use the formula NCn, where
N is the total population and n is the
sample to be taken out of the population,
In this case N= 5 and n= 3
5C3 = 10
B. Construct
the sampling
distribution of
sample means.
List all the
possible
outcome and
get the mean of
every sample.
C. This time, let us
make a probability
distribution of the
sample means. This
probability
distribution is
called, the
sampling
distribution of the
sample means.
QUIZ
