Directorate Of Online Education

INTERNAL ASSIGNMENT

NAME HARSHITA RANI

ROLL NUMBER 2314503249

SESSION MARCH 2024

PROGRAM BCA

SEMESTER III

COURSE NAME COMPUTER ORIENTED

NUMERICAL METHODS

COURSE CODE DCA2101

 SET-I
Q1. Show that
𝟏
(a) 𝜹𝝁 = (∆ + 𝛁)
𝟐
1 1 1 1
1 1
Solu: δμ = (E 2 − E −2 ) ∗ 2 (E 2 + E −2 ) = 2 [E − E −1 ] [A]
1 1 1
(∆ + ∇) = [(𝐸 − 1) + (1 − 𝐸 −1 )] = [𝐸 − 𝐸 −1 ] [B]
2 2 2
1
Hence from equations A and B, we get, 𝜇𝛿 = 2 (∆ + ∇)

(b) ∆ − 𝛁 = ∆𝛁
Solu: ∆ − ∇ = (𝐸 − 1) − (1 − 𝐸 −1 )
= 𝐸 − 2 + 𝐸 −1 [A]
∆∇ = (𝐸 − 1)(1 − 𝐸 −1 )
= 𝐸 − 1 − 𝐸𝐸 −1 + 𝐸 −1
= 𝐸 + 𝐸 −1 − 2 [B]
From equations A and B, we get ∆ − ∇ = ∆∇

Q2. Find Lagrange’s interpolation polynomial fitting the points y(1) = -3, y(3) = 0, y(4)
= 30, y(6) = 132 Hence find y(5).
Solu: The given data can be arranged as follows:

x 1 3 4 6
y = f(x) -3 0 30 132

Using Lagrange’s interpolation formula, we have

y = f(x)
(𝑥−3)(𝑥−4)(𝑥−6) (𝑥−1)(𝑥−4)(𝑥−6) (𝑥−1)(𝑥−3)(𝑥−6)
= (−3) + (0) + (30) +
(1−3)(1−4)(1−6) (3−1)(3−4)(3−6) (4−1)(4−3)(4−6)
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−3)(𝑥−4)
(6−1)(6−3)(6−4)
(132)

𝑥 3 −13𝑥 2 +54𝑥−72 𝑥 3 − 11𝑥 2 +34𝑥−24 𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 +27𝑥−18

= (−3) + (0) + (30) +
−30 6 −6
𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 +19𝑥−12
(132)
30
1 22
= 10 (𝑥 3 − 13𝑥 2 + 54𝑥 − 72) + 0 − 5(𝑥 3 − 10𝑥 2 + 27𝑥 − 18) + (𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 2 +
5
19𝑥 − 12)
 1 13 54 72 22 176
= (10 𝑥 3 − 10 𝑥 2 + 10 𝑥 − 10) − (−5𝑥 3 + 50𝑥 2 − 135𝑥 + 90) + ( 5 𝑥 3 − 𝑥2 +
5
418 264
𝑥− )
5 5
1 13 27 36 22 176
= (10 𝑥 3 − 10 𝑥 2 + 𝑥− ) − (−5𝑥 3 + 50𝑥 2 − 135𝑥 + 90) + ( 5 𝑥 3 − 𝑥2 +
5 5 5
418 264
𝑥− )
5 5
1
y(x) = 2 (−𝑥 3 + 27𝑥 2 − 92𝑥 + 60)
1
Now, 𝑦(5) = 2 (−53 − 27 ∗ 52 − 52 ∗ 5 + 60)
1
= 2 (−125 − 27 ∗ 25 − 52 ∗ 5 + 60)
1
= 2 (−125 − 675 − 460 + 60)
1
= 2 (150)

= 75

Q3. Evaluate 𝒇(𝟏𝟓), given the following table of values:

𝒙 10 20 30 40 50
𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙) 46 66 81 93 101
Solu: The value 𝑥 = 15 is near the beginning of the table. We use Newton’s forward
difference interpolation formula.
𝒙 𝒚 ∆𝒚 ∆𝟐 𝒚 ∆𝟑 𝒚 ∆𝟒 𝒚
10 46
20 66 20
30 81 15 -5
40 93 12 -3 2
50 101 8 -4 -1 -3

Using Newton's forward difference formula

𝑝(𝑝−1) 𝑝(𝑝−1)(𝑝−2) 𝑝(𝑝−1)(𝑝−2)(𝑝−4)
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑦0 + 𝑝∆𝑦0 + ∆2 𝑦0 + ∆3 𝑦0 + ∆4 𝑦0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥 =
2! 3! 4!
𝑥0 + 𝑝ℎ
Here ℎ = 10, 𝑥0 = 10, 𝑦0 = 46, ∆𝑦0 = 20, ∆2 𝑦0 = −5, ∆3 𝑦0 = 2, ∆4 𝑦0 = −3
𝑥−𝑥0 15−10
Therefore, 𝑝 = = = 0.5
ℎ 10
(0.5)(0.5−1) (0.5)(0.5−1)(0.5−2)
Therefore, 𝑓(15) = 46 + (0.5)(20) + 2
(−5) +
6
(2) +
(0.5)(0.5−1)(0.5−2)(0.5−3)
(−3)
24
 (0.5)(−0.5) (0.5)(−0.5)(−1.5) (0.5)(−0.5)(−1.5)(−2.5)
= 46 + 10 + (−5) + (2) + (−3)
2 6 24
0.25 0.375 0.9375
= 46 + 10 + (−5) + (2) + (−3)
2 6 24

= 46 + 10 − 0.125(−5) + 0.0625(2) − 0.0390625(−3)

= 46 + 10 + 0.625 + 0.125 + 0.1171875
= 56.8672
SET-II

Q4. Find the equation of the best fitting straight line for the data:
X 1 3 4 6 8 9 11 14

Y 1 2 4 4 5 7 8 9
Solu: Let Y = a + bX be the required best-fit straight line.
Its normal equations are given by
𝑌 = 𝑛𝑎 + 𝑏𝑋
𝑋𝑌 = 𝑎𝑋 + 𝑏𝑥 2
There are 8 tabulated data, therefore n = 8
X Y XY 𝑿𝟐
1 1 1 1
3 2 6 9
4 4 16 16
6 4 24 36
8 5 40 64
9 7 63 81
11 8 88 121
14 9 126 196
𝑿 = 𝟓𝟔 𝒀 = 𝟒𝟎 𝑿𝒀 = 𝟑𝟔𝟒 𝑿𝟐 = 𝟓𝟐𝟒
The normal equations become
40 = 8𝑎 + 56𝑏 (1)
364 = 56𝑎 + 524𝑏 (2)
(2)– (1) ∗ 7 , we get
132𝑏 = 84
𝑏 = 0.64
Substituting the value of b in (1) we get 𝑎 = 0.52
The equation 𝑌 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑋 becomes
𝑌 = 0.52 + 0.64𝑋
Q5. For what value of  &  the following system of equations:
𝒙+𝒚+𝒛=𝟔
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝟑𝒛 = 𝟏𝟎
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 + 𝒛 =  may have
(i) Unique solution
(ii) Infinite number of solutions
(iii) No solution
Solu: Analysing the system’s consistency and properties of the coefficient matrix
Given,
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =6
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 
The coefficient matrix is:
1 1 1
A= [1 2 3]
1 2 
The augmented matrix is:
1 1 1 6
[A|B] = [1 2 3 10]
1 2  

(i) Unique Solution: The system will have a unique solution when the determinant of A is
non-zero
1 1 1
𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = |1 2 3|
1 2 
Expanding along the first row:
2 3 1 3 1 2
𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 1. | | − 1. | | + 1. | |
2  1  1 2
Computing each minor:
2 3
| | = (2.  − 2.3) = 2  − 6
2 
1 3
| | = (1.  − 1.3) =  − 3
1 
1 2
| | = (1.2 − 1.2) = 0
1 2
So,
𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 1. (2  − 6) − 1. (  − 3) + 1.0
𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 2  − 6 −  + 3 =  − 3
Hence, for a unique solution, 𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴) ≠ 0, 𝑖. 𝑒.,  ≠ 3
(ii) Infinite Solutions: 𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 0, 𝑖. 𝑒.,  = 3, and the system must be consistent.
Substituting  = 3 into the third equation: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 𝜇
The system becomes:
1. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6
2. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 10
3. 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 𝜇
For consistency, the third equation must not contradict the second. Hence, 𝜇 = 10
Hence, for infinite solutions,  = 3 and 𝜇 = 10

(iii) No solution: 𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 0, 𝑖. 𝑒. ,  = 3, but the system is inconsistent.

Substituting  = 3, and if 𝜇 ≠ 10, the third equation contradicts the second. Thus, there is no
solution.
Hence, for no solution,  = 3 and 𝜇 ≠ 10

Q6. Find the solution for 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟐 taking interval length 0.1 using Euler’s method to
𝒅𝒚
solve: 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝒚 given 𝒚(𝟎) = 𝟎.
𝑑𝑦
Solu. The given differential equation is 𝑑𝑥 = 1 − 𝑦
Therefore 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 1 − 𝑦
Also, we have 𝑥0 = 0, 𝑦0 = 0, ℎ = 0.1
𝑥1 = 𝑥0 + ℎ = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1
Putting 𝑖 = 0 in Euler’s formula 𝑦𝑖+1 = 𝑦𝑖 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥𝑖 , 𝑦𝑖 )
We get
𝑦(𝑥1 ) = 𝑦1 = ℎ 𝑓 (𝑥0 , 𝑦0 )
𝑦(𝑥1 ) = 𝑦1 = 𝑦0 + ℎ(1 − 𝑦0 )
= 0 + 0.1(1 − 0) = 0.10
Therefore 𝑦(0.1) = 𝑦1 = 0.10
Put 𝑖 = 1 in equation (1), we get
𝑥2 = 𝑥1 + ℎ = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2
𝑦2 = 𝑦(𝑥2 ) = 𝑦1 + ℎ𝑓(𝑥1 , 𝑦1 ) = 𝑦1 + ℎ(1 − 𝑦1 ) = 0.1 + 0.1(1 − 0.1)
= 0.19
Hence 𝑦(0.1) = 0.10 and 𝑦(0.2) = 0.19