NAME Srikanth Dodda

ROLL NUMBER 2314104658

SESSION MAY_JUNE 2024

PROGRAM BCA

SEMESTER
III

DCA2101 & COMPUTER

COURSE CODE &
ORIENTED NUMERICAL
NAME
METHODS
 SET-I

1. Show that
�
(a) 휹 = � (∆ + �)
(b) ∆ − � = ∆�

Ans 1.

To prove the given identities, let's start by defining the operators:

Δ = Laplacian operator (also known as the second-order spatial derivative operator)

∇ = Gradient operator (vector of first-order spatial derivatives)

� = Divergence operator (divergence of a vector field)

= Scalar
�
a) To show that 휹 = �
(� + �) :

We'll start with the left-hand side (LHS):

LHS = �

Using the definition of divergence (�) and scalar ( ), we have:

LHS = ∇ ⋅

Next, let's expand the dot product using the detinition of the gradient (∇) :

∂ ∂ ∂
LHS = , , ⋅
∂x ∂y ∂x

Now, distribute the dot product to each component:

∂ ∂ ∂
LHS = + +
∂� ∂� ∂�

Taking the partial derivatives of � with respect to each coordinate:

 ∂ ∂ ∂
LHS = + +
∂� ∂� ∂�

Rearranging the terms, we can rewrite this as:

1 ∂ ∂ ∂
LHS = 2 +2 +2
2 ∂� ∂� ∂�

Factoring out the 2 .

1 ∂ ∂ ∂
LHS = 2 + +
2 ∂� ∂� ∂�

∂ ∂ ∂
We can recognize that ∂�
+
∂�
+
∂�
is equal to the Laplacian of (Δ ) :

1
LHS = (2Δ )
2
Simplifying, we get:

LHS = Δ = �
�
Therefore, we have shown that LHS = RHS, and 휹 = �
(� + �).

b) To prove � − � = �� :

Let's start with the left-hand side (LHS):

LHS = Δ − ∇

Using the definitions of the Laplacian (Δ) and gradient (∇) operators, we have:

∂2 ∂2 ∂2 ∂ ∂ ∂
LHS = + + − , ,
∂�2 ∂�2 ∂�2 ∂� ∂� ∂�

Expanding the terms, we can distribute the negative sign to each component of the
gradient:

∂2 ∂2 ∂2 ∂ ∂ ∂
LHS = 2
+ 2
+ 2
− , ,
∂� ∂� ∂� ∂� ∂� ∂�

Now, let's distribute the Laplacian operator to each component of the gradient:
 ∂2 ∂ ∂2 ∂ ∂ ∂2
LHS = − , − , −
∂x2 ∂x ∂�2 ∂y ∂�2 ∂x

We can rearrange the terms to group the partial derivatives:

∂2 ∂ ∂2 ∂ ∂ ∂2
LHS = − , − , −
∂�2 ∂� ∂�2 ∂y ∂ℏ2 ∂�

∂2 ∂ ∂ ∂
Recognizing that ∂�2
−
∂�
is the same as ∂� ∂�
and similarly for the other
components, we can rewrite this as:

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
LHS = , ,
∂� ∂� ∂� ∂� ∂� ∂�

Which is the same as the Laplacian of the gradient operator Δ∇

LHS = Δ∇

Therefore, we have shown that LHS = RHS, and � − � = ��.

QUES :- 2.

Ans 2.

Lagrange Interpolation for Given Points

We are given four data points:

x y
1 -3
3 0
4 30
6 132
Our goal is to find the Lagrange interpolation polynomial, L(x), and use it to estimate
y(5).

1. Lagrange Basis Polynomials:

For each data point (x_i, y_i), we define a Lagrange basis polynomial, ℓ_i(x):

�_�(�) = ∏ (� − �_�) / (�_� − �_�) 푓� 푎�� � ≠ �

0 ≤ � ≤ �

where n is the number of data points (n = 3 in this case).

2. Computing Basis Polynomials:

푎. �_1(�):

�_1(�) = (� − 3)(� − 4)(� − 6) / ((1 − 3)(1 − 4)(1 − 6))

= − (� − 3)(� − 4)(� − 6) / 30

�. �_2(�):

�_2(�) = (� − 1)(� − 4)(� − 6) / ((3 − 1)(3 − 4)(3 − 6))

= (� − 1)(� − 4)(� − 6) / 6

�. �_3(�):

�_3(�) = (� − 1)(� − 3)(� − 6) / ((4 − 1)(4 − 3)(4 − 6))

= − (� − 1)(� − 3)(� − 6) / 6

�. �_4(�):

�_4(�) = (� − 1)(� − 3)(� − 4) / ((6 − 1)(6 − 3)(6 − 4))

= (� − 1)(� − 3)(� − 4) / 30

3. Lagrange Interpolation Polynomial:

The Lagrange interpolation polynomial is constructed as a weighted sum of the basis

polynomials:

�(�) = ∑ �_� �_�(�) 푓� � = 0 푡� �

In our case:

�(�) = − 3 �_1(�) + 0 �_2(�) + 30 �_3(�) + 132 �_4(�)

4. Simplifying L(x):

Substitute the expressions for the basis polynomials and expand:

�(�) = (3/10)(� − 3)(� − 4)(� − 6) − 5(� − 1)(� − 3)(� − 6)

+ (22/5)(� − 1)(� − 3)(� − 4)

5. Estimating y(5):

Set x = 5 in L(x) and evaluate:

3 22
� 5 = 2 1 −1 − 5 4 2 −1 + 4 2 1 = 74.6
10 5

Therefore, the value of y(5) using Lagrange interpolation is 74.6.

Q3.

X 10 20 30 40 50
y= 46 66 81 93 101
f(x)

Ans 3.

To evaluate f(15) using the given table of values, you can use interpolation. Since the
table provides values of y = f(x) for specific values of x, you can interpolate to find
the value of f(15) which falls between x = 10 and x = 20.

We can use linear interpolation for this purpose. Linear interpolation assumes that
the function f(x) varies linearly between two data points. Here's how you can
calculate f(15):

First, identify the two data points that surround x = 15 in the table:

x1 = 10,

y1 = 46

x2 = 20,

y2 = 66

Now, use the formula for linear interpolation:

f(15) = y1 + [(x - x1) / (x2 - x1)] * (y2 - y1)

 Plug in the values:

f(15) = 46 + [(15 - 10) / (20 - 10)] * (66 - 46) f(15)

= 46 + (5 / 10) * 20 f(15)

= 46 + 5 * 2 f(15)

= 46 + 10 f(15)

= 56

So, f(15) is equal to 56.

Set-II

Q 4.

X 1 3 4 6 8 9 1 1
1 4
Y 1 2 4 4 5 7 8 9

Ans 4.

To find the equation of the best-fitting straight line for the given data points, you can
use linear regression. The equation of a straight line is typically represented as:

Y = mx + b

Where:

 Y is the dependent variable (in this case, the Y values).

 X is the independent variable (in this case, the X values).

 m is the slope of the line.

 b is the y-intercept.
 You need to find the values of m and b that best fit the data points. You can use the
following formulas to calculate them:

m = [(nΣxy) - (Σx)(Σy)] / [(nΣx^2) - (Σx)^2]

b = [(Σy)(Σx^2) - (Σx)(Σxy)] / [(nΣx^2) - (Σx)^2]

Where:

 n is the number of data points (in this case, n = 8).

 Σxy is the sum of the product of X and Y values.

 Σx is the sum of X values.

 Σy is the sum of Y values.

 Σx^2 is the sum of the squares of X values.

Let's calculate m and b step by step:

Calculate the necessary sums:

Σx = 1 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 9 + 11 + 14 = 56

Σy = 1 + 2 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 40

Σxy = (11) + (32) + (44) + (64) + (85) + (97) + (118) + (149) = 385

Σx^2 = (1^2) + (3^2) + (4^2) + (6^2) + (8^2) + (9^2) + (11^2) + (14^2) = 488

Now, calculate m and b using the formulas:

m = [(8 * 385) - (56 * 40)] / [(8 * 488) - (56^2)] m = [3080 - 2240] / [3904 - 3136] m
= 840 / 768 m = 35/32

b = [(40 * 488) - (56 * 385)] / [(8 * 488) - (56^2)]

b = [19520 - 21560] / [3904 - 3136] b = -2040 / 768 b = -85/32

So, the equation of the best-fitting straight line for the given data is:

Y = (35/32)X - (85/32)

Q5.

Ans 5.

System of Equations:

Given system of equations:

1. x + y + z = 6
2. x + 2y + 3z = 10
3. x + 2y + λz = μ

(i) Unique Solution:

For a unique solution, the determinant of the coefficient matrix must be non-zero.

Coefficient matrix:

1 1 1
� = 1 2 3
1 2 λ

Determinant of A:

det(A)=1⋅(2λ−3⋅2)−1⋅(1⋅λ−3⋅1)+1⋅(1⋅2−2⋅1)
=1⋅(2λ−6)−1⋅(λ−3)+1⋅(2−2)
=2λ−6−λ+3
=λ−3

For a unique solution:

λ-3≠0⟹λ≠3

(ii) Infinite Number of Solutions:

For infinite solutions, the determinant must be zero and the augmented matrix must
be consistent.
λ−3=0
λ=3
Augmented matrix:

1 1 1 6
1 2 3 10
1 2 3 μ

Row operations give:

1 1 1 6
�2 → �2 − �1: 0 1 2 4
1 2 3
1 1 1 6
�3 → �3 − �1: 0 1 2 4
0 1 2 −6
1 1 1 6
�3 → �3 − �2: 0 1 2 4
0 0 0 − 10

For consistency:

μ−10=0
μ=10

Thus, infinite solutions occur if λ=3\lambda = 3λ=3 and μ=10\mu = 10μ=10.

(iii) No Solution:
For no solution, the determinant must be zero and the augmented matrix must be
inconsistent.
λ=3
μ ≠ 10

QUES :- 6.

Ans 6.

Euler's Method Solution

Find the solution for x=0.2 taking interval length 0.1 using Euler’s method to solve:
dy/dx = 1 - y, given y(0) = 0.
Solution:
Given differential equation:

dy/dx = 1 - y

Initial condition: y(0) = 0

Step size (h): 0.1

Using Euler's method:

Euler's method formula: y_{n+1} = y_n + h * f(x_n, y_n)

Where f(x, y) = 1 - y

Step 1:

x_1 = x_0 + h = 0 + 0.1 = 0.1

y_1 = y_0 + h * f(x_0, y_0) = 0 + 0.1 * (1 - 0) = 0 + 0.1 * 1 = 0.1

Step 2:

x_2 = x_1 + h = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2

y_2 = y_1 + h * f(x_1, y_1) = 0.1 + 0.1 * (1 - 0.1) = 0.1 + 0.1 * 0.9 = 0.1 + 0.09 =
0.19

Initial condition: y(0) = 0

Step size: h = 0.1

Solution at x = 0.2: y(0.2) = 0.19