ANAPHY 6F: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Metaphase I:

FUNCTIONS OF THE SYSTEM ● Homologous pairs are

1. GAMETOGENESIS: development of gametes ALIGNED AT THE CENTER
- Oogenesis of the cell
- Spermatogenesis - Random assortment
2. FERTILIZATION: formation of zygote of maternal and
(sperm+oocyte) paternal
3. GROWTH and NOURISHMENT of a new individual chromosomes
4. Production of reproductive HORMONES
Anaphase I:
MEIOSIS - Homologous
“Dare to be different” chromosomes
● A type of CELL DIVISION SEPARATE
● Specialized in sexual reproduction
● Exclusive in the reproductive organs → sperm cells Telophase I
and oocytes - New nuclei and
cell division = 2
One cell undergoes → TWO (2) consecutive DIVISIONS cells
→ FOUR (4) DIFFERENT DAUGHTER cells with
HALF (½) number of CHROMOSOMES MEIOSIS II
STAGES OF MEIOSIS Second Mitotic Division
- At the end of meiosis I, each 23 chromosomes in the daughter cells
MEIOSIS I MEIOSIS II
still consists of two chromatids
Interphase
- Separation if CHROMATIDS
Prophase Prophase II
● Process is similar to mitosis, duplicated chromosomes
Metaphase Metaphase II
line up at the center
Anaphase Anaphase II
● Chromatids separate
Telophase Telophase II
“I Placed My Art There”
● Daughter cell receives 1 chromatid from each
● Each somatic cell has 46 chromosomes (genetic chromosomes
material) called the DIPLOID NUMBER ● Centromere separates = each chromatid is now called
- In 23 homologous pairs = 22 autosomal + 1 sex chromosome
chromosome (XX or XY) RESULT: 4 daughter cells with 23 chromosomes
● SPERM CELLS and OOCYTES contain HAPLOID
number of chromosomes (23)
- Each gamete contains one chromosome from each
of the homologous pairs
○ REDUCTIVE DIVISION: from 46 chromosomes
(23 pairs) to 23 chromosomes (from from each
homologous pair)

MEIOSIS I
First Mitotic Division
Prophase I:
1. All chromosomes are DUPLICATED
- 46 chromosomes joined by a centromere
2. Synapsis: formation/alignment of homologous
pairs
- Tetrad arrangement
- Crossing over: exchange of genetic material
between maternal and paternal chromosomes

MITOSIS
“Attack of the clones”

By: JASMINE S.
 ANATOMY OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Cells in the seminiferous tubules
Germ cells Differentiate to form
spermatozoa or sperm cells
(male gamete)
Sertoli cells Nourish germ cells
(sustentacular cells)
Leydig cells Secrete androgens:
(interstitial cells) testosterone
(male sex hormone)

SPERMATOGENESIS
● the formation of sperm cells, this happens during puberty
● Spermatogonia - most peripheral germ cells which divide
through mitosis
SCROTUM
● Primary spermatocytes - divide by meiosis and become
● Contains, encloses, and protects the testes sperm cells
● Helps maintain constant temperature for ● Secondary spermatocytes – produced after the primary
spermatogenesis spermatocytes undergo meiosis
○ Formation of functional spermatozoa ● Spermatids – produced when the secondary spermatocytes
■ temp must be 3 degrees below the body undergo second meiotic division
temperature ● Sperm cell/Spermatozoa –mature sperm cells
Dartos muscle: contracts skin of scrotum
Cremaster muscle: pulls testes nearer to the body Sperm cell: product of seminiferous tubules
- seminiferous tubules → tubuli recti → rete testis
→ epididymis → ductus deferens → ejaculatory
duct → urethra
● Head (contains the DNA), Midpiece, Flagellum/Tail
● Nucleus - located in the head of the sperm cell
● Acrosome - anterior to the nucleus, a vesicle which
contains enzymes that are released during the process of
fertilization and are necessary for the sperm cell to penetrate
the oocyte, or egg cell.

DUCT SYSTEM
- Epididymis, Ductus deferens, Urethra
EPIDIDYMIS
TESTES/TESTICLES - Highly coiled tube (6m or 20 ft)
● Also called MALE GONADS - Site of sperm maturation
● Has both EXOCRINE and ENDOCRINE functions - Temporary storage
EXOCRINE ENDOCRINE - Convey
ducts bloodstream
DUCTUS DEFERENS/VAS DEFERENS
sperm testosterone
- 20 days trip to reach one epididymis to another
- emerges from the epididymis and ascends along the
Tunica albuginea: a thick fibrous connective white
posterior side of the testis
tissue that covers the testis
- 45 cm in length
Septum: extensions that plunge into the testis
- the ductus deferens increases in diameter to
Seminiferous tubules: the site of sperm cell
become the ampulla of the ductus deferens
development, or are sperm forming factories
- Spermatic cord - connective tissue sheath that
Interstitial cells: located outside
encloses the ductus deferentia along with the
the seminiferous tubules are endocrine cells
nerves and blood vessels
- Propel live sperm
- PROPEL into the Ampulla → EMPTY into
ejaculatory duct

VAS DEFERENS DUCTS

DUCT FUNCTION
Ejaculatory duct - RECEIVE spermatozoa and
additives to produce SEMINAL
FLUID
- Passes through the prostate
gland
 - Merges with URETHRA
PROSTATE GLAND COMPONENTS
● “milky secretion”
● Regulate pH - the pH of the prostate
secretions is alkaline; this neutralization is
important for normal sperm cell function.
● Sperm cells (between 6.0 and 6.5 for optimal
movement)
● Liquefy the coagulated semen - The
prostate gland secretions contain proteolytic
enzymes that break down the coagulated
proteins of the seminal vesicles and make the
semen more liquid.
● This releases sperm cells from the coagulated
URETHRA
semen so they can swim to the oocyte
- extends from the urinary bladder to the distal end
of the penis
The urethra can be divided into three parts:
- Carries both urine and semen
1. prostatic urethra: passes through the prostate
- NOT released at the same time
gland
While male reproductive fluids are passing through the urethra, a
sympathetic reflex causes the internal urinary sphincter to 2. membranous urethra: passes through the floor of
contract, which keeps semen from passing into the urinary the pelvis and is surrounded by the external urinary
bladder and prevents urine from entering the urethra. sphincter
3. spongy urethra: extends the length of the penis
ACCESSORY GLANDS OF THE URETHRA and opens at its end
GLAND FUNCTION
Seminal vesicle - is a sac-shaped gland
- Two
- Each is about 5 cm long and tapers
into a short duct that joins the
ampulla of the ductus deferens to
form the ejaculatory duct
Secrete thick, viscous alkaline fluid
- containing nutrients (fructose, citric
acid, etc) and prostaglandins
Prostate gland - consists of both glandular and
muscular tissue
- surrounds the urethra and the
two ejaculatory ducts
- consists of a capsule and numerous
partitions
Secretes thin, milky alkaline solution
- Enhances the MOTILITY of
spermatozoa
Cowper’s gland - are a pair of small,
(bulbourethral mucus-secreting glands
gland) - located near the base of the penis
- In young adults, each is about the
size of a pea, but they decrease in
size with age.
Secrete alkaline mucus-like fluid
- that lubricate the urethra and end
of the penis
- neutralizing urine residue

SEMINAL VESICLE COMPONENTS

● Fructose - nourish the sperm cells as they move through
the female reproductive tract.
● Coagulation proteins - after ejaculation, these coagulation
proteins help thicken the semen, which keeps the sperm cells
in the vagina for a longer period of time.
● Enzymes - these enzymes help destroy abnormal sperm
cells
● Prostaglandins - stimulate smooth muscle contractions of
the female reproductive tract to propel sperm cells through
the tract.
 SEMEN PHYSIOLOGY MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
● Collectively, the sperm cells and secretions from the HORMONAL
accessory glands are called SEMEN ● the development of reproductive structures
○ Normal sperm cell count: 50 to 150 million ● the development of secondary sexual characteristics
sperm cells per milliliter of semen ● Spermatogenesis
○ Normal ejaculation: 2-5 mL of semen ● Sexual behavior
○ Relatively alkaline: pH 7.2-7.6 NEURAL
● Seminal vesicles produce about 60% of the fluid ● controlling the sexual act
● Prostate gland contributes approximately 30% ● the expression of sexual behavior
● Testes contribute 5%
● Bulbourethral glands contribute 5% Major Reproductive Hormones in Males
FUNCTIONS: HORMONE SOURCE TARGET FUNCTIONS
TISSUE
1. Transport
Gonadotropin-rele hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Stimulates secretion of
2. Nutrition and protection asing hormone LH and FSH
3. Dilution (GnRH)

Luteinizing Anterior Interstitial cells stimulates synthesis

hormone (LH) pituitary of the testes and secretion of
PENIS testosterone

● Male copulatory organ Follicle-stimulating Anterior Seminiferous Supports

hormone (FSH) pituitary tubules spermatogenesis and
● Conveys urine and seminal fluid to outside of the inhibin secretion

body Testosterone Testes; body Development and

tissues maintenance of
● Deliver sperm to the FRS reproductive organs;
supports
EXTERNAL spermatogenesis and
- Shaft causes the
development and
- Glans penis: enlarged tip maintenance of
secondary sexual
- expansion of the corpora spongiosa over characteristics
the distal end of the penis to form a cap Inhibin Sustentacular Anterior pituitary Inhibits GnRH, LH, and
cells and FSH secretion through
- Prepuce (foreskin): skin covering hypothalamus negative feedback
- The skin of the penis, especially the glans Anterior pituitary Inhibits FSH secretion
penis, is well supplied with sensory receptors through negative
feedback

HORMONES
INTERNAL: spongy urethra
● Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) -
- Corpora Cavernosa: two columns of erectile
released from neurons in the hypothalamus and
tissue form the dorsal portion and the sides of
passes to the anterior pituitary gland GnRH
the penis
○ causes cells in the anterior pituitary gland to secrete
- Corpora Spongiosa: smaller erectile column
two hormones, luteinizing hormone (LH) and
occupies the ventral portion of the penis, the
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) into the blood.
penile urethra passes through here
● Luteinizing Hormone - binds to the interstitial cells
in the testes and causes them to secrete testosterone.
● Follicle Stimulating Hormone - binds primarily to
sustentacular cells in the seminiferous tubules and
promotes sperm cell development
○ increases the secretion of inhibin (inhibits FSH
secretion)
 TESTOSTERONE ● Ejaculation while sleeping (nocturnal emission) is a
● Major hormone secreted by testes relatively common event in young males and is thought
● influences reproductive organs and nonreproductive to be triggered by psychological stimuli associated with
structures. dreaming – “wet dreams”
● During puberty, testosterone causes the enlargement ERECTION
and differentiation of the male genitals and the ● is the first major component of the male sex act.
● Neural stimuli cause the penis to enlarge and become firm.
reproductive duct system
● Specifically, parasympathetic action potentials from the
● necessary for spermatogenesis and for the development
SACRAL region of the spinal cord cause the arteries that supply
of male secondary sexual characteristics. blood to the erectile tissues to dilate.
● Secondary sexual characteristics in males include hair ● Blood then fills small venous sinuses called sinusoids in the
distribution and growth, skin texture, body fat erectile tissue and compresses the veins, which reduces blood
distribution, skeletal muscle growth, and changes in the flow from the penis.
larynx. ● The increased blood pressure in the sinusoids causes the
● After puberty, testosterone maintains the adult erectile tissue to become inflated and rigid.
● Parasympathetic action potentials also cause the mucous
structure of the male genitals, reproductive ducts, and
glands within the urethra and the bulbourethral glands to
secondary sexual characteristics.
secrete mucus.
PUBERTY
● puberty commonly begins between the ages of 12 and EMISSION
14 and is largely completed by age 18. ● is the movement of sperm cells, mucus, prostatic
● Before puberty, small amounts of testosterone, secreted secretions, and seminal vesicle secretions into the
by the testes and the adrenal cortex, inhibit GnRH, LH, prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra
● stimulated by sympathetic action potentials that originate in the
and FSH secretion.
LUMBAR region of the spinal cord.
● Beginning just before puberty and continuing
● Action potentials cause the reproductive ducts to contract and
throughout puberty, developmental changes in the stimulate the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland to release
hypothalamus cause the hypothalamus and the anterior secretions.
pituitary gland to become much less sensitive to the ● Consequently, semen accumulates in the urethra.
inhibitory effect of testosterone and the rate of GnRH,
LH, and FSH secretion increases.
EJACULATION
● is the forceful expulsion of the secretions that have
SPERMATOGENESIS CONT.
accumulated in the urethra to the exterior
● results from the contraction of smooth muscle in the wall of the
urethra and skeletal muscles surrounding the base of the penis.
● Just before ejaculation, action potentials are sent to the
skeletal muscles that surround the base of the penis.
● Rhythmic contractions are produced that force the semen
out of the urethra, resulting in ejaculation.
● In addition, muscle tension increases throughout the body.

Orgasm – climax in which the sensations normally

interpreted as pleasurable, occur during the male sex act
and result in an intense sensation, associated with
MALE SEXUAL ACT
ejaculation
● Sensory action potentials from the genitals are
carried to the sacral region of the spinal cord
Resolution - occurs after ejaculation where the penis
○ where reflexes that result in the male sex act
becomes flaccid, an overall feeling of satis
are integrated.
● Action potentials also travel from the spinal cord to
EFFECTS OF AGING
the cerebrum
● In men, benign prostatic enlargement is common after 50
○ to produce conscious sexual sensations.
years of age
● Rhythmic massage of the penis, especially the glans, ○ blockage of the prostatic urethra.
and surrounding tissues, such as the scrotal, anal, and ● The frequency of prostate cancer increases as men age and
pubic regions, provide important sources of sensory is a significant cause of death in men.
action potentials. ● In addition, the tendency for erectile dysfunction increases
● Engorgement of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles as men age, impotence BPH Benign Prostatic
with secretions or irritation of the urethra, urinary Hypertrophy - Enlargement of the prostate during old
bladder, ducta deferentia, and testes can also cause age and will cause the blockage of the prostatic urethra
sexual sensations. resulting in urinary retention
● Psychological stimuli, such as sight, sound, odor, or Infertility – low sperm count, low motility, abnormal
thoughts, have a major effect on male sexual reflexes. sperm shapes
Cryptorchidism – undescended testis
 ANATOMY OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM UTERUS
OVARY: primary FEMALE GONAD ● Site of IMPLANTATION
○ Receive, retain, and nourish
● is as big as a medium-sized pear
● is oriented in the pelvic cavity with the larger, rounded
part directed superiorly.
3 regions: fundus, body, cervix
Fundus: the part of the uterus superior to the entrance
of the uterine tubes
Body: The main part of the uterus is called the
● The cervical canal is lined by mucous glands.

UTERINE WALL
Perimetrium (serosa) - the outer layer
- is formed from the visceral peritoneum
Myometrium (middle) - muscular layer
- consists of smooth muscle, is quite thick
- accounts for the bulk of the uterine wall
Endometrium (innermost) - simple columnar epithelia
THE DUCT SYSTEM
- with an underlying connective tissue layer
UTERINE TUBES (OVIDUCT)
- sloughed off
● also called a fallopian tube or oviduct
- fertilized egg will implant here
● receive the secondary oocyte
● spiral glands: simple tubular glands
● convey developing embryo toward the uterus
○ formed by folds of the endometrium and the
○ Site of fertilization
superficial part of the endometrium is sloughed
off during menstruation
Menstrual cycle: sloughing off

Has 3 sections: infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

● fimbriae: long, thin processes that surround the
opening of each uterine tube
○ Catch the released ova
● Cilia on the fimbriae surface sweep the oocyte into UTERINE LIGAMENTS
● The uterus is supported by the broad ligament and the round
the uterine tube.
ligament.
Ampulla: part of the uterine tube near the ovary where
● In addition to these ligaments, much support is provided
fertilization usually occurs inferiorly to the uterus by skeletal muscles of the pelvic floor.
Implantation: process in which the fertilized oocyte ● If ligaments that support the uterus or muscles of the pelvic
travels to the uterus, where it embeds in the uterine wall floor are weakened, as may occur due to childbirth, the
3-4 days egg travels to the uterus uterus can extend inferiorly into the vagina, a condition
called a prolapsed uterus.
SEQUENCE OF OVUM AFTER OVULATION ● Nipple is composed of smooth muscle which responds
Fimbriae → infundibulum → ampulla → isthmus to stimulation
VAGINA ○ Transmits signals to PPG to release
● is the female organ of copulation OXYTOCIN = let-down reflex
● Receives erect penis and semen during coitus
ACTS AS PASSAGEWAY:
- Uterine secretions to outside of the body
- Fetus during parturition (birth canal)
● Hymen: thin mucous membrane which covers the
vaginal opening in young females
○ Highly vascular fold covering the distal end
○ is perforated by one or several holes

Nipple – an elevated raised area, very sensitive to tactile

stimulation and contain smooth muscle which contracts
Areola – surrounds the nipple, circular and pigmented
Alveoli - secretory ducts
Gynecomastia – enlargement of the breast for male

REGULATION OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES

Major Reproductive Hormones in Females
VAGINAL WALL
HORMONE SOURCE TARGET FUNCTIONS
Wall of the vagina TISSUE

- consists of an outer muscular layer and an inner Gonadotropin- hypothalam Anterior Stimulates secretion of LH and FSH
releasing us pituitary
mucous membrane.
hormone
● Muscular layer (outer) (GnRH)
- is a smooth muscle and contains many elastic Luteinizing Anterior Ovaries - follicles to complete maturation
pituitary and undergo ovulation;
fiber hormone (LH)
- causes ovulation;
- vagina can increase in size - ovulated follicle become the
corpus luteum
- to accommodate during intercourse
Follicle- Anterior Ovaries Causes follicles to begin
- And stretch during childbirth stimulating pituitary development
- estrogen secretion
● The lining (inner mucous membrane) hormone (FSH)

- is non-keratinized Estrogen Follicles of Uterus Proliferation of endometrial cells

ovaries and
- moist, squamous epithelium corpus Breasts Development of mammary glands
luteum (especially duct systems)
- forms a protective surface layer
Anterior Positive feedback before ovulation,
● Lubricating fluid passes through the vaginal pituitary and resulting in increased LH and FSH
hypothalamus secretion; negative feedback with
epithelium into the vagina progesterone on the hypothalamus
and anterior pituitary after
ovulation, resulting in decreased LH
and FSH secretion

Other tissues Development and maintenance of

secondary sexual characteristics

Progesterone Corpus Uterus Enlargement of endometrial cells

luteum of and secretion of fluid from uterine
ovaries glands; maintenance of pregnant
state

Breasts Development of mammary glands

(especially alveoli)

Anterior Negative feedback, with estrogen,

MAMMARY GLANDS pituitary on the hypothalamus and anterior
● Site for milk production pituitary after ovulation, resulting in
decreased LH and FSH secretion
● Anterior to the pectoral muscle
Other tissues Secondary sexual characteristics
● Milk glands located in the breasts
Oxytocin Posterior Uterus and Contraction of uterine smooth
- Divided by a connective tissue partition in pituitary mammary muscle and contraction of cells in
glands the breast, resulting in milk
approx. 20 lobes letdown in lactating women

● All glands in each lobe produce milk by ACINAR Human Placenta Corpus luteum Maintains corpus luteum and
chorionic of ovaries increases its rate of progesterone
CELLS (exocrine) and deliver to the nipple via a secretion during the first one-third
gonadotropin (first trimester) of pregnancy;
LACTIFEROUS DUCT increases testosterone production
○ Prolactin (for milk production) in testes of male fetuses

● Ampulla portion of the duct just posterior to the

nipple serves as a reservoir for milk before
breastfeeding
 INTERNAL STRUCTURES
OVARY
EXTERNAL GENITALIA - Primary female gonad
● also called the vulva or pudendum - Secured to the walls of the pelvis and to the
suspensory, ovarian, and broad ligaments
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
EXOCRINE ENDOCRINE
vulva External genitalia or pudendum
oocyte Estrogen and progesterone
vestibule the space into which both the vagina and the
urethra open
- urethra opens into the vestibule just anterior
to the vagina
labia minora a pair of thin, longitudinal skin folds which
borders the vestibule
- Protects the opening of the vagina and
urethra
clitoris A small, erectile structure
- located in the anterior margin of the
vestibule and contains erectile tissues
(equivalent to penis)
Ovarian follicles: contains oocyte
- Primary site of sexual arousal
- Surrounded by follicle cells
prepuce two labia minora unite over the clitoris to form
- Graafian follicle: fluid-filled follicle with
a fold of skin
mature ova/ovum
greater Bartholin glands
Ovulation: release of egg cell
vestibular glands - glands that produce lubricating fluids
- open on each side of the vestibule, between Corpus luteum: responsible for the
the vaginal opening and the labia minora progesterone secretion
labia majora Medial surface is made up of sebaceous and - Remnant of the ruptured follicle
sweat glands and lateral surface with coarse
hair
OOGENESIS
- Lateral to the labia minora are two prominent
rounded folds of skin - Begins at fetal development
- Encloses and protects the labia minora - 4th month: 5 million oogonia
mons pubis Fatty tissue covering the pubic bone - By birth:
- elevation of tissue over the pubic symphysis - Have completed mitosis
pudendal cleft The space between the labia majora - MEIOSIS until prophase 1
- the labia majora are in contact with each - 2 million primary oocytes (lifetime supply)
other across the midline - Enclosed within primary follicle; suspended
- closing the pudendal cleft
- covering the deeper structures within the animation until puberty
vestibule - By puberty: 300k - 400k
clinical perineum region between the vagina and the anus and - 400 primary oocytes will develop to secondary
also the area between the thigh oocytes
- the skin and muscle of this region can tear Secondary oocyte: released via ovulation
during childbirth
- prevent such tearing, an incision called an - Corona radiata: follicle cell capsule that
episiotomy is sometimes made in the surrounds the ovulated secondary oocyte
clinical perineum - This will be penetrated by the sperm
during fertilization (meiosis II)
Maturation of the Oocyte and Follicle

- 3rd month: assumes roles of estrogen and progesterone

production

PLACENTAL FORMATION
- Corpus luteum maintains
- Still functions due to human chorionic
gonadotropin (HCG)
- HCG stimulates → Ovaries → release estrogen and
progesterone → decidua
- So that the lining of the uterus will not shed
even during after pregnancy
- Decidua: lining, thick layer of modified mucous membrane,
lines the uterus during pregnancy
- 11th or 12th week: chorionic villi > placenta formation
Placenta: function to provide oxygen nutrients to fetus
 PUBERTY - Mucin from the glands
● The initial change that results in puberty is most likely - Fragments of endometrial tissue
maturation of the hypothalamus - Microscopic atrophies and unfertilized ovum
● Stimulated by the release of GnRH from the End of menstrual cycle: marks the beginning day of a new
hypothalamus menstrual cycle
In girls, puberty:
- typically begins between ages 11 and 13 Phase 2: Proliferative/Estrogenic (6th-14th day)
- largely completed by age 16. - Immediately after menstrual flow: endometrium lining
Menarche: first episode of menstrual bleeding is very thin (stimulates estrogen production)
- increasing rate of estrogen and progesterone - GnRH → FSH → for development and maturation
- primarily cause of the changes associated with of ovarian follicle
puberty Mature follicle (graafian follicle) secretes ESTROGENS
Adrenarche: closure of plates in long bones (Males) - ↓ FSH ↑ LH (triggers ovulation)
- Endometrium proliferates (thickens, becomes more
Before puberty: estrogen and progesterone are secreted in vascular)
very small amounts
Phase 3: Ovulatory (14th day)
At puberty: the cyclical adult pattern of hormone secretion is OVULATION: marked increase of the LH causes the rupture
gradually established. of graafian (mature) follicle

During puberty: the vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, and Phase 4: Secretory/Progestational/Luteal (15th-28th
external genitalia begin to enlarge. day)
- Adipose tissue is deposited in the breasts and around the - Endometrium becomes even thicker and corkscrew in
hips, causing them to enlarge and assume an adult form. appearance
- pubic and axillary hair grows. - Ruptured ovarian follicle becomes corpus luteum =
- The development of sexual drive is also associated with secretes high levels of progesterone
puberty - Egg cell is waiting on the ampulla portion of the tube

After the onset of puberty: the hypothalamus and anterior Phase 5: premenstrual/ischemic (last 2 days)
pituitary secrete large amounts of GnRH, LH, and FSH. Absence of pregnancy
- Constriction of endometrial arteries and shrinking of
lining
- Regression of corpus luteum
- Becomes corpus albicans
- Decrease of estrogen and progesterone
- Constricted arteries open and break off = menses

OVARIAN CYCLE
- Focuses on what happens in the ovary
3 phases: follicular, ovulatory, and luteal

Phase 1: FOLLICULAR (Days 1-14)

PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS: directly related to
- The primordial follicle matures
reproduction, enlargement and maturation or sex organs
- under the influence of the follicle stimulating
SECONDARY CHARACTERISTICS: does not involve the
hormone (FSH) and the luteinizing hormone (LH)
sex organs up to the time of ovulation
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
CHARACTERISTICS Phase 2: OVULTORY (Days 14-15)
- two days before ovulation, the LH will rise markedly, which
Interval between Avg. of 28 days will cause the rupture of the graafian follicle, therefore
cycles
releasing the egg
Duration Avg. flow of 4-6 days
Amount Avg. of 30-80 mL per menstrual period Phase 3: LUTEAL (Days 15-28)
- Eight under the influence of the LH, the corpus luteum will
Color Dark red: blood, mucous endometrial
secrete estrogen and large amounts of progesterone to
cells
prepare the endometrium for the possibility of a fertilized
Menses - a period of mild hemorrhage, during which part of
ovum
the endometrium is sloughed and expelled from the uterus - Degeneration: causes the decrease of progesterone
causing sloughing off the endometrium
ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE
- Associated with the changes of the uterus
Phase 1: Menstruation (1st-5th day)
- 30-80 mL, 3-5 days
- Menses discharge from uterus By: JASMINE S.
- Blood from ruptured capillaries
 MENOPAUSE
● Cessation of menstrual cycle
● Happens between 40 to 50 years old and starts are
irregular periods and ovulation
● Female Climacteric – the whole time period from the
onset of irregular cycles to their complete cessation
AGING
● the most significant age-related change is menopause
● By age 50, estrogen and progesterone produced
FEMALE SEXUAL ACTIVITY
decreases
HORMONAL INFLUENCE: the adrenal gland and other
● The uterus decreases in size
tissues (liver), convert steroids, such as progesterone to
ANDROGENS ● endometrium decreases in thickness.
● The vaginal wall becomes thinner and less elastic
Psychological factors: also affect sexual behavior ○ there is less lubricant in the vagina
○ resulting in an increased tendency for vaginal
1. Sexual excitement yeast infections.
- Parasympathetic stimulation ● Increase risk for cancers like breast cancer, uterine
- Causes erectile tissue within the clitoris and around cancer, ovarian and cervical cancer
the vaginal opening to be engorged with blood
- The nipples often becomes erect CLINICAL CORRELATION
- Mucous glands within the vestibule, especially the ● Endometriosis - is a condition in which endometrial
vestibular glands, secrete mucous for lubrication tissue migrates from the lining of the uterus into the
2.Orgasm peritoneal cavity, where it attaches to the surface of
- Triggered by tactile stimulation of the female’s genitals organs.
- Occur during sexual intercourse ○ Common sites of attachment are the ovaries and
- Along with psychological stimuli the pelvic peritoneum.
- The vaginal, uterine, and perineal muscles contract ● Ectopic Pregnancy - implantation occurs anywhere
rhythmically other than in the uterine cavity
- muscle tension increases throughout much of the ○ The most common site of ectopic pregnancy is
body the uterine tube.
3.Resolution
- Characterized by an overall sense of satisfaction and MALE SEXUAL ACTIVITY
relaxation occurs Testosterone is required to initiate and maintain male sex
- In contrast to males, females can be receptive to behavior
further stimulation and can experience successive - Blood levels of testosterone remain relatively
orgasms constant in a male from puberty until about 40
years of age
CONT. BOOK BASED
● dependent on hormones Action potentials are conducted by sensory neurons from the
● Testosterone-like hormones, and possibly estrogen, affect genitals through the pudendal nerve to the sacral region
brain cells (especially in the area of the hypothalamus) of the spinal cord, where reflexes that result in the male
and influence sexual behavior sex act are integrated
● Testosterone-like (estrogen) hormones = adrenal cortex - AP travel from the spinal cord to the cerebrum to
● The sensory and motor neural pathways involved in produce conscious sexual sensations
controlling female sexual responses
During sexual excitement: erectile tissue within the clitoris Male sexual reflexes are initiated by a variety of sensory
and around the vaginal opening becomes engorged with stimuli
blood - Rhythmic massage of the penis
- The mucous glands (greater vestibular), secrete - Other physical stimuli (sight, sound, odor,
small amounts of mucus. thoughts, etc.)
- Larger amounts of mucus-like fluid are also extruded into
the vagina through its wall. Includes erection, emission, ejaculation
MUCUS: provides lubrication (IN MALE REPRO PART)
● The vaginal and uterine smooth muscle, as well as the
surrounding skeletal muscles, contract rhythmically, and
muscle tension increases throughout much of the body.
● After the sex act, there is a period of resolution, which
is characterized by an overall sense of satisfaction and
relaxation.
● Females are sometimes receptive to further immediate
stimulation, however, and can experience successive
orgasms.
By: JASMINE S.