Science Notes: Year 4, Term 2

Topic: Animal Habitats

Subtopic: Introduction and Types of Habitats (week 1)

Introduction to Animal Habitats

A habitat is the natural environment where an animal or plant lives. It is the place that
provides everything the organism needs to survive, such as food, water, shelter, and
space. Habitats vary greatly depending on the type of organism and the conditions it
requires.

Every animal is specially adapted to its habitat. These adaptations help animals to find
food, protect themselves, reproduce, and raise their young. Without a suitable habitat,
animals cannot survive.

Key Terms:

 Habitat: The natural environment of an organism.

 Adaptation: A special feature or behavior that helps an organism survive in its
habitat.
 Ecosystem: A community of living organisms interacting with their environment.

Why Are Habitats Important?

1. Food and Water: Habitats provide the resources animals need to eat and drink.
2. Shelter: Habitats offer protection from predators and harsh weather.
3. Space: Animals need enough room to move, hunt, and raise their young.
4. Community: Many habitats allow animals to interact with others of their kind or
other species.

When habitats are destroyed or changed, animals may lose their homes and struggle to
survive. This is why conserving habitats is vital for protecting wildlife.
Types of Habitats

Animals live in different habitats depending on their needs and adaptations. Below are
the main types of habitats and examples of animals that live in each.

1. Forests

Forests are areas filled with trees and other plants. They can be tropical, temperate, or
boreal (cold). Forests provide homes for a wide variety of animals.

 Examples of Forest Animals:

o Tigers, monkeys, and parrots in tropical forests.
o Deer, bears, and foxes in temperate forests.
o Wolves, lynxes, and owls in boreal forests.
 Key Features:
o Dense vegetation.
o Varying temperatures depending on the forest type.
o High rainfall in tropical forests.

2. Grasslands

Grasslands are large open areas covered mainly with grasses. They are found in regions
with moderate rainfall.

 Examples of Grassland Animals:

o Lions, zebras, and elephants in African savannas.
o Kangaroos and emus in Australian grasslands.
o Bison and prairie dogs in North American prairies.
 Key Features:
o Few trees, mostly grass.
o Hot summers and cold winters.
o Home to grazing animals and their predators.

3. Deserts
Deserts are dry habitats with very little rainfall. They can be hot or cold, but all deserts
have extreme conditions.

 Examples of Desert Animals:

o Camels and scorpions in hot deserts.
o Snow leopards and mountain goats in cold deserts.
o Fennec foxes and sidewinder snakes in sandy deserts.
 Key Features:
o Very little water.
o Extreme temperatures: hot during the day and cold at night.
o Sparse vegetation.

4. Water Habitats

Water habitats include oceans, rivers, lakes, and wetlands. These habitats are home to
aquatic animals.

 Examples of Water Animals:

o Dolphins, sharks, and jellyfish in oceans.
o Frogs, crocodiles, and fish in rivers and lakes.
o Flamingos, herons, and frogs in wetlands.
 Key Features:
o Abundant water.
o Plants like algae, seaweed, and reeds.
o Varied salinity levels depending on the water body.

5. Mountains

Mountain habitats are found at high altitudes. These areas are cold and have less
oxygen, making them challenging for animals to live in.

 Examples of Mountain Animals:

o Snow leopards and yaks in the Himalayas.
o Eagles and mountain goats in the Rockies.
o Llamas and condors in the Andes.
 Key Features:
 o Cold temperatures.
o Steep slopes.
o Scarce vegetation.

6. Polar Regions

Polar habitats are found near the Earth’s poles and are covered with ice and snow for
most of the year. These regions are extremely cold and windy.

 Examples of Polar Animals:

o Polar bears and arctic foxes in the Arctic.
o Penguins and seals in Antarctica.
o Whales and walruses in surrounding oceans.
 Key Features:
o Extremely cold temperatures.
o Long winters and short summers.
o Ice-covered land and water.

Habitats and Adaptations

Animals are uniquely suited to their habitats. Below are examples of how animals adapt
to different habitats:

1. Forest Adaptations:
o Monkeys have long tails and strong limbs for climbing trees.
o Tigers have striped fur for camouflage in the forest.
2. Grassland Adaptations:
o Zebras have stripes to confuse predators.
o Lions have sharp teeth and claws for hunting prey.
3. Desert Adaptations:
o Camels store fat in their humps for energy.
o Fennec foxes have large ears to release heat.
4. Water Adaptations:
o Fish have gills to breathe underwater.
 o Dolphins have streamlined bodies for swimming fast.
5. Mountain Adaptations:
o Yaks have thick fur to keep warm.
o Eagles have strong eyesight to spot prey from a distance.
6. Polar Adaptations:
o Polar bears have thick fur and fat layers to stay warm.
o Penguins have flippers for swimming and dense feathers for insulation.

Human Impact on Habitats

Humans often change or destroy animal habitats, which can harm wildlife. Activities
such as deforestation, pollution, farming, and urbanization reduce the space available
for animals.

 Deforestation: Cutting down trees reduces forest habitats.

 Pollution: Chemicals in water, air, and soil can make habitats unlivable.
 Urbanization: Building cities takes over animal spaces.
 Climate Change: Rising temperatures and changing weather patterns affect all
habitats.

Conservation Efforts:

 Protecting natural areas, such as national parks.

 Reducing pollution and recycling waste.
 Supporting organizations that save endangered animals.
 Educating people about the importance of habitats.

Summary

 Habitats are crucial for the survival of animals and plants.

 Different types of habitats include forests, grasslands, deserts, water habitats,
mountains, and polar regions.
 Animals are adapted to their specific habitats to survive and thrive.
  Human activities can damage habitats, but conservation efforts can help protect
them.

Questions for Review:

1. What is a habitat? Why is it important for animals?

2. Name three types of habitats and an animal that lives in each.
3. How do animals adapt to their habitats? Give two examples.
4. What are some human activities that harm habitats?
5. Suggest ways to protect and conserve animal habitats.

Activity: Draw a picture of your favorite habitat and label the animals and plants that
live there. Share your drawing with the class and explain why this habitat is important.

Year 4 Science Notes

Term 2, Week 2

Topic: Animal Habitats

Subtopic: Adaptations to Habitats

Introduction to Animal Habitats

A habitat is the natural environment where an animal lives, grows, and thrives. It
provides the basic needs for survival, including food, water, shelter, and space. Habitats
vary widely across the world, from lush rainforests to dry deserts, and each is home to
unique animals adapted to their surroundings.

Types of Habitats:

1. Forest: Dense areas filled with trees, shrubs, and other plants. Examples include
tropical rainforests and temperate forests.
2. Desert: Dry regions with little rainfall. Examples are the Sahara Desert and the
Kalahari Desert.
3. Aquatic: Includes freshwater (rivers, lakes) and marine (oceans, seas) habitats.
4. Grassland: Open areas dominated by grasses, such as savannas and prairies.
5. Tundra: Cold regions near the poles, with frozen ground and minimal plant life.
6. Mountain: High-altitude areas with rocky terrain and cooler climates.

Adaptations to Habitats

Animals have developed special features and behaviors called adaptations to survive in
their specific habitats. Adaptations can be physical (body structures) or behavioral
(ways of acting).

1. Forest Adaptations

Forests are rich in food and shelter, but they also have predators and competition.
Animals living here have adaptations to climb, camouflage, and find food efficiently.

 Physical Adaptations:
o Monkeys: Strong tails and limbs for climbing trees.
o Tigers: Striped fur for blending with the forest shadows.
 o Owls: Sharp talons and excellent night vision for hunting in the dark.
 Behavioral Adaptations:
o Squirrels: Store food like nuts for use during scarce periods.
o Birds: Build nests high in trees to protect their young.

2. Desert Adaptations

Deserts are harsh environments with extreme temperatures and scarce water. Animals
here are adapted to conserve water and withstand the heat.

 Physical Adaptations:
o Camels: Long eyelashes to protect eyes from sand, and humps to store fat
for energy.
o Fennec Foxes: Large ears to dissipate heat and detect predators.
o Cacti-Dwelling Animals: Thick skin to prevent water loss.
 Behavioral Adaptations:
o Nocturnal Lifestyle: Animals like owls and bats are active at night to avoid
daytime heat.
o Burrowing: Many animals dig burrows to stay cool during the day.

3. Aquatic Adaptations

Aquatic habitats are home to animals adapted to live in water. They have features that
help them move, breathe, and find food underwater.

 Physical Adaptations:
o Fish: Gills for breathing underwater and fins for swimming.
o Dolphins: Streamlined bodies for fast swimming and blowholes for
breathing at the surface.
o Frogs: Webbed feet for swimming and smooth skin for absorbing oxygen
from water.
 Behavioral Adaptations:
o Migration: Salmon swim upstream to lay eggs in freshwater.
 o Hunting Strategies: Dolphins hunt in groups to catch fish.

4. Grassland Adaptations

Grasslands are open spaces with limited trees. Animals here are adapted for grazing,
hiding, and escaping predators.

 Physical Adaptations:
o Lions: Strong legs for running and sharp teeth for hunting prey.
o Zebras: Striped patterns to confuse predators.
o Elephants: Large ears for cooling and long trunks for reaching water and
food.
 Behavioral Adaptations:
o Herding: Animals like zebras and antelopes stay in groups for protection.
o Seasonal Migration: Wildebeest move to find fresh grazing areas.

5. Tundra Adaptations

The tundra is extremely cold, with long winters and short summers. Animals here have
adaptations for warmth and food storage.

 Physical Adaptations:
o Polar Bears: Thick fur and a layer of fat for insulation.
o Arctic Foxes: White fur for camouflage in snow and small ears to reduce
heat loss.
o Caribou: Hooves designed for walking on snow and digging for food.
 Behavioral Adaptations:
o Hibernation: Animals like bears sleep during winter to conserve energy.
o Migration: Birds fly south to warmer areas during winter.

6. Mountain Adaptations
Mountains are cold and rocky with thin air. Animals here are adapted for climbing and
surviving low temperatures.

 Physical Adaptations:
o Mountain Goats: Strong hooves for gripping rocks.
o Snow Leopards: Thick fur for warmth and long tails for balance.
o Yak: Thick coat and large lungs for high-altitude breathing.
 Behavioral Adaptations:
o Sheltering: Animals seek caves or crevices to stay safe from cold and
predators.
o Seasonal Movement: Animals move to lower altitudes in winter.

Adaptation Activities

Experiment: Camouflage in Action

1. Take colored paper pieces and scatter them in a garden.

2. Pretend to be predators trying to "catch" the prey.
3. Notice which colors are easier or harder to find. Discuss how camouflage helps
animals avoid predators.

Observation: Water Conservation

1. Visit a cactus plant and observe how it stores water.

2. Discuss how animals in deserts mimic this adaptation to survive.

Importance of Adaptations

Adaptations are crucial for survival because they:

 Help animals find food and escape predators.

 Allow animals to reproduce and protect their young.
 Enable animals to survive extreme conditions in their habitats.
Conclusion

Every habitat presents unique challenges, and animals have evolved amazing
adaptations to thrive. Understanding these adaptations helps us appreciate the
diversity of life and the importance of protecting habitats for future generations.

Homework:

1. List three animals from each habitat and describe one adaptation for each.
2. Draw and label an animal adapted to a habitat of your choice.

Year 4 Science Notes: Term 2, Week 3

Topic: Plant Life

Subtopic: Plant Growth

Introduction to Plant Growth

Plants are living organisms that grow and develop over time. Like all living things,
plants have specific needs to ensure they grow healthy and strong. The process of plant
growth involves many factors such as sunlight, water, air, nutrients, and the right
temperature.

Parts of a Plant and Their Roles in Growth

1. Roots
 o Function: Roots anchor the plant in the soil and absorb water and nutrients.
They also store food for the plant.
o Types of Roots:
 Taproot: A single, thick root (e.g., carrot).
 Fibrous Roots: Many thin roots spreading out (e.g., grass).

2. Stem
o Function: The stem supports the plant and transports water, nutrients, and
food between the roots and leaves.
o Types of Stems:
 Herbaceous: Soft and green stems (e.g., sunflower).
 Woody: Hard and thick stems (e.g., tree trunks).

3. Leaves
o Function: Leaves are the main site for photosynthesis, where plants make
their food. They also help in respiration and transpiration.

4. Flowers
o Function: Flowers are the reproductive part of most plants. They produce
seeds that grow into new plants.

5. Fruits and Seeds

o Function: Fruits protect the seeds, and seeds grow into new plants when
they find the right conditions.

Key Processes in Plant Growth

1. Photosynthesis
o Plants make their food using sunlight, carbon dioxide (from the air), and
water.
o The process happens in the leaves and produces glucose (sugar) and
oxygen.
o Equation: Carbon dioxide + Water + Sunlight → Glucose + Oxygen

2. Respiration
 o Plants break down the food they make to release energy needed for growth.

3. Transpiration
o This is the process where plants lose water vapor through small openings in
their leaves called stomata. Transpiration helps to cool the plant and draw
more water and nutrients from the soil.

4. Pollination and Fertilization

o Pollination: Transfer of pollen from the male part of the flower (stamen) to
the female part (pistil).
o Fertilization: When pollen reaches the ovule, it combines with it to form a
seed.

Factors Affecting Plant Growth

1. Sunlight
o Plants need sunlight for photosynthesis. Without enough light, plants may
become weak and pale.

2. Water
o Water is essential for photosynthesis and for transporting nutrients. Too
much or too little water can harm plants.

3. Nutrients
o Plants need minerals like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from the
soil. These nutrients help in making strong roots, healthy leaves, and
vibrant flowers.

4. Air
o Plants use carbon dioxide from the air for photosynthesis and oxygen for
respiration.

5. Temperature
o Different plants grow best at different temperatures. Extreme cold or heat
can slow growth or damage the plant.
 6. Soil
o Healthy soil with proper texture and nutrients supports strong root
development and overall plant health.

Stages of Plant Growth

1. Seed Stage
o A seed contains a tiny plant (embryo) and food to nourish it.
o Seeds germinate (begin to grow) when they have water, the right
temperature, and air.

2. Germination
o The seed absorbs water and swells.
o The root grows downward, and the shoot grows upward toward the light.

3. Seedling Stage
o The young plant (seedling) starts to grow leaves and roots.
o It begins to make its own food through photosynthesis.

4. Mature Plant
o The plant develops fully, producing flowers, fruits, and seeds.

How to Take Care of Plants

1. Watering
o Water plants regularly but avoid overwatering to prevent root rot.

2. Weeding
o Remove weeds that compete with plants for sunlight, water, and nutrients.

3. Adding Fertilizers
o Fertilizers provide extra nutrients to plants. Use them carefully to avoid
harming the plant or soil.
 4. Pruning
o Cut off dead or damaged parts of the plant to promote healthy growth.

5. Protection from Pests

o Use natural or chemical methods to keep pests like insects and diseases
away.

Experiment: Observing Plant Growth

Objective: To understand the effect of sunlight on plant growth.

Materials Needed:

 Two pots
 Seeds (e.g., bean seeds)
 Soil
 Water

Procedure:

1. Fill both pots with soil and plant the seeds.

2. Place one pot in sunlight and the other in a dark place.
3. Water both pots equally every day.
4. Observe the growth of the plants over two weeks.

Expected Results:

 The plant in sunlight will grow taller and healthier compared to the plant in the
dark.

Conclusion:

 Sunlight is essential for healthy plant growth.

Importance of Plants in the Environment

 1. Oxygen Production
o Plants release oxygen into the air during photosynthesis, which humans and
animals need to breathe.

2. Food Source
o Plants are the primary source of food for humans and animals.

3. Shelter
o Trees and shrubs provide shelter for many animals.

4. Climate Regulation
o Plants help to cool the environment and reduce global warming by
absorbing carbon dioxide.

5. Soil Protection
o Plant roots hold the soil together, preventing erosion.

Recap and Summary

 Plants are essential for life on Earth.

 Key factors for plant growth include sunlight, water, nutrients, air, and the right
temperature.
 The stages of plant growth are seed, germination, seedling, and mature plant.
 Plants play a vital role in providing oxygen, food, and a stable environment.

Homework Questions:

1. List three factors that affect plant growth and explain how each factor helps the
plant.
2. Draw and label the parts of a plant and state the function of each part.
3. Explain why water and sunlight are important for photosynthesis.
4. Describe the process of germination.
5. Conduct the plant growth experiment and record your observations.
Year 4 Science Notes

Term 2: Week 4

Topic: Plant Life

Subtopic: Photosynthesis

Introduction to Photosynthesis

Plants are living things that make their food through a process called photosynthesis.
The word photosynthesis comes from two Greek words:

 Photo meaning light

 Synthesis meaning putting together.

Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide from
the air, and water from the soil to make their food. During this process, plants also
release oxygen, which is essential for animals and humans to breathe.

Why Is Photosynthesis Important?

1. Food Production: Photosynthesis helps plants make food in the form of glucose,
which provides them with energy.
2. Oxygen Production: Plants release oxygen into the air, which is necessary for
humans and animals to survive.
3. Energy Source: Almost all living things depend on plants for food, either directly
or indirectly.

Where Does Photosynthesis Happen?

Photosynthesis occurs in the leaves of plants, specifically in structures called
chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll, which
captures sunlight.

Parts of a Leaf Involved in Photosynthesis:

 Chlorophyll: Absorbs sunlight.

 Stomata: Tiny openings on the underside of leaves that allow carbon dioxide to
enter and oxygen to exit.
 Veins: Transport water from the roots to the leaves and distribute food made in
the leaves to other parts of the plant.

What Do Plants Need for Photosynthesis?

Plants need three main things to perform photosynthesis:

1. Sunlight: Provides energy for the process.

2. Water: Absorbed by the roots from the soil.
3. Carbon Dioxide: Taken from the air through the stomata.

How Does Photosynthesis Work?

The process of photosynthesis can be broken down into the following steps:

1. Light Absorption: Chlorophyll in the chloroplasts absorbs sunlight.

2. Water Transport: Water is drawn up from the soil through the roots and
transported to the leaves.
3. Carbon Dioxide Intake: Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through the stomata.
4. Glucose Production: Using the energy from sunlight, plants combine water and
carbon dioxide to produce glucose.
5. Oxygen Release: Oxygen is released as a by-product through the stomata.

Chemical Equation for Photosynthesis:

6CO2+6H2O+Light→C6H12O6+6O26CO_2 + 6H_2O + Light
C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2

This means:

 6 molecules of carbon dioxide (CO₂)

 6 molecules of water (H₂O)
 Light energy

are transformed into:

 1 molecule of glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆)

 6 molecules of oxygen (O₂).

What Happens to the Glucose?

1. Used for Energy: Glucose is used by the plant for energy to grow, repair, and
reproduce.
2. Stored as Starch: Excess glucose is stored in the roots, stems, and leaves as
starch.
3. Supports Growth: Glucose is used to make new plant cells and build tissues.

Conditions Necessary for Photosynthesis

1. Light Intensity: Plants need enough light for photosynthesis. Without light, the
process cannot occur.
2. Carbon Dioxide Levels: A higher concentration of carbon dioxide increases the
rate of photosynthesis.
3. Water Availability: Plants must have enough water for photosynthesis to take
place.
4. Temperature: Photosynthesis works best within a certain temperature range,
usually between 20°C and 30°C.
How Do Plants Adapt for Photosynthesis?

1. Broad Leaves: Provide a large surface area to absorb more sunlight.

2. Thin Structure: Allows light to penetrate and reach all cells.
3. Chlorophyll: Ensures efficient absorption of sunlight.
4. Veins: Transport water and food effectively.
5. Stomata: Regulate gas exchange for photosynthesis.

The Role of Photosynthesis in the Ecosystem

1. Food Chain: Photosynthesis is the foundation of the food chain. Plants, known as
producers, make food that supports herbivores, carnivores, and decomposers.
2. Oxygen Cycle: Plants produce oxygen, which is used by animals and humans to
breathe.
3. Carbon Cycle: Photosynthesis helps remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
and balances the carbon cycle.

Experiments to Demonstrate Photosynthesis

1. Testing a Leaf for Starch

Aim: To prove that photosynthesis produces starch.

Materials Needed:

 A green leaf
 Beaker
 Alcohol
 Iodine solution
 Water bath
 Forceps

Steps:
 1. Place the leaf in boiling water for 1 minute to kill it.
2. Put the leaf in alcohol and heat it in a water bath until it turns white.
3. Rinse the leaf in warm water to soften it.
4. Add iodine solution to the leaf.

Observation: The parts of the leaf that turn blue-black contain starch, showing
photosynthesis occurred.

2. The Necessity of Light

Aim: To show that light is necessary for photosynthesis.

Materials Needed:

 A potted plant
 Aluminium foil
 Scissors
 Iodine solution

Steps:

1. Cover part of a leaf with aluminium foil.

2. Place the plant in sunlight for several hours.
3. Remove the leaf and test it for starch using the iodine test.

Observation: Only the uncovered parts of the leaf turn blue-black, proving light is
necessary for photosynthesis.

Key Vocabulary

1. Photosynthesis: The process by which green plants make their own food.
2. Chlorophyll: The green pigment in plants that absorbs sunlight.
3. Stomata: Tiny openings in leaves for gas exchange.
4. Glucose: A type of sugar made by plants during photosynthesis.
5. Oxygen: A gas released by plants during photosynthesis.
6. Carbon Dioxide: A gas taken in by plants from the air.
 7. Producers: Organisms, like plants, that make their own food.
8. Chloroplasts: Structures in the leaves where photosynthesis occurs.

Fun Facts About Photosynthesis

1. A single large tree can supply enough oxygen for four people every day.
2. Plants can "sleep" at night because they store enough glucose during the day.
3. Algae in oceans perform more than 50% of the Earth's photosynthesis.
4. Without photosynthesis, life on Earth would not exist!

Review Questions

1. What is photosynthesis, and why is it important?

2. Name three things plants need for photosynthesis.
3. Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
4. Why do leaves appear green?
5. How can you test if a leaf has performed photosynthesis?
6. Explain the role of stomata in photosynthesis.

Activity

1. Make a Model of a Leaf: Use green paper and label the parts involved in
photosynthesis, such as stomata, veins, and chloroplasts.
2. Observation Journal: Place a plant in sunlight and another in a dark place.
Observe the differences in their growth over a week and write your findings.

Summary

Photosynthesis is a vital process that helps plants make their food and produce oxygen
for living things. It takes place in the leaves, using sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide.
By understanding photosynthesis, we appreciate the importance of plants in sustaining
life on Earth.

Year 4 Science Notes

Term 2, Week 5: The Human Body

Subtopic: Introduction to the Digestive System

1. What is the Digestive System?

The digestive system is a group of organs in the human body that work together to
break down the food we eat into smaller parts. This process allows the body to absorb
nutrients and gain energy. The digestive system plays a vital role in keeping us healthy
and strong.

2. The Main Functions of the Digestive System

The digestive system has three main functions:

1. Breaking Down Food: This involves chewing and mixing food to make it easier
to digest.
2. Absorbing Nutrients: Once the food is broken down, the body takes nutrients
such as vitamins, minerals, and energy to help us grow and stay healthy.
3. Removing Waste: The parts of food the body cannot use are removed as waste.

3. The Journey of Food Through the Digestive System

The digestive system has several parts. Each part has a specific role in the digestion
process. Below is the journey of food through the digestive system:

a) Mouth
  Role: The digestion process begins in the mouth.
 How it works:
o Teeth chew the food to break it into smaller pieces.
o Saliva, a liquid in the mouth, mixes with the food to make it soft and easy to
swallow.
o Saliva contains enzymes that start breaking down carbohydrates (starch)
into sugars.

b) Esophagus

 Role: The esophagus is a tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
 How it works:
o Food moves down the esophagus through a process called peristalsis.
Peristalsis is a series of wave-like muscle movements that push food
downward.

c) Stomach

 Role: The stomach is a muscular bag that stores and mixes food.
 How it works:
o Food is mixed with gastric juices in the stomach.
o Gastric juices contain acids and enzymes that break down proteins.
o The food becomes a thick, liquid mixture called chyme.

d) Small Intestine

 Role: The small intestine is where most digestion and absorption of nutrients
happen.
 How it works:
o Enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver help break down fats,
carbohydrates, and proteins.
o The nutrients from the digested food pass through the walls of the small
intestine into the blood.

e) Large Intestine

 Role: The large intestine absorbs water and forms waste.

  How it works:
o Water and minerals are absorbed back into the body.
o The leftover waste becomes solid and is stored in the rectum.

f) Rectum and Anus

 Role: These parts help remove waste from the body.

 How it works:
o The rectum stores waste until it is ready to be expelled.
o The anus is the opening through which waste leaves the body.

4. Key Organs in the Digestive System

1. Mouth - Where digestion begins.

2. Esophagus - A tube that carries food to the stomach.
3. Stomach - A muscular bag that breaks down food with acids and enzymes.
4. Small Intestine - The main site of nutrient absorption.
5. Large Intestine - Absorbs water and forms waste.
6. Liver - Produces bile to help digest fats.
7. Pancreas - Produces enzymes to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
8. Rectum and Anus - Removes waste from the body.

5. Important Processes in Digestion

a) Chewing (Mastication)

 Breaking food into smaller pieces with teeth.

 Increases the surface area for enzymes to work on.

b) Swallowing

 Moving food from the mouth to the esophagus.

c) Peristalsis
  A wave-like movement that pushes food through the digestive tract.

d) Chemical Digestion

 Enzymes and acids break down food into smaller molecules that the body can use.

e) Absorption

 Nutrients are absorbed into the blood from the small intestine.

f) Excretion

 The removal of waste products and undigested food from the body.

6. What Are Nutrients?

Nutrients are substances in food that our body needs to function properly. The main
types of nutrients are:

 Carbohydrates: Provide energy.

 Proteins: Help in growth and repair of body tissues.
 Fats: Provide energy and help absorb vitamins.
 Vitamins and Minerals: Keep the body healthy and support various processes.
 Water: Essential for hydration and digestion.

7. How to Keep the Digestive System Healthy

1. Eat a Balanced Diet: Include plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean
proteins.
2. Drink Water: Water helps in digestion and keeps the digestive tract smooth.
3. Chew Food Properly: Chewing food well makes digestion easier.
4. Avoid Junk Food: Too much oily or sugary food can harm the digestive system.
5. Exercise Regularly: Physical activity helps food move through the digestive
tract.
 6. Eat at Regular Times: This helps the digestive system work efficiently.

8. Fun Facts About the Digestive System

1. Your stomach can stretch to hold about 1 liter of food and liquid.
2. The small intestine is about 6 meters long, but it fits in your body because it is
coiled.
3. Your body produces about 1 liter of saliva every day to help with digestion.
4. The stomach has strong acids that can dissolve metal, but the stomach lining
protects it from harm.
5. It takes about 24 to 72 hours for food to pass through the entire digestive system.

9. Questions to Check Your Understanding

1. What is the main function of the digestive system?

2. Name three key organs involved in the digestive system and their roles.
3. What is peristalsis, and why is it important?
4. How can you keep your digestive system healthy?
5. Why is chewing food properly important?

10. Activity: Build a Digestive System Model

Materials Needed:

 Paper
 Markers or crayons
 Scissors
 Glue

Instructions:
 1. Draw and label the different parts of the digestive system (mouth, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, rectum, and anus).
2. Cut out each part.
3. Arrange and glue them on a large sheet of paper in the correct order.
4. Add arrows to show the direction food travels.

11. Conclusion

The digestive system is an essential part of the human body that helps us process food,
absorb nutrients, and remove waste. By understanding how it works, we can make
better choices to keep it healthy and functioning well.

Science Notes for Year 4 - Term 2 week 6

Topic: The Human Body

Subtopic: Introduction to the Respiratory System

1. Overview of the Respiratory System

The respiratory system is one of the most important systems in the human body. It is
responsible for taking in oxygen, which our bodies need to live, and getting rid of
carbon dioxide, which is a waste product produced by our cells. This process is called
breathing or respiration.

The respiratory system works closely with the circulatory system to supply oxygen to
every part of the body and remove carbon dioxide. Without the respiratory system, our
bodies wouldn’t be able to produce the energy we need to grow, move, or even think!

2. Main Parts of the Respiratory System

The respiratory system is made up of several important parts that work together to help
us breathe. These parts include:

1. Nose and Nasal Cavity

o The nose is the primary entry point for air into the body.
o The nasal cavity filters, warms, and moistens the air before it enters the
lungs.
o Tiny hairs called cilia and sticky mucus trap dust, dirt, and germs.

2. Mouth
o Air can also enter through the mouth, especially when we are breathing
heavily or when the nose is blocked.

3. Pharynx (Throat)
o The pharynx is a tube that carries air from the nose and mouth to the
windpipe (trachea).

4. Larynx (Voice Box)

o The larynx is located at the top of the trachea.
o It contains the vocal cords, which help us speak.

5. Trachea (Windpipe)
o The trachea is a long tube that connects the pharynx to the lungs.
o It is supported by C-shaped cartilage rings that keep it open.

6. Bronchi and Bronchioles

 o The trachea splits into two bronchi (singular: bronchus), one for each lung.
o The bronchi divide into smaller tubes called bronchioles, which spread
throughout the lungs.

7. Lungs
o The lungs are large, spongy organs where gas exchange takes place.
o The right lung has three sections (lobes), and the left lung has two lobes.

8. Alveoli
o Alveoli are tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles.
o This is where oxygen from the air enters the blood and carbon dioxide from
the blood is released into the air.

9. Diaphragm
o The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located at the bottom of the chest
cavity.
o It helps pull air into the lungs and push it out during breathing.

3. How the Respiratory System Works

Breathing involves two main processes:

1. Inhalation (Breathing In)

o When we inhale, the diaphragm contracts and moves downward.
o The ribcage expands, and the lungs fill with air.
o Oxygen-rich air enters the alveoli, where it diffuses into the blood.

2. Exhalation (Breathing Out)

o When we exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and moves upward.
o The ribcage contracts, pushing air out of the lungs.
o Carbon dioxide from the blood is expelled.

The process of breathing happens automatically, thanks to the respiratory center in our
brain. This ensures that we always get the oxygen we need, even when we’re asleep.
4. Functions of the Respiratory System

The respiratory system has several important functions:

1. Gas Exchange
o Supplies oxygen to the blood and removes carbon dioxide.

2. Speech
o Air passing through the larynx allows us to talk and sing.

3. Smell
o The nasal cavity helps us detect odors.

4. Protection
o Filters harmful particles from the air we breathe.

5. Temperature Control
o Helps maintain body temperature by warming or cooling the air we breathe.

5. Interesting Facts about the Respiratory System

1. An adult breathes about 12-20 times per minute, while a child breathes faster.
2. The lungs contain around 600 million alveoli.
3. The total surface area of the alveoli is about the size of a tennis court.
4. The left lung is smaller than the right lung to make room for the heart.
5. Coughing and sneezing help clear the respiratory system of irritants.

6. How to Keep the Respiratory System Healthy

Taking care of the respiratory system is important for overall health. Here are some
tips:

1. Avoid Smoking
 o Smoking damages the lungs and increases the risk of diseases like lung
cancer and asthma.

2. Exercise Regularly
o Physical activity strengthens the lungs and improves breathing.

3. Stay Hydrated
o Drinking plenty of water keeps the mucus in the respiratory system thin,
making it easier to breathe.

4. Protect Yourself from Pollution

o Wear a mask in dusty or polluted environments.
o Avoid areas with heavy smoke or chemicals.

5. Practice Good Hygiene

o Wash hands regularly to prevent respiratory infections like colds and flu.

6. Eat a Healthy Diet

o Include fruits and vegetables rich in vitamins and antioxidants to support
lung health.

7. Get Vaccinated
o Vaccines like the flu shot can protect against respiratory illnesses.

7. Common Respiratory System Problems

Some conditions can affect the respiratory system. These include:

1. Asthma
o A condition where the airways become inflamed and narrow, making it hard
to breathe.

2. Bronchitis
o Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, often caused by infections or smoking.

3. Pneumonia
 o An infection that causes the air sacs in the lungs to fill with fluid.

4. Tuberculosis (TB)
o A serious bacterial infection that affects the lungs.

5. Allergies
o Reactions to substances like pollen or dust that can cause sneezing and
difficulty breathing.

6. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

o A group of lung diseases that make it hard to breathe over time.

8. Activity: Observing Breathing

Materials Needed:

 A stopwatch or timer
 A notebook and pen

Instructions:

1. Sit quietly and place one hand on your chest and the other on your stomach.
2. Breathe normally and observe which hand moves more. This shows whether you
are breathing more with your chest or diaphragm.
3. Count how many times you breathe in one minute. Record the number in your
notebook.
4. Try taking deep breaths and notice how your chest and stomach move.

Discussion Questions:

 What did you notice about your breathing?

 How does your breathing change when you exercise?

9. Recap and Key Points

  The respiratory system helps us breathe and supplies oxygen to our bodies.
 It consists of organs like the nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm.
 Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
 Taking care of the respiratory system is essential for good health.
 Breathing is automatic, but it can be affected by factors like exercise, pollution,
and disease.

Homework Questions

1. Name the main parts of the respiratory system.

2. What is the function of the alveoli?
3. Why is it important to avoid smoking?
4. Explain how the diaphragm helps with breathing.
5. List three ways to keep your respiratory system healthy.

End of Week 6 Notes

Year 4 Science Notes: Term 2, Week 7 & 8

Topic: Environmental Conservation

Subtopic: Pollution and Its Effects

Introduction to Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of harmful substances or products into the environment.

These harmful substances are called pollutants. Pollution affects the air, water, soil, and
other natural resources, making them unsafe for use by humans, plants, and animals.

There are three main types of pollution:

1. Air Pollution
2. Water Pollution
 3. Soil Pollution

Each type of pollution has its causes, effects, and ways to reduce or prevent it. Let us
look at each type in detail.

1. Air Pollution

Air pollution occurs when harmful gases, smoke, or dust particles are released into the
air, making it unsafe to breathe.

Causes of Air Pollution:

 Factories and Industries: Release smoke and harmful gases such as carbon
dioxide and sulfur dioxide into the air.
 Vehicles: Cars, buses, and motorcycles emit smoke that contains pollutants like
carbon monoxide.
 Burning Waste: Burning garbage, leaves, or wood releases smoke into the
atmosphere.
 Deforestation: Cutting down trees reduces the amount of clean oxygen in the
air, making pollution worse.

Effects of Air Pollution:

 Causes respiratory diseases like asthma and bronchitis.

 Leads to global warming by increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere.
 Harms plants and animals.
 Damages buildings and monuments due to acid rain, which forms when polluted
air mixes with rainwater.

Ways to Reduce Air Pollution:

 Plant more trees to clean the air.

 Use clean energy sources like solar and wind power instead of burning fossil
fuels.
  Carpool or use public transport to reduce vehicle emissions.
 Avoid burning waste and instead recycle or compost it.

2. Water Pollution

Water pollution happens when harmful substances like chemicals, plastics, or waste
materials are dumped into rivers, lakes, or oceans. This makes the water unsafe for
drinking, cooking, or swimming.

Causes of Water Pollution:

 Factories: Dumping waste materials like chemicals and oil into water bodies.
 Sewage and Wastewater: Releasing untreated sewage into rivers and streams.
 Agriculture: Fertilizers and pesticides used on farms can wash into nearby water
sources.
 Plastic Waste: Throwing plastic bags, bottles, and other non-biodegradable
materials into water.

Effects of Water Pollution:

 Kills fish and other aquatic animals.

 Makes water unsafe for drinking, leading to diseases like cholera and typhoid.
 Harms plants that rely on clean water to grow.
 Disrupts the balance of ecosystems in rivers, lakes, and oceans.

Ways to Reduce Water Pollution:

 Avoid dumping waste into water bodies.

 Treat sewage and wastewater before releasing it into rivers.
 Use organic fertilizers and pesticides to reduce harmful runoff.
 Clean up beaches and riverbanks to remove plastic waste.

3. Soil Pollution
Soil pollution occurs when harmful chemicals or waste materials are dumped into the
ground, making it unsuitable for farming or other uses.

Causes of Soil Pollution:

 Industrial Waste: Factories dump chemicals and toxic materials into the ground.
 Improper Disposal of Waste: Throwing garbage or plastic into open fields.
 Use of Harmful Chemicals: Using too many pesticides and fertilizers on farms.
 Deforestation: Removing trees exposes the soil to erosion and makes it more
likely to be polluted.

Effects of Soil Pollution:

 Reduces the fertility of the soil, making it hard for plants to grow.
 Harms animals that live in the soil, such as worms and insects.
 Pollutes crops, making them unsafe for humans to eat.
 Contaminates underground water sources when chemicals seep into the ground.

Ways to Reduce Soil Pollution:

 Recycle waste materials instead of dumping them.

 Use organic fertilizers and natural pest control methods.
 Plant trees to protect the soil from erosion.
 Avoid littering and clean up trash from open spaces.

Effects of Pollution on the Environment

Pollution harms not only humans but also animals, plants, and the entire planet. Here
are some of the major effects of pollution:

1. Harm to Wildlife: Animals lose their habitats and food sources due to pollution.
2. Health Problems: People suffer from diseases like cancer, asthma, and
infections caused by polluted air, water, and soil.
3. Climate Change: Pollution contributes to global warming, which causes extreme
weather conditions like floods, droughts, and hurricanes.
 4. Loss of Biodiversity: Many species of plants and animals are dying out due to
pollution.
5. Damage to Ecosystems: Pollution disrupts the natural balance of ecosystems,
making it hard for plants, animals, and humans to coexist.

How to Protect the Environment from Pollution

We all have a role to play in reducing pollution and conserving the environment. Here
are some ways we can help:

1. Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle:

o Reduce waste by using fewer disposable items.
o Reuse items like water bottles and shopping bags.
o Recycle paper, plastic, and glass to reduce the amount of trash.

2. Plant Trees:
o Trees help clean the air and protect the soil from erosion.
o They provide homes for animals and cool the environment.

3. Avoid Littering:
o Dispose of trash in bins and clean up your surroundings.
o Teach others about the importance of keeping the environment clean.

4. Use Eco-Friendly Products:

o Choose biodegradable products that do not harm the environment.
o Avoid using plastic straws, bags, and utensils.

5. Save Water and Energy:

o Turn off taps and lights when not in use.
o Use energy-efficient appliances to save electricity.

6. Participate in Community Clean-Ups:

o Join local groups to clean beaches, parks, and streets.
o Encourage your friends and family to help keep your community clean.
Conclusion

Pollution is a serious problem that affects everyone. By learning about its causes,
effects, and ways to prevent it, we can take steps to protect the environment and
ensure a better future for ourselves and future generations. Remember, a clean
environment is the key to a healthy life. Let us work together to conserve our planet
and make it a better place for all living things.

Homework Questions:

1. What is pollution, and what are the three main types?

2. List three causes of air pollution and explain one way to reduce it.
3. How does water pollution affect fish and other aquatic animals?
4. Why is soil pollution harmful to plants and animals?
5. Write down three ways you can help reduce pollution in your community.
6. Discuss the importance of planting trees in environmental conservation.

Science Notes for Year 4: Term 2, Week 9 and 10

Topic: Force and Movement

Introduction to Force

 A force is a push or pull acting on an object.

 Forces can make objects move, stop, change direction, speed up, or slow down.
 The unit of force is called the Newton (N), named after Sir Isaac Newton.

Examples of Force in Daily Life:

1. Kicking a ball (push).

2. Opening a door (pull).
 3. Pushing a shopping cart (push).
4. Tugging on a rope (pull).

Subtopic: Types of Force

1. Contact Forces

Contact forces occur when two objects are in direct contact with each other.

a. Push and Pull Forces

 Push Force: When you apply a force away from your body.
o Example: Pushing a swing.
 Pull Force: When you apply a force towards your body.
o Example: Pulling a suitcase.

b. Frictional Force

 Friction is the force that opposes the movement of an object.

 It occurs when two surfaces rub against each other.
 Examples:
o A bicycle stopping when brakes are applied.
o Rubbing your hands together.

Importance of Friction:

 Helps us walk without slipping.

 Stops vehicles when brakes are applied.

Reducing Friction:

 Apply oil or grease (lubrication).

 Use smooth surfaces.
c. Elastic Force

 Elastic force is exerted by objects that can stretch or compress and return to their
original shape.
 Examples:
o Stretching a rubber band.
o Compressing a spring.

2. Non-Contact Forces

Non-contact forces act on objects without direct physical contact.

a. Gravitational Force

 Gravity is the force that pulls objects toward the center of the Earth.
 It gives us weight and keeps us grounded.

Examples of Gravity:

 An apple falling from a tree.

 Water flowing down a hill.

b. Magnetic Force

 Magnetic force is the force exerted by magnets.

 It can attract or repel magnetic materials like iron, cobalt, and nickel.

Examples of Magnetic Force:

 A compass pointing north.

 A magnet attracting paper clips.

c. Electrostatic Force

 Electrostatic force occurs when objects gain or lose electric charges.

 Opposite charges attract; like charges repel.

Examples of Electrostatic Force:

  A balloon sticking to a wall after being rubbed on hair.
 Lightning in the sky.

Effects of Force on Objects

Forces can:

1. Change the shape of an object.

o Example: Pressing a sponge.
2. Change the direction of a moving object.
o Example: Hitting a ball to change its direction.
3. Change the speed of an object.
o Example: Pushing a swing to increase its speed.
4. Make an object start or stop moving.
o Example: Kicking a stationary ball.

Activities to Understand Forces

Activity 1: Exploring Friction

Materials Needed: Toy car, sandpaper, smooth surface, stopwatch. Steps:

1. Place the toy car on a smooth surface and push it.

2. Measure how far it travels and record the time.
3. Repeat on a rough surface like sandpaper.
4. Compare the results. Observation: The car moves farther on smooth surfaces
due to less friction.

Activity 2: Magnetic Attraction

Materials Needed: Magnet, paper clips, coins, plastic items, pieces of wood. Steps:

1. Place different items in front of the magnet.

2. Observe which items are attracted.
 3. Categorize them as magnetic or non-magnetic. Observation: Magnetic materials
include paper clips and coins; plastic and wood are non-magnetic.

Activity 3: Gravity in Action

Materials Needed: Ball, feather, stopwatch. Steps:

1. Drop a ball and feather simultaneously from the same height.

2. Observe which one lands first.
3. Conduct the experiment in a vacuum if possible. Observation: Gravity pulls both
objects, but air resistance affects the feather more.

Key Vocabulary

 Force: A push or pull.

 Friction: Force that opposes motion.
 Gravity: Force pulling objects toward Earth.
 Magnetism: Force exerted by magnets.
 Elasticity: Ability of an object to return to its original shape after being stretched
or compressed.
 Electrostatics: Forces between charged objects.

Questions for Practice

1. Define force and list three effects of force on objects.

2. What is the difference between contact and non-contact forces?
3. Give two examples of friction in daily life.
4. Why do we slip on wet floors?
5. Explain why a magnet attracts iron nails but not plastic.
6. What happens when opposite electric charges come close?
7. Describe an activity to show the effect of gravity.
Summary

 Force is a fundamental concept in science that influences how objects move and
interact.
 Contact forces require physical interaction, while non-contact forces act over a
distance.
 Friction, gravity, magnetic, and electrostatic forces are types of forces that shape
our daily experiences.
 Understanding forces helps us design better tools, machines, and solutions to
everyday problems.

Homework

1. Draw and label two examples of contact and non-contact forces.

2. Write a paragraph explaining how friction is both helpful and harmful.
3. Design a simple experiment to demonstrate elasticity using materials at home.
4. Research and write about how Sir Isaac Newton contributed to our understanding
of forces.

Fun Fact

 The Moon stays in orbit around the Earth because of gravity. This same force
keeps the planets in orbit around the Sun!

By the end of Week 10, students should be able to:

 Define force and identify its types.

 Explain the effects of forces on objects.
 Conduct simple experiments to observe different types of forces.
 Relate forces to everyday experiences.