Engineering Physics Laboratory (R-2022)

Instruction Manual
ENGINEERING PHYSICS LABORATORY
B.Tech., (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY)

Subject code: 60 CP 0P2

Department of Physics

K. S. RANGASAMY COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

(An Autonomous Institution, Affiliated to Anna University)
TIRUCHENGODE – 637215, TAMILNADU, INDIA
www.ksrct.ac.in

Name of the student

Register number

Branch/Section

Year/Sem

Academic year

Faculty in-charge
 Engineering Physics Laboratory (R-2022)

CONTENTS

S.No Date Name of the Experiment Marks Signature of the Faculty

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

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DO’s

1. Conduct in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory.

2. Keep the work area clean, neat and free of any unnecessary objects.
3. Read the description, procedure and precautions of the experiment in the lab manual.
4. Place all sensitive electronic equipment safely on experimental table.
5. Before using the equipment one must read the labels and instructions carefully.
6. Set up and use the equipment as directed by the lab instructor.
7. Circuit connections are to be done only in power off mode.
8. Checkout the circuit connections before switching on the power.
9. Increase the power readings from minimum to maximum.
10. All procedures and experimental data should be recorded in the lab observation
notebook.
11. Switch of the power in the circuit after completion of the experiment.
12. Any failure / break-down of equipment must be reported to the instructor.
13. Return the material properly after the completing the experiment.
14. Replace the materials in proper place after work.
15. Be careful when handling optical items like prisms, gratings etc.

DON’Ts

1. Do not wear loose clothing and do not hold any conducting materials in contact with
skin when the power is on.
2. Do not touch any equipment or other materials in the laboratory area until instructed by
instructor.
3. Do not modify or damage the laboratory equipment in any way unless the modification
is directed by the instructor.
4. Do not handle electrical equipment and connections with wet hands.
5. Do not try to connect power in to the circuit without proper understanding of the
circuit diagram.
6. Do not look directly into LASER source.
7. Do not short any battery box or power supply, it may damage retina in your eye.
8. Never switch on the power button of the circuit until it has been approved by
instructor.

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SAFETY NORMS

1. The lab must be equipped with fire extinguisher.

2. Never rewire or adjust any element of a closed circuit.
3. Avoid dangling electrical cords as they can cause electrical shocks and injuries.
4. Make sure all heating devices are turned off before leaving the laboratory.
6. Use gloves to pick broken pieces of glass or ceramics.
7. Handle hot equipment with tongs, safety gloves and other appropriate aids.
8. Follow all other safety measures provided on the instrument.

GENERAL INSTRUCTION TO STUDENTS:

1. Submission of manual and record in every class for evaluation is mandatory.

2. Entries of observations should be made in manual only in pen.
3. Calculations and substitutions should be shown explicitly.
4. Transfer the readings to the record book only after the evaluation by faculty in charge
in the observation.
5. The record book should be written following the format given in the manual.
6. After completion of the experiment, student should switch off the instruments and
disconnect all the wires.
7. Mobile phones are not allowed to the lab.
8. The student should bring his/her own calculator, pen, pencil, eraser, etc., borrowing
the same from others is not permitted.
9. Any damage to apparatus that occurs during the experimentation, should be brought to
the notice of lab in-charge, consequently, the cost of the repair or new apparatus should
be brought by the students.
10. Students are required to prepare thoroughly to perform the experiment before coming
to laboratory.
11. Never cook up the result by recording false observations or by making manipulated
calculations.
12. In observation conclusion should be
a. Restate the Experiment's Goals
b. Describe Method/Principle Used
c. Include and Analyze Final Data
d. State Whether Your Experiment Succeeded

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K.S.Rangasamy College Of Technology - Autonomous R-2022

60 PH 0P2 Engineering Physics and Chemistry Laboratory
Common to - ECE, EEE, CSE, IT, AIML
Hours/week Credit Maximum marks
Semester
L T P C CA ES Total
I 0 0 4 2 60 40 100
1. To infer the practical knowledge by applying the experimental methods to
correlate with the Physics theory.
2. To demonstrate an ability to make physical measurements and understand
the limits of precision in measurements
3. To introduce different experiments to test basic understanding of physics
Objectives
concepts applied in optics and electronics
4. To make ability to develop and fabricate engineering and technical
equipments
5. To analyze the behavior and characteristics of various materials for its
optimum utilization
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Determination of Hall coefficient of a given semiconductor and its charge carrier density

2. V-I Characteristics of Zener diode

3. Air wedge method - Determination of a thickness of a thin sheet/wire

4. a) Laser - Determination of the wave length of the laser using grating

b) b) Optical fibre - Determination of numerical aperture and acceptance angle

5. Magnetic field along the axis of current carrying coil - Stewart and Gee.

Lab Manual:

“Physics Lab Manual,” Department of Physics, KSRCT

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Expt. No: Date:

HALL EFFECT

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108

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Voltage VH

Current (I)

S.No. Current I (A) Hall Voltage VH (mV)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

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Calculation

108

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Precautions:

1. Electromagnet power supply should be connected to a 3-pin 15Amp AC main’s socket

having good earth connection.
2. Switch ‘ON’ or ‘OFF’ the current supply at zero current position.
3. The gauss meter probe is very delicate and should be used at temperature well below 500 C.
4. The crystal contacts in Hall probe should neither the loose nor to be tight. The crystal is
thin and very brittle.
5. The current through the crystal should not be large enough to cause heating. It should not
be exceeding 10mA.

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CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT:

i) Hall Coefficient (RH) of the material = …………………… Cm3C-1

ii) Carrier concentration (n) of the material = ………………………Cm-3

S. No Particulars Marks Marks

Allotted Obtained
1 Preparation and Conduct of Experiment/ Circuit diagram 30

2 Reading display / Observation / Dimensions 30

3 Calculation, Graph, Result 30

4 Viva-Voce 10

Total 100

Signature of faculty with date

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Check your understanding

1. What is the scientific and technological importance of the present experiment?

2. What are the practical applications based on the theory and outcome of this experiment?
3. What understanding you build with this experiment?
4. What is Hall effect?
5. What are p- and n-type semiconductors?
6. Why is Hall potential developed?
7. If Hall coefficient is negative what does it indicate?
8. What is the significance of Hall coefficient?
9. What is Fleming’s left hand rule?
10. Can Hall effect be observed in metals? Support your answer with proper reasoning.

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Expt. No: Date:

CHARACTERISTICS OF ZENER DIODE

AIM:

1. To plot Volt-Ampere characteristics of Zener diode.

2. To find the knee voltage in forward biased condition.
3. To find Zener break down voltage in reverse biased condition.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Device Range/Rating Quantity (in No.s)

1. Semiconductor diode Kit Containing
the following components:
IC Regulated Power Supply RPS: 0-12V, Each 1
Zener Diode Resistor:1kΩ
Resistor
2. Voltmeter 0-12V 1
3. Ammeter 0-50 mA 1
4. Connecting wires 5A 1

THEORY:

It is also known as voltage reference diode or voltage regulator diode. The reverse breakdown may
occur either due to avalanche or Zener effect. The zener breakdown occurs when the electric field across the
junction produced due to the reverse voltage is sufficiently high. The electric field exerts a force on electrons
in the outermost shell. The force is so high that electrons are pulled away from the parent nuclei and become
free carriers. This ionization which occurs due to electrostatic force of attraction is known as Zener effect. It
causes an increase in the number of free carriers and hence an increase in the reverse Current. The Zener
diodes with breakdown voltages of less than 6V operate predominantly in Zener breakdown. Those with
breakdown voltages greater than 6V, operate predominantly in avalanche breakdown.

Circuit Diagram

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Fig 1.7Model graph for V-I characteristics of Zener diode

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Fig 1.8 Terminal identification of Zener diode

For a quick diagnosis, a Zener diode junction can be verified like a normal diode. But, to test for reverse
breakdown zenervoltage, you will need a simple power supply with a voltage greater than the expected value
and a high value resistor. Connect a high value resistor (to limit the current to a safe value) in series with the
zener diode and apply the voltage in the reverse direction across the diode (anode to the negative). The voltage
measured across the diode will be the breakdown or zener voltage.

PROCEDURE:

ZENER- DIODE -FORWARD BIAS:

1.
Ensure the power supply is OFF before giving connections.
2.
Identify the terminals of the device and rig up the circuit as shown in Fig.
3.
Check for the correct polarity and ratings of the meters & power supply
4.
Adjust the voltage knob of the power supply to zero position and switch ON the supply.
5.
Vary the voltage knob of the power supply so that the voltage across the diode is varied in
steps of 0.1V until the diode voltage is 0.7 V. After 0.7 V vary in steps of 0.02 V until the
diode voltage reaches 0.78 V.
6. Tabulate the voltage and current readings.
7. Calculate the dynamic resistance using
R=∆V/∆I (1)
Where
R=Dynamic resistance, ∆V=change in voltage, ∆I= change in current

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S. Forward Forward Current S. Reverse Reverse

No. Voltage (V) (mA) No. Voltage (V) Current (mA)

Table1.3 Forward and Reverse characteristics of Zener diode

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CALCULATIONS:

RESULT:

From V-I characteristics graph:

1. Knee-Voltage : ……………………………….

2. Zener breakdown Voltage: ……………………………….

S. No Particulars Marks Marks

Allotted Obtained
1 Preparation and Conduct of Experiment/ Circuit diagram 30

2 Reading display / Observation / Dimensions 30

3 Calculation, Graph, Result 30

4 Viva-Voce 10

Total 100

Signature of faculty with date

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Check your understanding

1. What is the scientific and technological importance of the present experiment?

2. What are the practical applications based on the theory and outcome of this experiment?
3. What understanding you build with this experiment?
4. What is a Zener diode? How does it differ from an ordinary diode?

5. What is Zener breakdown?

6. What is avalanche breakdown?

7. What type of biasing must be used when a Zener diode is used as a regulator?

8. State the reason why an ordinary diode suffers avalanche breakdown rather than Zener

breakdown?

9. What are the breakdown mechanisms in Zener diode?

10. If impurities in a zener diode increases what happens to the forward voltage?

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Expt. No: Date:

DETERMINATION OF THICKNESS OF A THIN SHEET/WIRE BY AIR WEDGE

AIM
To find the thickness of a given thin wire by forming interference fringes using
Air-wedge arrangement.

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Travelling microscope 2. Sodium vapour lamp 3. Condensing lens with stand

4. Two optically plane rectangular glass plates 5. Reading lens 6. Thin wire
1. 450 inclination glass plate with stand 8. Rubber Band

FORMULA

Symbol Explanation Unit

 Wavelength of sodium light 5893 10-10 metre metre
ℓ Distance between the wire and the contact edge metre
 Width of one fringe metre

Microscope

Condensing Lens
450

Source
Glass Plate

L1,L2  Optically P lane Glass Plates

W  Thin Wire L2
Contact Edge W
L1

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ℓ
n5 n  10 n  15
Contact Edge Thin Wire

Air Wedge-Fringe

PROCEDURE

Light from the sodium vapour lamp is rendered parallel by a short focus convex
lens and is allowed to fall on a glass plate inclined at 450 to the horizontal. The air wedge is placed
in such a way that light reflected from the glass plate falls normally on the air wedge. Interference
takes place between the light reflected at the top and bottom surface of the thin air film enclosed
between the two optically plane glass plates. As a result, large numbers of equally spaced alternate
bright and dark bands are formed. The bands can be observed through a travelling microscope
arranged vertically above the glass plates.

The microscope is focused to obtain the bands most clearly. By working the horizontal
tangential screw, the vertical cross wire is made to coincide with a dark band (say nth dark band).
The microscope reading on the horizontal scale (Main scale and Vernier) is taken. Similarly, the
microscope is adjusted so that the vertical cross wire coincides with (n+5), (n+10), (n+15),
(n+20)…. (n+50) dark bands and the corresponding microscope readings are noted. From these

readings the mean bandwidth  can be determined. The distance ℓ between the wire and the
contact edge of the glass plates is measured by the travelling microscope using vertical cross wire
and horizontal scale. Assuming the wavelength of sodium light as 5893 A0, the diameter
(thickness) of the wire can be calculated.

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OBSERVATIONS:

Travelling Microscope Readings:

To find the fringe Width :

L.C = 0.001 cm

Microscope Readings

TR Width of five Width of

 MSR  VSC  LC
Order of one fringes
MSR VSC fringes
the Fringe

cm division Cm cm cm

Mean = ..................... …. 10-2 m

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OBSERVATIONS:

To measure the distance between contact edge and the thin wire:

Position of MSR VSC TR  MSR  VSC  LC

Vertical Cross
wire cm Division cm

Tied end R1

Wire end R2

Distance between the edge of contact and thin wire ℓ = R1 R2 = ..........................  10-2 m

PRECAUTIONS

1. The wire should be thin and uniform

2. Microscope should be moved in only one direction.
3. Glass plate should be clean.

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CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT

Thickness of the given thin wire t = ……………………….. merte

S. No Particulars Marks Marks

Allotted Obtained
1 Preparation and Conduct of Experiment/ Circuit diagram 30

2 Reading display / Observation / Dimensions 30

3 Calculation, Graph, Result 30

4 Viva-Voce 10

Total 100

Signature of faculty with date

Check your understanding

1. What is the principle involved in wedge film?

2. What is a wedge shaped film?
3. What is superposition principle?
4. Define interference.
5. What are coherent sources?
6. What is a mono chromatic source? Give example.
7. What is meant by least count?
8. What is the least count of traveling microscope?
9. Why a glass plate is placed at an angle 45°?
10. Instead of sodium vapor lamp if we use mercury source, is there any change in fringe pattern.

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Expt. No: Date:

DETERMINATION OF THE WAVE LENGTH OF THE LASER USING GRATING

OPTICAL FIBRE -DETERMINATION OF NUMERICAL APERTURE AND ACCEPTANCE ANGLE

AIM
1. To determine the wavelength of LASER light source
2. To determine the numerical aperture and acceptance angle of given optical fiber

APPARATUS REQUIRED

1. Laser source, 2.Grating, 3. Grating Stand, 4. A screen with concentric circles of different diameter,
5.Fiber Optic Source, 6.Optical fiber cable, 7. Numerical aperture jig

FORMULAE

1.


2. Acceptance angle

3. Numerical aperture NA  n0 sin a

Symbol Explanation Units

m Order of diffraction m=1, 2, 3…
λ Wavelength of laser light used metre
D Distance between laser grating and screen metre
Xm Distance between central bright spot and the nth fringe metre
N No of lines on grating per meter Lines/meter

Symbol Explanation Unit

r Radius of the Circular Image metre
d Distance from fibre end to circular image metre

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PROCEDURE

Determination of wavelength of laser beam

LASER source is kept horizontally and switched on. The grating is placed normal to the LASER
beam. This can be achieved by adjusting the grating in such a way that the reflected beam coincides with
the beam coming out of the LASER source. After adjusting the grating for normal incidence, the LASER
light is exposed to the grating and diffraction occurs and the diffracted LASER spots are observed on the
screen. The distances of different diffracted spots (Xm) are measured both in left side and right side of
the central spot. The distance between the grating and screen (D) is also measured. Substituting D and
Xm values in the formula, the wavelength of the LASER light can be calculated.
D x3
x2 Central Spot
Grating
x1
Screen

LASER Source

Stand
Stand Diffracted Spots
1st Order
2nd Order LASER
Determination of Acceptance Angle and Numerical Aperture 3rd Order
Diffraction
LASER- Wavelength
Pattern
One end of the Determination
optical fiber cable is connected to the source and the other end is connected to
the Numerical Aperture jig as shown in the figure. Switch on the source. A circular patch of light
will appear on the screen. The screen with different diameter of concentric circles drawn over it is
held vertically in front of the optical fiber cable and its distance is adjusted such that the output
light from the optical fiber coincides directly with any one of the circles of known diameter. Now,
the distance‘d’ between the optical fiber cable end and the circular image and also the radius ‘r’ of
the circular image on the screen is measured. The readings are tabulated. The same procedure can
be repeated for various distances. By finding the Acceptance Angle, Numerical Aperture can be
measured.

Determination of Wavelength of Laser Beam

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No. of rulings in the grating N= __________ lines/metre

Xm Mean Xm2 D2 X 2
 D2  λ=
Xm
X 
m
S.No D Order Xm
Nm 2
m  D2
cm (m) LHS RHS
cm cm cm cm cm cm X 10-10 m

1.

2.

3.

Mean:

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To Determine Acceptance Angle and Numerical Aperture

Distance Acceptance angle

Radius of
from fibre
the circular 𝒓 𝟏𝟖𝟎 Numerical Aperture
end to
image 𝜽𝒂 = 𝒙
S.No. circular
r 𝒅 𝝅 NA  n 0 sin  a
image d
 10-2 m  10-3 m degree

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Mean

PRECAUTIONS

1. Under any circumstance do not look directly into the laser beam.

2. Do not shine the laser toward anyone.

3. Make sure that a strong monochromatic source of light is used.

4. Keep the distance between grating and source as constant.

5. Optical fibre cable should be free from twists and folds so as to avoid the power loss.

6. Connections should be proper and tight.

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CALCULATIONS:

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RESULTS

1. Numerical aperture of the given optical fiber cable NA =…………………… No unit

2. Acceptance angle of the optical fiber cable θa =……………………. Degree

3. Wavelength of the given laser source is λ = …………..…………………….. metre

Marks Marks
S.No. Particulars
Allotted Obtained
1. Preparation and Conduct of Experiment / Circuit diagram 30
2. Reading display / Observation / Dimensions 30
3. Calculation, Graph, Result 30
4. Viva Voce 10

Total 100

Signature of faculty with date

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Check your understanding

1. What is the scientific and technological importance of the present experiment?

2. What are the practical applications based on the theory and outcome of this experiment?
3. What understanding you build with this experiment?
4. In this experiment, how does diffraction occur?
5. What is a plane transmission diffraction grating?
6. How are commercial gratings made?
7. Define grating element and corresponding points.
8. Distinguish between a grating spectrum and a prismatic spectrum.
9. What is mean by diffraction?
10. What are the types of diffraction possible?
11. What are the differences between interference and diffraction?
12. What are the characteristics of laser?
13. Give the differences between LED & LASER
14. What are coherent sources?
15. What is mean by laser?
16. What will happen if the slit is illuminated with white light?
17. What is the SI unit of wavelength?
18. What is mean by “Total internal reflection”?
19. What is mean by “Numerical aperture”?
20. What is mean by “Acceptance angle”?
21. Which optical source is well suited for fiber optic communication and why?
22. What are the advantages of optical fiber over conventional communication system?
23. Which optical fibers are suitable for long distance transmission?
24. What are the losses expected in optical fibers?
25. What is an optical fiber?
26. What is the principle used in fiber optic communication system?
27. What are the conditions for total internal reflection in an optical fiber cable?

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Expt. No: Date:

MAGNETIC FIELD ALONG THE AXIS OF CURRENT CARRYING

COIL - STEWART AND GEE’S METHOD
AIM
To determine the field of induction at several points on the axis of a circular coil carrying
current using Stewart and Gee’s type of tangent galvanometer

APPARATUS
Stewart and Gee’s galvanometer, battery eliminator, ammeter, commutator, rheostat, plug
keys, connecting wires

FORMULA
When a current of i-amperes exists through a circular coil of n-turns, each of radius a, the
magnetic induction B at any point (P) on the axis of the coil is given by

n= Number of turns
i= current flowing through the coil
a= radius of the coil (cm)
x= distance from the coil along the axis (cm)
μ0 = Absolute Permeability (4π x 10-7)

THEORY
The apparatus is arranged so that the plane of the coil is in the magnetic meridian. The frame with
compass is kept at the center of the coil and the base is rotated so that the plane of the coil is
parallel to the magnetic needle in the compass. The compass is rotated so that the aluminum pointer
reads 0-0. Now the rectangular frame is along East-West direction. When a current ‘I’ flows
through the coil, the magnetic field produced is in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the
coil. The magnetic needle in the compass is under the influence of two magnetic fields “B” due to
the coil carrying the current and the other Earth’s magnetic field ‘Be’ which are mutually
perpendicular to each other. The needle deflects through an angle satisfying the tangent law,

Where Be is the Earth’s Magnetic field, “θ" is the average of mean deflection angle. The theoretical
value is

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Arrangement for the measurement of

magnetic field along the axis of a current
carrying coil

DESCRIPTION

The Apparatus consists of a circular frame made up of non-magnetic substance. An

insulated copper wire is wounded on the frame. The ends of the wire are connected to the other
two terminals. It has three numbers of turns i.e. 2, 50 and 500 turns. By selecting a pair of terminals
the number of turns can be changed. The frame is fixed to a long base at the middle in a vertical
plane along the breadth side. The base has leveling screws. A rectangular non-magnetic metal
frame is supported on a movable platform. The platform can be moved on the frame along the axis
of the coil. The compass is so arranged that the center of the magnetic needle always lie on the
axis of the coil.

PROCEDURE

1. Place the magnetometer compass box on the sliding bench so that its magnetic needle is at the
centre of the coil. By rotating the whole apparatus in the horizontal plane, set the coil in the
magnetic meridian roughly.

2. In this case the coil, needle and its image all lies in the same vertical plane. Rotate the compass
box till the pointer ends read 0-0 on the circular scale.

3. To set the coil exactly in the magnetic meridian set up the electrical connections as in the fig.
Send the current in one direction with the help of commutator and note down the deflection
of the needle.

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4. Now reverse the direction of the current and again note down the deflection. If the deflections
are equal then the coil is in magnetic meridian otherwise turn the apparatus a little, adjust
pointer ends to read 0-0 till these deflections become equal.

5. Using rheostat Rh adjust the current such that the deflections of nearly 60-60 produced in the
compass needle placed at the centre of the coil.

6. Read both the ends of the pointer. Reverse the direction of the current and again read both the
ends of the pointer.

7. The mean of four readings will give the mean deflection at x = 0.

8. Now shift the compass needle through 2cm. each time along the axis of the coil and for each
position note down the mean deflection. Continue this process till the compass box reaches
the end of the bench.

9. Repeat the measurements exactly in the same manner on the either side of the coil.

10. Plot a graph taking‘d’ ‘along the axis and tanθ along the y-axis.

11. Mark the points of inflexion on the curve. The distance between the two points will be the
radius of the coil.

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Deflection in the magnetometer Deflection in the magnetometer

magnetometer from centre of the

East side West side
Distance of deflection

Coil (X) in meters

θ = (θe + θw)/2

B = Be tan θ
Tan θ
S.

Mean θe

Mean θe
No.
θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4 θ1 θ2 θ3 θ4
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PRECAUTIONS

a. The coil should be carefully adjusted in the magnetic meridian.

b. All the magnetic materials and current carrying conductors should be at a considerable
distances from the apparatus.
c. The current passed in the coil should be of such a value as to produce a deflection of nearly
60-60
d. Current should be checked from time to time and for this purpose an ammeter
e. Should be connected in series with the battery.
f. Parallax should be removed while reading the position of the pointer.

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CALCULATIONS:

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RESULT:

Magnetic field of induction B=……………….. Tesla

Marks Marks
S.No. Particulars
Allotted Obtained
1. Preparation and Conduct of Experiment / Circuit diagram 30
2. Reading display / Observation / Dimensions 30
3. Calculation, Graph, Result 30
4. Viva Voce 10

Total 100

Signature of faculty with date

Department of Physics, KSRCT