CARING basis of the patients unique
needs
Caring is the unique
characteristic of nursing
profession B. LEININGERS
Considered as the core of TRANSCULTURAL CARE
nursing
Caring and knowledge are the accdng to Madeleine Leininger
core of nursing – describes the concept of care
With caring being a key as the essence and central,
component, what a nurse brings unifying and dominant domain
to a patient experience that distinguishes nurses from
Technological advances should other health disciplines
be coupled with compassionate care help individual or group
care improve a human condition
CARING – is humane and caring depends on the needs,
sympathetic interactions problems and values of the
between health care providers patient
and patient it is needed of all cultures to
Involves providing physical and recover from illness and to
emotional comfort to patients, maintain healthy life practices
alleviating pain and promoting Leininger stresses how
health important it is for nurses to
understand cultural caring
behaviors
CARING PRACTICE MODEL because the expressions,
processes and patterns of
A. CARING IS PRIMARY (BENNER) caring vary among people of
different cultures
Caring creates possibility
Caring is very personal, its
Caring enables nurses help
expression is differs for each
clients to recover in the face of
patient
illness
for caring to be effective nurses
Give meaning to that illness and
need to learn culturally specific
maintain or reestablish
behaviors and words that reflect
connection
human caring in different
Understanding how to provide
cultures to identify and meet the
humanistic caring and
needs of all patients.
compassion begins early in
Caring includes knowing a
nursing education and
patients cultural values and
continues to mature through
beliefs:
experiential practice
Caring facilitates a nurses
ability to know a patients
problem and find and implement
individualized solutions on the
IMPLICATIONS FOR PATIENT personal sense of commitment
CENTERED CARE: and responsibility)
know the patients attitude and Caring involves 5 processes:
beliefs regarding health care
1. Knowing – striving to understand
and caring practices
an event as it has meaning in the life
know the patients cultural
of the other
practices regarding end of life
care • Subdimensions – centering on
Practices regarding the removal the one cared for assessing
of life support thoroughly, seeking clues to
Practices regarding the care of clarify the event
the body after death
2. Being with – being emotionally
present to the other
C. WATSON TRANSPERSONAL • Subdimension – being there,
CARING sharing feelings
a holistic model that suggests 3. Doing for – doing for the other as
that a conscious intention to she would do if it were at all possible
care promotes healing and
• Subdimension – comforting,
wholeness.
protecting, performing skillfully,
• it integrates the human caring preserving dignity
processes with healing
4. Enabling – facilitating the other’s
environment.
passage through life transition (ex.
• this theory rejects disease Birth, death) and unfamiliar events,
orientation to health care and participating in the clients experience
places care before cure. (compassionate)
• Caring accdng to Watson • Subdimension – informing,
explaining, supporting, focusing
• Involves connecting with patient
on a deeper, more meaningful 5. Maintaining belief – sustaining
level, recognizing their unique faith in the other’s capacity to get
experiences, beliefs and values. through an event and face a future
with meaning
• nurses can create a more
meaningful and therapeutic • Subdimension – believing in,
relationship with the patients, hope filled attitude
promoting healing, comfort and
a deeper sense of connection.
6 C’s of CARING
D. SWANSON’S THEORY OF 1.Care – is our core business,
CARING and the care we deliver helps the
a nurturing way of relating to an individual person and improves
individual (e.g. when one feels a the health of the community
caring defines us and our we have concerns and to have
work the personal strength and vision
people receiving care to innovate and to embrace new
expect it to be right for ways of working
them consistently
6.Commitment – to our patients
throughout every stage of
and populations is a cornerstone
their life
of what we do
2. Compassion – is how care is
• we build on our
given through relationship based
commitment to improve the
on empathy respect and dignity
care and experiences of
can also be described as our patients to make this
intelligent kindness, and is vision and strategy a reality
central to how people for all and meet the health
perceive their care the health care and support
challenges ahead.
3. Competence – means all
those in caring roles must have
the ability to understand the CARING IN NURSING PRACTICE;
individual’s health and social CARING FOR SELF AND OTHERS
needs and the expertise, clinical
• CARING IS ONE OF THOSE
and technical knowledge to HUMAN BEHAVIORS WE CAN
deliver effective care and GIVE AND RECEIVE.
treatment based on research and WHETHER YOU ARE GIVING
evidence OR RECEIVING CARE
4. Communication – is central • THE VALUE OF CARING IN
to successful caring relationships NURSING PRACTICE
BENEFITS PATIENTS,
and to effective team working. COLLEAGUES AND HEALTH
listening is as important as CARE AGENCIES
what we say and do and
essential for “no decision
Caring in Nursing practice
about me without me”
involves:
communication is the key
to a good workplace with 1.Providing presence – is a person to
benefits for those in our person encounter conveying closeness
and a sense of caring
care and staff alike
• it is characterized by sensitive,
5. Courage – courage enables wholism, intimacy and
us to do the right for the people adaptation to unique
we care for, to speak up when circumstances. – it results in
improved mental well-being for • active listening leads to knowing
nurses and patients and and responding to what really
improved physical well-being in matters to the patient and family
patients
• Listening – paying attention to
• patient satisfaction improves an individuals words and tone of
immensely when nursing voice
presence is part of the health
4. Knowing the Patient –it comprises
care culture
both a nurse understanding of a
2. Touch or Comforting - to use specific patient and his or her
touch is one comforting approach that subsequent selection of interventions
reaches out to patients to
• Knowing emerges from a caring
communicate concerns and support
relationship between a nurse
• it is a relational and leads to a and a patient
connection between nurse and
5. Spiritual caring – an individual
patient
achieve spiritual health after finding a
• it involves contact and non- balance between his or her own life
contact touch values, goals and belief system and
those of others
• before implementing touch be
aware of your patients cultural • an individual beliefs and
practices and past experiences expectations affect his or her
own physical well being
• Caring touch – a non-verbal
communication which • spirituality offers a sense of
influences patients comfort and connectedness, intrapersonally
security and enhances self- and interpersonally (connected
esteem and increases with God}
confidence of the care givers
6. Family care – nurse demonstrate
• Protective touch – form of caring by helping family members
touch that a nurse and or become active participants in the client
patient. The patient views it care
either positively or negatively
• use of touch and skillful and
gentle performance of nursing Relieving symptoms and
care procedures suffering
3. Listening – Listening is a critical • relieving symptoms such as
component of nursing care and is pain and nausea and suffering
necessary for meaningful interactions is more than giving pain
with patients. medication, repositioning the
client, cleaning a wound or
• listening to the meaning of what providing end of life care.
a patient says help create a
mutual relationship • the relief of symptoms and
suffering encompasses caring
nursing actions that give a
patient comfort, respect and
dignity and peace
• this is the responsibility of a
professional nurse
CARING FOR SELF AND
OTHERS
• Nurses need to take care of
themselves to ensure they
remain healthy.
• they are particularly susceptible
to the development of fatigue
which is a combination of
secondary traumatic stress
(STS)and burnout (BO)
• STS develops as a result of the
relationships that nurses
develop with their patients and
families, whereas BO stems
from conflicts or nurse job
dissatisfaction within the work
setting
Personal strategies to combat
STS and BO
• eat nutritious diet
• get adequate sleep regularly
• engage in regular exercise and
relaxation activities
• allowing personal time for
grieving the loss of patients
• focusing on one’s own spiritual
health
