RRL

CARING
TITLE: Impact of Nursing Care in the Nursing Profession
OBJECTIVES:

1. To provide comprehensive care that considers the patient’s social, emotional, cultural,
and physical needs.
2. To ensure optimal patient care through objective, systematic monitoring, established
standards, and criteria-based evaluations.
3. To investigate theories and implement techniques designed to improve patient care.

1. Nevada State College (2018, January 3). Importance of Care in Nursing. (JANOYOG)
Retrieved from: https://online.nsc.edu/articles/rn-bsn/importance-of-care-in-nursing.aspx

Patient care is not just about the medical aspect of nursing. Patients may experience stress about
their conditions, injuries, procedures, surgeries, or recovery. It is important for nurses to treat a
patient's physical ailments as well as his or her emotional needs.

When nurses show empathy, they foster a collaborative relationship with patients, which can
help in rooting out causes, symptoms or explanations that result in a proper diagnosis and
appropriate treatments. Open communication and mutual respect between nurses and their
patients can result in these positive patient outcomes:

· Shorter hospital stays.

· Alleviation of pain.
· Decreased anxiety.
· Optimistic outlook about recovery.

2. Practical Nursing (2015, March 18). Importance of Holistic Nursing Care. (JANOYOG)
Retrieved from: https://www.practicalnursing.org/importance-holistic-nursing-care-how-
completely-care-patients
As nurses we can not only use holistic nursing care to enrich the lives of our patients, but to
enrich our own lives as well. Nursing is a tough profession. It is physically, mentally, and
emotionally draining at times. Other times you experience a patient or moment that reminds you
why you became a nurse. One way to increase these experiences and provide better overall care
to our patients is through holistic nursing care. The key is not necessarily about how long you
spent interacting with a patient, but how you used the time you had with them. Nurses should
strive to always make the most of the short time they have with each patient. As nurses we need
to promote a patients psychological and emotional wellbeing in order to facilitate physical
healing. When we do this our relationship with the patient changes and grows into something
more positive than before. This leads to better patient outcomes and can increase the happiness
and purpose in your work as a nurse.

3. Nevada State College (2018, January 03), Importance of Caring in Nursing. (SADSAD)
Retrieved from: https://online.nsc.edu/articles/rn-bsn/importance-of-care-in-nursing.aspx
A Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) program prepare ADN nurses for a higher level of
clinical practice. Nursing students learn about applying evidence-based research, critical thinking
and scientific knowledge to the delivery of healthcare. They also learn deeper knowledge of
medical equipment and technology. However, caring is the foundation of nursing.

4. American Nurse Today, (2006), Nurses Caring and Sharing (SADSAD)

Retrieved from: https://www.americannursetoday.com/nurses-caring-and-sharing/
Nurses are on the front lines of caring and sharing not just in affluent. Many nurses also serve
selflessly in destitute, deprived, or war-torn areas where health care barely exists. They find deep
fulfillment by performing caring acts that go far beyond the expectations of conventional nursing
roles, in lands far from North America. In these desolate areas, nurses are saving, caring, and
transforming lives from the inside out, transcending the limitations of challenging and sometimes
hostile circumstances.

5. The National Academy of Sciences (2004). Who They Are, Where They Work, and What
They Do. (Lim)
Retrieve from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216183/#_NBK216183_pubdet_

An organization's workers and their work environment have a reciprocal relationship, each
influencing the other in an ongoing, dynamic interplay that affects the level of safety within the
organization (Cooper, 2000). To construct a nursing work environment that maximizes patient
safety, the characteristics of the nursing workforce, the settings in which they provide care, and
the nature of their work, as well as the implications of these elements for patient safety, need to
be considered. This chapter does so, focusing predominantly on the role of nurses in hospitals
and nursing homes, where the greatest amount of study has been conducted on patient safety.

6. Debra S. McDonough, RN, MSN, EdD (2002). Caring: The Core of Nursing Practice. (Lim)
Retrieve from
https://www.hurstreview.com/blog/caring-the-core-of-nursing-practice

Florence Nightingale (1860) defined nursing as having “charge of the personal health of
somebody…and what nursing has to do…is to put the patient in the best condition for nature to
act upon him.” In one way or another, this definition of nursing has remained the same. And at
the very core of nursing practice is the act of caring. Caring and nursing are so intertwined that
nursing would not be nursing without the act of caring. Caring is “a feeling and exhibiting
concern and empathy for others; showing or having compassion” (The Free Dictionary, 2015).
Caring is a feeling that also requires an action. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing
(2008) and the National League for Nursing (2007) have identified caring as a foundational value
for nursing

7.Nancy Blake, PhD, RN 29 April 2016 nurses research and improving care
Retrieve from: (balo)
https://www.elsevier.com/connect/yes-nurses-do-research-and-it-is-improving-patient-care

Dr. Blake is encouraging and supporting nurses to get involved in research to build a solid base
of evidence on which to build stronger practices. Ultimately, this will benefit not only patients
and their families but the inter-professional teams in hospitals. It will also add a vital new
perspective to the peer-reviewed research that acts as a foundation for developing knowledge in
healthcare.

8. Importance of care in nursing jan 3 2018 (balo)

Retrieve from:
https://online.nsc.edu/articles/rn-bsn/importance-of-care-in-nursing.aspx

Patient care is not just about the medical aspect of nursing. Patients may experience stress about
their conditions, injuries, procedures, surgeries, or recovery. It is important for nurses to treat a
patient's physical ailments as well as his or her emotional needs.

9. Charalambous, A. (January, 2009) Quality Nursing Care: a Selective Review of the Literature
of Patients’ and Nurses’ Interpretations (JER)

Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255978214_Quality_Nursing_Care_a_Selective_Revie
w_of_the_Literature_of_Patients'_and_Nurses'_Interpretations

According to Ray 1994 quality nursing care should be based on the views of the patients, who
are the immediate evaluator of the provided care. Patients are those who define and assess
quality. Here lays perhaps the reason why their opinions on what constitutes high quality care or
what makes their care inadequate should be taken into consideration (leino-Kilpi and
Vuorenheimo 1993). However, this according to Gunther and Aligood (2002) impeded the
nursing profession to articulate clearly what comprises high quality nursing care because we
have been defining it as a product viewed from the patient’s perspective rather than a service
offered by the profession. Raya (1994) asserts that quality “is the relative effectiveness of the
nursing care, which is considered an aggregation of values and indicators of the health status,
within the bounds of preserving or improving the health of the patients”.

10. The Journal of Nursing and Health Studies (May 07, 2007) Spiritual Care

Retrieved from: http://www.imedpub.com/articles/literature-review-on-spiritual-care-in-

nursing.php?aid=19085&fbclid=IwAR2wO7IhyuyBE45BnZhDrkFHT6a9-2b-pdX1-
gBmPfNObp7tELm5cM3rYs0

Holistic nursing is defined as caring about the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual
aspects of the whole person. Because spiritual care is a part of holistic nursing, Ross
systematically reviewed 47 articles related to spiritual nursing research from 1983 to 2005 and
identified five categories: nurses, patients and caregivers [1], nurses and patients and caregivers,
nursing education, and instrument developing. Following the review by Ross and Pike
systematically reviewed 45 spiritual articles from 2006 to 2010 and identified that the majority of
spiritual care studies focused on chronic illness and pain, alcoholism, dementia and
psychological care, palliative care, and cancer care.

INNOVATION (WHAT’S NEW)

● 1
● 2
●
BENEFICIARIES
● 1. Patients
● 2. Health care providers
● 3. Health care Institutions
BULLYING
TITLE: The effects of bullying in Nurses performance and work space.
OBJECTIVES:
1. To recognize workplace bullying as a deterrent to effective workplace operations and true
collaboration
2. To examine the reasons that workplace bullying interferes with true collaboration
3. To discuss components of transformative leadership that could contribute to stemming
workplace bullying and to facilitating true collaboration

1. US Department of Health and Human Services (2017, January 31). Bullying affect Health and
Well-being. (JANOYOG)
Retrieved from: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/bullying/conditioninfo/health
Bullying can affect physical and emotional health, both in the short term and later in life. It can
lead to physical injury, social problems, emotional problems, and even death. 1 Those who are
bullied are at increased risk for mental health problems, headaches, and problems adjusting to
school.2 Bullying also can cause long-term damage to self-esteem.3
Children and adolescents who are bullies are at increased risk for substance use, academic
problems, and violence to others later in life.2
Those who are both bullies and victims of bullying suffer the most serious effects of bullying and
are at greater risk for mental and behavioral problems than those who are only bullied or who are
only bullies.2

2. Lee, R. (2018, October 8). Bullying and Mental Health Consequences. (JANOYOG)
Retrieved from: https://psychcentral.com/lib/bullying-and-mental-health-consequences/
According to the American Psychological Association, bullying is a form of aggressive behavior
in which someone intentionally and repeatedly causes another person injury or discomfort. Even
though bullying commonly happens in childhood, the impact can last well into adulthood. Duke
University recently conducted research that shows the rates for agoraphobia and panic disorders
greatly increases with bullying. Mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, and low esteem
haunt many adults who were once bullied in childhood.

In previous generations, many children were supposed to handle their own issues. “Let them
work it out” or “ignore it” were popular phrases to encourage resilience from seemingly normal
and unstoppable behavior. With many schools enforcing an anti-bullying campaign, the way we
treat bullying is changing. Although it may be commonplace, it doesn’t have to be.

3. Coldulvell, K (2017, Apirl 14). Nurse Bullying: Stand Up and Speak Out (SADSAD)
Retrieved from: https://nurse.org/articles/how-to-deal-with-nurse-bullying/
Some would say that the nursing profession demands more from its nurses than it gives. Working
12-hour shifts, coping with trauma, managing multiple complex patients while often short-
staffed, working without adequate meal breaks, and comforting heartbroken family members is
only the tip of the iceberg for hospital-based nurses.

Nurses often seem to do their work effortlessly despite how complicated their jobs really are.
Nurses have a sense of grace, selflessness, and compassion that society has come to expect from
these caregivers. To illustrate the profession’s standing, nurses have ranked as the most
trustworthy professionals for the last 15 years in Gallup’s annual poll of Honesty and Ethical
Standards in Professions.

4. Schimdt, K (2017, August 23). How to recognive and prevent bullying in nursing.
Retrieved from: https://www.nurse.com/blog/2017/08/23/how-to-recognize-and-prevent-
bullying-in-nursing/
Renee Thompson, DNP, RN, CMSRN, said bullying has three components: It’s targeted, it’s
meant to cause harm and it happens over time. Some types of mistreatment or unkind acts on the
job can actually be classified as incivility, but not necessarily bullying, she said. These include
eye rolling, disrespect, gossip or general unfriendliness. “If I get testy with you in a crisis
situation, it’s not bullying,” she explained. “It’s a stress response.”

5. Kathleen Colduvell, RN, BSN, BA, CBC (April 14, 2017) Stand Up & Speak Out. (Lim)
Retrieve from:
https://nurse.org/articles/how-to-deal-with-nurse-bullying/
A study done in conjunction with Vanderbilt University Medical Center shows that
approximately 60% of new nurses leave their first position within six months due to some form
of verbal abuse or harsh treatment from a colleague. While most nurses will not disclose this
information during exit interviews with their employers, they speak freely when reporting
anonymously. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics projects a shortage of 1.05 million nurses by
2022; unfortunately, as more studies and information are released regarding nurse bullying and
harassment, the risk is that the number of those entering the nursing profession could dwindle.

6. Dr. Renee Thompson (December 4, 2015)Common Weapons Nurse Bullies Use Against Their
Targets. (Lim)
Retrieve from:
https://www.americansentinel.edu/blog/2015/12/04/common-weapons-nurse-bullies-use-against-
their-targets/
Nurses can be so caring and compassionate to their patients but they can be horrific to each
other. Because bullying is receiving a lot of attention in the media, we have the tendency to call
all bad behavior bullying. However, not everything is bullying. Sometimes, people are just being
too direct, disrespectful and unprofessional or perhaps they are just having a bad day.
- Any nursing student has heard the phrase, “nurses eat their young,” which was first used by
nursing professor Judith Meissner in 1986; the expression has become standard lore among
nurses. The meaning behind it is quite simple: simply, it refers to the bullying and harassment of
new nurses, and those four simple words can cause a great deal of anxiety for new graduates. In
fact, researchers propose that at least 85% of nurses have been bullied at some point in their
nursing career.

7. (2016, February). Not just “eating our young”: Workplace bullying strikes experienced nurses,
too - American Nurse Today. (Balo)
Retrieved from:
https://www.americannursetoday.com/just-eating-young-workplace-bullying-strikes-experienced

Workplace bullying is “repeated, health-harming mistreatment of one or more persons (the

targets) by one or more perpetrators. It is abusive conduct that is threatening, humiliating, or
intimidating, work interference … or verbal abuse,” according to social psychologist and anti-
workplace bullying activist Gary Namie, PhD. Bullying is also referred to as horizontal hostility,
incivility, and lateral violence. Although the definitions for these terms differ, all describe
bullying behavior. According to the Dr. Namie’s Workplace Bullying Institute, 65 million
American workers are affected by bullying. Bullying affects nurses of all ages and all levels of
experience

8. PhD, RN, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatric Nursing, School of Health, Harran
University, Turkey august 7 2015 A bullying against nursing students (Balo)

Retrieve from:
zhttps://journals.lww.com/jnr-
twna/Fulltext/2017/06000/A_Study_of_Bullying_Against_Nursing_Students.4.aspx

bullying is not a new concept, the bullying incidents that are often experienced in healthcare
environments, application areas, and school environments as well as their negative effects have
become increasingly serious. Regardless of the environment, bullying is an undesired and
negative situation (Clarke, Kane, Rajacich, & Lafreniere, 2012). Nursing education is composed
of theory and practice. Social communication is particularly important in nursing education. A
positive and collaborative relationship between fellow students, scholars, nurses, patients, patient
relatives, and other health staff directly affects the quality of patient care given by nurses
9. Int J Environ Res Public Health (August 10, 2013) Workplace Bullying among Healthcare
Workers

Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3774428/?

fbclid=IwAR3DcNjv9mbDpgUj_i6SfWKMzt5e3I8rzBZczzoMcel1RnUxmbSdNHqvkmo

This paper was written in accordance with previous studies that clarify how workplace bullying
among healthcare workers has become a persistent phenomenon within organizations. In this
sense, Rowell states that, at present, workplace bullying has particularly increased in the health
and community care sectors and that such behavior is four times more prevalent in this sector
than sexual harassment [3]. In line with these findings, DuHart reports that physicians and nurses
are occasionally victims of workplace hostility [4]. The physical violence rates against doctors
and nurses are 16.2 per 1,000 and 21.9 per 1,000, respectively. In the European Union, 52% of
healthcare jobholders have experienced some sort of aggression at work, followed by 39% of
social care workers and 25% of service workers [5].

In the scientific literature, several types of bullying have been studied [6]: intimidation,
harassment, victimization, aggression, emotional abuse, and psychological harassment or
mistreatment at workplace, among others. The variation in definitions may hinder the
conceptualization of the workplace-bullying phenomenon in a more consistent way, inhibiting
effective contributions among researchers and practitioners [7]. Bullying is commonly defined
by its social manifestations, which are clearly classifiable under the same umbrella as aggressive
behavior [8] that generally occurs during interpersonal interactions in work settings [9].
Similarly, there seems to be a consensus that bullying, as a behavior, can be defined in terms of
intentionality, frequency (e.g., weekly) or duration (e.g., approximately six months), the targets’
reaction(s), perceived imbalance and misuse of power between the perpetrator and target,
inadequate support, and the target’s inability to defend himself from such aggression
[10,11,12,13], as well as having to cope with negative and constant social interactions [13],
physical or verbal badgering, insulting remarks [12], and intense pressure [14].

10. Ms Susan L. Johnson, University of Washington, 1900 Commerce Street, Tacoma, WA

98402, USA,

Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1466-7657.2008.00679.x?

fbclid=IwAR0NtuNZPUJcC-Ccp3TJa54mm-55Jhg7k9kb9QWEtlZ4SygAe0Yy_ZA11Y4&

Workplace bullying is more than a simple conflict between two individuals. It is a complex
phenomenon that can only be understood through an examination of social, individual and
organizational factors. Workplace bullying has been shown to impact the physical and
psychological health of victims, as well as their performance at work. Workplace bullying
impacts the organization through decreased productivity, increased sick time and employee
attrition.

INNOVATION (WHAT’S NEW)

● 1
● 2
● 3
BENEFICIARIES
● Nurses who are being bullied in hospitals.
● Student Nurses who are on duty.
● Future researchers that will use our research as a review of related literature.

HYGIENE
TITLE: Ways of Enhancing Good Personal Hygiene for Nurses
OBJECTIVES:
1. To demonstrate correct Hand Hygiene technique
2. To provide knowledge about multi-faceted plans to improve hand hygiene
3. To understand appropriate Hand Hygiene practices when caring for patient with a certain
disease

1. Registered Nursing (2013, October 10). Personal Hygiene. (JANOYOG)

Retrieved from: https://www.registerednursing.org/nclex/personal-hygiene/
There are a wide variety of different factors that influence and impact on our clients' hygiene
habits and routines. For example, cultural practices and beliefs, religious practices and beliefs,
the client's level of growth and development, economic factors and economic constraints, the
client's level of energy, the client's level of cognition, environmental factors including things like
the environmental temperature and the client's state of homelessness, the client's overall state of
health and their own particular personal preferences in terms of their personal hygiene habits and
routines impact on client choices, their preferences and practices relating to hygiene and hygiene
practices.
Cultures and cultural practices relating to hygiene vary around the globe. In North America, for
example, there is a high cultural value on cleanliness, daily bathing, an odor free body and the
absence of leg hair on females. Other cultures, however, may only bathe once a week or less and
they are not offended with bodily odors or the presence of underarm and leg hair among females.
Some cultures bathe communally, whereas other cultures value privacy when bathing. There are
also some biocultural differences in terms of hygiene. For example, bodily odors tend to be more
prevalent and stronger among African Americans and Caucasians than they are among Native
Americans and those from Asian cultures.
2. Mallirou, M. (2014, September 21). Importance of Nurses Hand Hygiene. (JANOYOG)
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257200630_The_Importance_of_Nurses_Hand_Hygie
ne
Infections associated with healthcare has been targeted by the World Alliance for Patient
Safety during the first biennial Global Patient Safety Challenge, ‘Clean Care is Safer Care’
compliance to hand hygiene is widely acknowledged as the most important way of reducing
infections in healthcare facilities and the spread of antimicrobial resistance (WHO guidelines
on hand hygiene
in health care, 2005; WHO Patients Safety, 2009; The African Partnerships for Patient
Safety 2012).

3. Salter School (2016, Apri 6). Why Hygiene is so Important for Health Workers.
Retrieved from:
https://www.salterschool.com/why-personal-hygiene-matters-for-healthcare-
workers/#.XIPhJSgza01
Personal hygiene is a necessity of life. Staying clean helps us to build relationships, stay healthy,
and boost our self-esteem. Practicing a hygienic lifestyle means washing and maintaining all
parts of the body that affect appearance and smell with regular bathing, brushing teeth, and the
washing of hair.

In a healthcare job, it is especially important to stay clean and take care of your personal
hygiene. After all, staying clean can maintain a healthy environment for your clients.. In fact,
poor hygiene can lead to the spread of diseases.

4. Walsh, B (2011, May 5). Happy Clean Your Hands Day!

Retrieved from: http://healthland.time.com/2011/05/05/happy-clean-your-hands-day/
The World Health Organization (WHO) has chosen May 5 as Save Lives: Clean Your Hands
Day, its annual campaign to get health workers to practice good hygiene. The WHO has a simple
five-step framework for getting health care workers to ensure they keep their hands clean, but it
won’t work until hospitals get serious about pushing hand washing, before and after a worker
sees a patient.

5. Sneha Divakaran Samuel, MSN, RN

(July 10, 2018) Personal Hygiene: NCLEX-RN (Lim)
Retrieve from:
https://www.himss.org/library/hand-hygiene-technologies-what-nurse-should-know-general-
overview-nursing-informatics-perspective

Most of the developing countries do not have specialized technologies in healthcare settings for
monitoring or measuring HCWs hand hygiene practices. The importance of technological
advancements and encouragement to discover new technologies in the healthcare system is
important to improve patient safety. Hand hygiene is a critical technique for avoiding HCAIs.
Several surveys and studies supported that when employees knew someone was around to watch
for hand hygiene, they were more aware of completing hand hygiene tasks correctly. If nobody
monitored hand washing, staff often ignored hand hygiene protocol. This process is commonly
called a “Hawthorne Effect” (Morgan, Pineles, Shardell, Young, Ellingson, Jernigan, &
Perencevich, (2012). To overcome this effect, the use of hand hygiene compliance monitoring
technologies can be used to increase staff hand hygiene compliance, which in turn, curtails
HCAIs incidence.

6. U.S Department Of Health & Human Service (October 9, 2018)- Clean Hands Saves Lives
(Lim)
Retrieve from:
https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/

Hygiene is for the safety of the nurse and patients to not catch infections and to maintain
cleanliness. Clean hands saves lives a simple Handwashing can help prevent illness. It involves
five simple and effective steps (Wet, Lather, Scrub, Rinse, Dry) you can take to reduce the
spread of diarrheal and respiratory illness so you can stay healthy. Regular handwashing,
particularly before and after certain activities, is one of the best ways to remove germs, avoid
getting sick, and prevent the spread of germs to others. It’s quick, it’s simple, and it can keep us
all from getting sick. Handwashing is a win for everyone, except the germs.

7.Whiting LS. Prof Nurse. 1999. Maintaining patients personal hygiene(Balo)

Retrieve from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/10205551/
Maintaining patients' personal hygiene is a fundamental aspect of nursing care. A range of
benefits can be gained when experienced nurses bathe or wash patients. Responsibility for
patient hygiene should not be delegated to unqualified or inexperienced staff.

8.Pegram A, et al. Br J Nurs. 2007 Mar 22-Apr 11 bed bathing and personal hygiene needs of
patients(Balo)
Retrieve from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/m/pubmed/17505390/?i=4&from=/10205551/related

9. Asiye D. Akyol R.N, PhD (February 27, 2007) Hand Hygiene among nurses in clinical areas:
opinions and practices

Retrieved from: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2005.01543.x?

fbclid=IwAR3iGftukf2y6Fm3SJFW4pf7XjVrC1gP7-3FsdOz7tjbGyDaEAXAvPKH17U

The study revealed that nurses have a poor level of knowledge concerning quality of hand
washing. All nursing actions related to ‘clean’ and ‘dirty’ activities were evaluated using the
Fulkerson scale. The majority of nurses reported that they always wash hands after contact with
contaminated and non‐contaminated patients, equipment and environment. It was found that they
did need to wash their hands often but that they were not able to do this because of dense
working conditions, insufficiency of necessary materials and drying and sore of hands after
frequent washing.

10. Angel M. Berry, Beyond comfort: Oral Hygiene as a critical nursing activity in the intensive
care unit (December 8, 2006) Intensive and Critical Care Nursing

Retrieved from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964339706000516?

fbclid=IwAR1gJp5044QEam5KBYESDSyRCCH44T532YkyzaNGtVxLnfRFl66A8zm-nDk

To date, there is no definitive evidence to determine the most appropriate method of oral hygiene
including the use of beneficial mouth rinses. Barriers identified in this review to providing
optimal hygiene include: (1) mechanical barriers and equipment issues, (2) perceptions of the
importance of mouth care and empathy with patient discomfort by nurses, (3) altered patient
sensory perception and discomfort and (4) difficulties in patient communication. In spite of these
challenges opportunities for collaborative research and increasing expertise in nurse researchers
creates a climate to derive solutions to these factors.
The maintenance of personal hygiene is essential for a patient's health and well-being. Nurses
play a key role in ensuring that the individual hygiene needs of patients are met. In this article
the process of bed-bathing a patient is described.

INNOVATION (WHAT’S NEW)

● 1
● 2
● 3
BENEFICIARIES
● Registered Nurses from different sectors
● All kinds of patient who are in the hospital.
● Future researchers that will use our research as a review of related literature.