Pre IMOTC 2017 Discussion Problems

Hexagrammum16
June 2019

1 Geometry and Trigonometry

1. Prove that in a triangle ABC the orthocenter H , its othogonal projection on the median AM and the
vertices B, C are concyclic.
2. Let H be the orthocenter and O be the circumcenter of the scalene 4ABC. Let M and N be the midpoints
of AH and BC, respectively. Let the circle γ on diameter AH meet the circumcircle k of 4ABC for the
second time at G 6= A and let γ meet the line AN for the second time at Q 6= A. Let the tangent to γ at
G meet the line OM at P . Show that the circumcircles of 4GN Q and 4M BC intersect on the line P N .
3. Let ∆ABC be an acute-angled triangle with AB 6= AC. The circle with diameter BC intersects the
sides AB and AC at M and N respectively. Denote by O the midpoint of the side BC. The bisectors of
the angles 6 BAC and 6 M ON intersect at R. Prove that the circumcircles of the triangles ∆BM R and
∆CN R have a common point lying on the side BC.
4. 4ABC is isosceles with AB = AC > BC. Let D be a point in its interior such that DA = DB + DC.
Suppose that the perpendicular bisector of AB meets the external angle bisector of 6 ADB at P , and let
Q be the intersection of the perpendicular bisector of AC and the external angle bisector of 6 ADC. Prove
that B, C, P, Q are concyclic.
5. Let n ≥ 3 be an integer and p ≥ 2n − 3 a prime. Let M be a set of n points in the plane, no three
collinear, and let f : M → {0, 1, 2, . . . p − 1} be a function such that: (i) at most one point of M maps
to 0, and (ii) for any circle ω which contains at least three points of M , the sum of the values of f taken
over all the points in M lying on ω is divisible by p. Show that all the points in M are concyclic.
6. Let ABC be a triangle, and P a point on its circumcircle. Show that the reflections of P across the three
sides of ABC lie on a lie that passes through the orthocenter of ABC.
7. Let ∆ABC be an acute-angled triangle with AB not equal to AC, let H be its orthocentre and M the
midpoint of BC. Points D on AB and E on AC are such that AE = AD and D, H, E are collinear. Prove
that HM is orthogonal to the common chord of the circumcircles of triangles ∆ABC and ∆ADE.
8. Let A1 A2 A3 be an acute triangle, and let O and H be its circumcenter and orthocenter, respectively. For
1 ≤ i ≤ 3, points Pi and Qi lie on lines OAi and Ai+1 Ai+2 (where Ai+3 = Ai ), respectively, such that
OPi HQi is a parallelogram. Prove that
OQ1 OQ2 OQ3
+ + ≥ 3.
OP1 OP2 OP3

9. Let ABC a triangle and P an interior point, the lines AP, BP and CP intersects the circumcircle of the
triangle ABC in A1 , B1 and C1 , respectively, Ma , Mb and Mc are the midpoints of BC, AC and AB,
respectively, finally let A2 the simetric of A1 respect Ma , define similarly to B2 and C2 . Prove that the
circumcircle of the triangle A2 B2 C2 pass throught a fixed point.
10. Consider triangle ABC. Let circle ωA is tangent to lines AB and AC. Let circle ωB is inscribed in angle
6 B of triangle ABC and is externally tangent to circle ωA at point TB . Let circle ωC is inscribed in
angle 6 C of triangle ABC and is externally tangent to circle ωA at points TC . Let ωB ∩ BC = KB ,
ωC ∩ BC = KC . Consider in-center I of triangle ABC. Prove that center of circle (KB KC TB TC ) lies on
internal angle bisector of angle 6 BIC .
11. Let r be a rational number in the interval [−1, 1] and let θ = cos−1 r. Call a subset S of the plane good
if S is unchanged upon rotation by θ around any point of S (in both clockwise and counterclockwise
directions). Determine all values of r satisfying the following property: The midpoint of any two points
in a good set also lies in the set.

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12. Let ABC be a triangle with circumcircle Ω and incentre I. Let the line passing through I and perpendicular
to CI intersect the segment BC and the arc BC (not containing A) of Ω at points U and V , respectively.
Let the line passing through U and parallel to AI intersect AV at X, and let the line passing through
V and parallel to AI intersect AB at Y . Let W and Z be the midpoints of AX and BC, respectively.
Prove that if the points I, X, and Y are collinear, then the points I, W, and Z are also collinear.
13. Let 4ABC be an acute scalene triangle and P be a variable point on the circumcircle which doesn’t
coincide with the vertices of 4ABC. The incircle (I) touches BC, CA, AB at D, E, F respectively.
EP ∩ (I) = B 0 6= E, F P ∩ (I) = C 0 6= F . BB 0 ∩ CC 0 = Q. Call Q the friend of P . The set of all
points Q and not equal to the vertices of 4ABC is C. Prove that there is exactly one point in C which is
the friend of exactly 3 points on the circumcircle, and all other points in C are the friend of exactly one
point on the circumcircle.
14. In the acute-angled triangle ABC, D is the intersection of the altitude passing through A with BC and
Ia is the excenter of the triangle with respect to A. K is a point on the extension of AB from B, for
which 6 AKIa = 90◦ + 34 6 C. Also, Ia K intersects the extension of AD at L. Prove that DIa bisects the
angle 6 AIa B iff AL = 2R. (R is the circumradius of ABC.)
15. Let the A-mixtilinear incircle of ABC touch its circumcircle at P . The line joining P and incenter I meets
the circumcircle again at Q. Prove that BQ = CQ.
16. Let ABC be an acute, scalene triangle, and let M , N , and P be the midpoints of BC, CA, and AB,
respectively. Let the perpendicular bisectors of AB and AC intersect ray AM in points D and E respec-
tively, and let lines BD and CE intersect in point F , inside of triangle ABC. Prove that points A, N , F ,
and P all lie on one circle.
17. Let ABCD be a given convex quadrilateral with sides BC and AD equal in length and not parallel. Let
E and F be interior points of sides BC and AD respectively such that BE = DF . The lines AC and
BD meet at P , the lines BD and EF meet at Q and the lines EF and AC meet at R. Consider all the
triangles P QR as E and F vary. Show that the circumcircles of these triangles have a common point
other than P .
18. Prove that in an acute angled triangle ∆ABC prove that:
s
tan A + tan B + tan C ≥
r
where s is the semiperimeter and r is the inradius.

2 Number Theory
1. The function f from the set N of positive integers into itself is defined by the equality
n
X
f (n) = gcd(k, n), n ∈ N.
k=1

a) Prove that f (n) is multiplicative. b) Prove that for each a ∈ N the equation f (x) = ax has a solution.
c) Find all a ∈ N such that the equation f (x) = ax has a unique solution.
2. Find all functions f : Z + → Z with the properties: a) f (a) ≥ f (b) whenever a divides b. b) for all positive
integers a and b,
f (ab) + f (a2 + b2 ) = f (a) + f (b).
3. Find the smallest prime number that can not be written in the form 2a − 3b with non-negative integers
a, b.
4. n being a given integer, find all functions f : Z → Z, such that for all integers x, y we have f (x + y + f (y)) =
f (x) + ny.
√
5. Let tn be number of perfect square between (n3 , (n + 1)3 ) for n ∈ N. Prove that tn < 2 n for n ≥ 81.
6. Solve for positive integers: x3 − y 3 = xy + 61.
7. Find all positive integers n, for which
n
X g(k) 32n + 13
=
k 48
k=1

where g(k) denotes the greatest odd divisor of k.

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3 Algebra (Including Polynomials, Inequalities and Functional Equa-
tions)
1. Let x1 , x2 , x3 , y1 , y2 , y3 be nonzero real numbers satisfying x1 + x2 + x3 = 0, y1 + y2 + y3 = 0. Prove that
x1 x2 + y1 y2 x2 x3 + y2 y3 x3 x1 + y3 y1 3
p +p +p 2 ≥− .
(x21 + y12 )(x22 + y22 ) (x22 + y22 )(x23 + y32 ) (x3 + y32 )(x21 + y12 ) 2

2. x, y, z ∈ R; x + y + z = 0x3 y + y 3 z + z 3 x ≤ 0 (Prove.)
3. x, y, z ∈ R; x2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x + xyz = 0x3 y + y 3 z + z 3 x ≤ 0 (Prove.)
4. x, y, z ∈ R; x2 y + y 2 z + z 2 x = xyzx3 y + y 3 z + z 3 x ≤ 0 (Prove.)
5. If a2 + b2 + c2 = 1 then prove that: √
X a 3 3
≥
cyc
1 − a2 2

6. Let a, b, c be reals such that a > c2 > 0 Then show that (a + b)2 6= 4(a − c2 )b.
7. Let a, b, c, d be real numbers such that b − d ≥ 17. If P (x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d and x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 are
roots of P (x) then find the minimum value of (x1 2 + 1)(x2 2 + 1)(x3 2 + 1)(x4 2 + 1).
8. Let S be the set (1, ∞). Find all functions f : S → S such that for all x > y > 1, we have:
f (x)x
 x
x
= f
f (y)y yy

9. Find all polynomials f : R → R such that f (sin x + cos x) = f (sin x) + f (cos x)∀x ∈ R.

4 Combinatorics and Miscellaneous

1. Let S be a set of n points in the plane such that any two points of S are at least 1 unit
√ apart. Prove there
is a subset T of S with at least n7 points such that any two points of T are at least 3 units apart.
2. In a tournament, every two players have exactly one game between them. There are no ties. A player P
is awarded a prize if for every other player B, either P defeats B or P defeats some player C who defeats
B. Prove that if only one player is awarded a prize, this player defeats every other player.
3. A tree is a graph such that, for each pair of vertices, there is a unique path that leads from one to the
other by traversing a sequence of distinct edges. (Equivalently, a tree is a connected graph that does not
contain any cycles.) Show that the number of n-vertex trees with their vertices numbered from 1 to n is
nn−2 . (Two trees T1 and T2 are considered identical exactly when, for all 1 ≤ i < j ≤ n, there is an edge
connecting i and j in T1 if and only if there is an edge connecting i and j in T2 .)
4. Suppose that A = {a1 , a2 , . . . , ak } where a1 , a2 , . . . , ak is a strictly increasing sequence of positive integers.
Define f (A) to be the maximum value of ai+1 − ai for 1 ≤ i ≤ k − 1, and set f (A) = 0 if A has less than
2 elements. Define g(A) to be the size of the largest subset of A which has the form {i, i + 1, . . . , j} for
positive integers i ≤ j.
P
P integer n, let Pn be the set of all subsets of {1, 2, 3, . . . , n}. Define F (n) = A∈Pn f (A)
For each positive
and G(n) = A∈Pn g(A). Prove that there exists m ∈ N such that for any integer n with n > m, we have
F (n) > G(n).
5. Fix positive integers k, n. A candy vending machine has many different colours of candy, where there are
2n candies of each colour. A couple of kids each buys from the vending machine 2 candies of different
colours. Given that for any k + 1 kids there are two kids who have at least one colour of candy in common,
find the maximum number of kids.
6. An n×n board is colored in n colors such that the main diagonal (from top-left to bottom-right) is colored
with the first color; the two adjacent diagonals are colored with the second color; the two next diagonals
(one from above and one from below) are colored with the third color, and so on until the two corners
(top-right and bottom-left) are colored with the nth color.
It happens that it is possible to place on the board n rooks such that no two attack each other and no
two stand on cells of the same color. Prove that n does not leave a remainder of 2 or 3 when divided by 4.

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7. Let n be a positive integer. There are n websites numbered 1, 2, . . . n, such that website i can link to
website j only if i < j. At first, the only links are that for 1 ≤ i ≤ n − 1, website i has a link to website
i + 1. Prove that there is a way to add at most 3(n − 1) log2 (log2 n) links to the websites so that for any
i, j with i < j, website j is reachable from website i by clicking at most three links.

8. A token is placed at each vertex of a regular 2n-gon. A move consists in choosing an edge of the 2n-gon
and swapping the two tokens placed at the endpoints of that edge. After a finite number of moves have
been performed, it turns out that every two tokens have been swapped exactly once. Prove that some
edge has never been chosen.
9. Let P be a point in a square whose side are mirror. A ray of light comes from P and with slope α. We
know that this ray of light never arrives to a vertex. We make an infinite sequence of 0, 1. After each
contact of light ray with a horizontal side, we put 0, and after each contact with a vertical side, we put
1. For each n ≥ 1, let Bn be set of all blocks of length n, in this sequence. a) Prove that Bn does not
depend on location of P . b) Prove that if απ is irrational, then |Bn | = n + 1.