 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١٤٢
  ‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  ?  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬?

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
    ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬      
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K  
 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
    ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬       ‫א‬ K   ‫א‬ 
 K،‫א‬‫א‬
،  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 ٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.٤ W‫א‬‫א‬


K W‫א‬‫א‬

 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  ١J ١
‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    (permanent magnet) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
(Smarum   ‫ א‬ (Niodenum Boron Iron)    ،(ferrait)
F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،cobalt)
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ،‫א‬    E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٢J ١
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ E‫א‬F‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫ א‬-
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :‫א‬‫א‬ -
  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  :(Permeability) µ‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Magnetic permeability)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    µ   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬،(Magnetization curve)‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
µ = µo µr 1-1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ (Absolute permeability)‫א‬‫א‬ µo
 W‫א‬‫א‬
µo=4πx10-7 H/m
   ‫א‬   (Relative permeability) ‫א‬ ‫א‬   µr 
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    : Ф ‫א‬ ‫א‬-
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ K 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :B‫א‬‫א‬J
 WEFL‫א‬
Φ
B= wb / m 2 1-2
A
K  :H‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
B
H= h/m 1-3
µ
‫א‬‫א‬ :(Magneto-motive-force m.m.f) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬ N 
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
(ampere.turn) K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
m.m.f=N.I AT 1-4
‫א‬‫א‬ :(Magnetic reluctance) Rmag ‫א‬‫א‬-
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
W‫א‬
m.m. f N .I
Rmag = = AT / wb 1-5
Φ Φ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 µ ‫א‬  A   L ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
L
Rmag =
 µA
1-6
K   E F ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   K   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
١J ١K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K٢LBI‫א‬L


-٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  F=BLI  1-7
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


 ١J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    ،٦J ١ ‫א‬   E‫א‬ F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬   ٢J ١  K ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K A,F‫א‬‫א‬ ABCDEF‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ AB, BC, CD, DE, EF‫א‬‫א‬
 ΦEFKINCD‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  ٦J ١ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LAB LBC LCD LDE
RmagAB = RmagBC = RmagCD = RmagDE =
 µ AB AAB µ BC ABC µ CD ACD µ DE ADE
Lgap
Rmag − gap =
 µ o Agap
LEF
RmagEF =
 µEF AEF
 WRmag-t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
LAB L L L L L
Rmag−t = + BC + CD + DE + EF + gap
 µ AB AAB µ BC ABC µCD ACD µ DE ADE µ EF AEF µo Agap
1-8
N.IEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ф‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١،Rmag-t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N.I
Φ =
LAB L L L L L
+ BC + CD + DE + EF + gap
µ AB AAB µ BC ABC µCD ACD µ DE ADE µ EF AEF µo Agap 1-9
J ١ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ٣
‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١


 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ٢J ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 m.m.f KK  e.m.f KKK
 Rmag =
L
‫א‬‫א‬ ρL
 R= ‫א‬‫א‬
µA A
m.m. f E
 Φ= ‫א‬‫א‬  I = ‫א‬‫א‬
Rmag R
I
Φ  J = ‫א‬
B = ‫א‬ A
A

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ١
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ١
    K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
 g،‫א‬  p‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬  ac،‫א‬‫א‬  y ،‫א‬  t،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١،

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     Φ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ L‫א‬ H‫א‬ A‫א‬ B‫א‬
m.m.f
Fg 2Lg Hg Ag Bg Φm  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Ft 2Lt Ht At Bt Φm
 ‫א‬
Fac Lac Hac Aac Bac Φac=Φm/2  ‫א‬
Fp 2Lp Hp Ap Bp Φm
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Fy  Ly  Hy  Ay  By Φy= Φm/2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ١‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2Lg 2Lt Φ m Lac 2L p Φ m Ly
m.m. f = Ftotal = Φ m + Φm + + Φm + 1-10
µ o Ag µt At 2 µ ac Aac µ p Ap 2 µ y Ay

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ١٠J ١ ‫א‬
 W١٠J ١‫א‬٢J ١‫א‬B‫א‬‫א‬
2 B g Lg 2 Bt Lt Bac Lac 2B p L p By Ly
Ftotal = + + + + 1-11
µo µt µ ac µp µy
 ١١J ١‫א‬٣J ١‫א‬
F
total
= 2 H g Lg + 2 H t Lt + H ac Lac + 2 H p L p + H y L y 1-12
F = Fg + Ft + Fac + F p + F y 1-13
total
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ١٣J ١ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ١
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١

 L، ٥J ١

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، L B
 W‫א‬


E=BLV sin(θ) volt 1-14
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬θ
‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬    ،‫ א‬‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E٦J ١ F
،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١

 ‫א‬٦J ١


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١

،‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Faraday)‫א‬
dΦ
E = N( ) 1-15
dt
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬،E٧J ١F‫א‬،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(self induced )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬          ،‫א‬ 
. E٨J ١F(mutual induced)‫א‬

 ‫א‬٧J ١

‫א‬٨J ١

،٣٠x٢٠‫א‬١J ١
٢٢٥‫א‬K٥
،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬،٠,٠٠٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

، X,Y ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩J ١ ‫א‬

W‫א‬L ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L=2*((x-5)+(y-5))=2*(20-5+30-5)=80 cm=0.8m
N=25 turns R=2Ω V=24V B=0.008 tesla A=(5*10-2)2=25*10-4 m2
V 24
i= = = 12 A
R 2
Ni 25 *12
H= = = 375 A / m
L 0.8
Φ = BA = 0.008 * 25 *10 − 4 = 0.00002 wb

٩J ١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

K٢٣ ٥٠‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ١

J ١ W‫א‬ K١٥٠٠  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ K ٢ ‫א‬    ٦٠٠ 
‫א‬J ٣،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ d ‫א‬
W‫א‬Lav
Lav=πd=π*50*10-2=1.57 m
A= 3*10-4 m2 µr=1500 µo=4π*10-7 N=600 I=2 A
Lav 1.57
1- Rmag = = = 2.78 *106 At / wb
µ r µ o A 1500(4π *10 − 7 )(3 *10 − 4 )
2- mmf=NI =600*2=1200 At
mmf 1200
H= = = 763.33 At / m
L 0.0157
av
mmf 1200
3- Φ = = = 4.32 *10 − 4 wb
R 2.78 *10 6
mag

Φ 4.32 *10 − 4
B= = = 1.44 tesla
A 3 *10 − 4

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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ١
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬ J ٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٧
٦ ‫א‬          ‫א‬   J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬KL ١٢‫א‬‫א‬ ،
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K  ٠,٠٠٠١٥ ‫א‬    K,٥ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ، ٢٠     ‫א‬   J ٩
١٥‫א‬K٥x٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢ ١,٤
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ، ٠,٠٠٦ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٠,٠٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٢٥ ‫א‬    ١٠٠ ‫א‬
K٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

 ٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K٦W‫א‬‫א‬

 KEFW‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 DC Generators ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬    K‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ K‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ،  ،     ‫א‬  
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
J ‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬  J  
  ،K‫א‬
 (S)‫א‬ (N) (abcd)‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-١٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 e=BLv 2-1
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ v(m/sec)، ‫א‬ L(m)،‫א‬‫א‬ B(wb/m )
2

‫א‬  K(volt)   ‫א‬   (e) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬  
    ‫א‬    (cd)  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  (ab) 
 K١J ٢‫א‬

 E F



 EFEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢
‫א‬   ‫א‬     ١J ٢    (abcd) ‫א‬  
‫א‬  o٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E o٩٠‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬  o٩٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ 0٢٧٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،١J ٢(sinewave)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

   (DC) ‫א‬     ‫א‬    E F ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K٢J ٢ A, BE ‫א‬F
(abcd)‫א‬‫א‬،٢J ٢A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢ ، ١٨٠
 ١٨٠‫א‬ ‫א‬، ١٨٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٦٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١J ٢ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬


d
b
a


E F E
F


 EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٢
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W(Yoke) ‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢K،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W(Main poles)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  (Pole face or shoe)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W  (Field coils)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، (series field coil)‫א‬ (shunt field coil)‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬   K   ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٥J ٢F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ٣J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬W (Commutating poles)‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢


-٢٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬٥J ٢
 W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W(Armature core)‫א‬ •

   K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬    ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K٦J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W(Armature windings)‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W (Commutator )E‫א‬F‫א‬ •

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬   KE‫א‬F    ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   W(Brushes holder) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  •

‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬

-٢١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K

 WArmature winding‫א‬٣J ١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
J ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،(commutator segments) ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  W(Lap winding)‫א‬ ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬،٧J ٢

3‫א‬‫א‬ 2‫א‬ 2 ‫א‬‫א‬ 1‫א‬E 1,2,3F
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٢٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 

‫א‬٧J ٢K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Wave winding) ‫א‬‫א‬J
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨J ٢(commutator pitch)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 EFEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٢



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٢




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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬v (m/sec)‫א‬ B (tesla) L (m)
e (volt)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 e=BLv volt 2-2
 W‫א‬‫א‬r meter‫א‬
  v = ωr = 2πn r 2-3
60
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (rad/sec) ω،L‫א‬‫א‬(rpm) n
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
φ φ
 B= = 2-4
A 2πrl / 2 p
 ٢J ٢ ‫א‬  ٤J ٢ ‫א‬ ٣J ٢   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬  A
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 e = φ 2 p l 2πn r 2-5
2πrl 60
 ٥J ٢‫א‬
 e = φ 2 pn 2-6
60
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Za ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2p n
 Ea = φZ a  2-7
2a 60






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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

،٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬٦١J ٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ٤   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ KL ١٢٠٠ 
 K‫א‬
2p=6 2a=2[wave winding] Za=250 n=1200 rpm Φ=4 megalines/pole ‫א‬
Φ=4*106 *10-8=0.04 wb/pole
2p n
Ea = φZ a
2a 60
6 1200
E a = * 0.04 * 250 * = 600 volt
2 60
‫א‬، ٩٦٠‫א‬‫א‬ ٨  ٢J ٢
‫א‬  ، ٢٢٠ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ KL ٦٠٠  
 K‫א‬
2p=8 2a=2p[lap winding] Za=960 n=600 rpm Ea=220 V ‫א‬
2p n
Ea = φZ a
2a 60
8 600
220 = *φ * 960 *
8 60
Φ=220*60/(600*960)=0.023 wb/pole

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٢




-٢٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 (Armature Reaction) ‫א‬٣J ٢

‫א‬    ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Lenz Law) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ١٠J ٢   K‫א‬
 (M.M.Ff)  ‫א‬     KE‫א‬    F ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬
‫א‬   (G.M.A) ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     KE‫א‬ 
 K(M.N.A)‫א‬

  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ١٠J ٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬ x ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬         ‫א‬       ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ (M.M.Fa)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
θ ‫א‬   (M.M.Ft)  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   K ١٠J ٢
(M.N.A) ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ،  (M.M.Ff)‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ١٠J ٢K(G.M.A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠J ٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠J ٢K (ab)‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  (bc)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K١٠J ٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬ 
 (Demagnetizing effect)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬

-٢٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 EFEFEF



 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٢
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٢J ٢،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١J ٢
‫א‬K (Fa) ‫א‬ (Fc)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E‫א‬F
١٣J ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٢٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٢




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢J ٢

-٢٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬١٣J ٢

 (Methods of Excitation)‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬٤J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  EF    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KW‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (Separately excited) EF‫א‬‫א‬ J
KE‫א‬F
  ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬    (Self excited) ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (Separately excited generators)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٢
‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤J ٢  
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

-٣٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬١٤J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Kirechhoff’s Law)
 Ea = VL + I a Ra 2-8

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ea،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VL
 W‫א‬‫א‬
2p
 Ea = φZ a N / 60  2-9
2a
 K‫א‬‫א‬IL،‫א‬Ra،‫א‬Ia
Ia = IL 2-10

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

   L ١٢٠٠    ،‫א‬      ٣J ٢ 
١٠٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ١٢٥ ٢٠٠‫א‬
 K٠,٠٤‫א‬K‫א‬،L
n1=1200 rpm IL1=200 A VL1=125 V n2=1000 rpm Ra=0.04 Ω ‫א‬
Eaα n as If is constant
Ea1=VL1+IL1Ra
= 125+200*0.04=133 V
Ea1 n1
=
E a 2 n2
133 1200
=
Ea 2 1000
1000 *133
Ea 2 = = 110.8 V
1200
Ea2=VL2+IL2Ra=IL2RL+ IL2Ra
V 125
RL = L = = 0.625Ω
I L 200
110.8=IL2[0.625+0.04]=IL2[0.665]
110.8
I L2 = = 166.62 Amp.
0.665

 (Self excited generators)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(series excitation)‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(shunt excitation)‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(compound excitation) J

 (series excited generator)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤J ٢

K١٥J ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥J ٢
:‫א‬‫א‬
 Ea = VL + I a (Ra + R f ) 2-11
Ia = IL = I f 2-12
 ١٢٥‫א‬ ١٥‫א‬‫א‬ ٤، ‫א‬ ٤J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬K,٢٤‫א‬,١٥‫א‬KL١١٥٠‫א‬
K ١٢٥‫א‬L ١٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
Pout=15Kw VL1=125 V n1=1150 rpm Rf=0.15Ω Ra=0.24Ω n2=1200rpm
IL2=125 A Φ2= 1.3Φ1
Pout 15 * 103
I L1 = = = 120 Amp.
V L1 125
Ea1=VL1+IL1Rf+IaRa=VL1+IL1[Rf+Ra] as IL=Ia
Ea1=125+120[0.15+0.24]=171.8 V
Ea1 φ1n1
=
E a 2 φ 2 n2
φnE 1.3φ1 * 1200 * 171.8
E a 2 = 2 2 a1 = = 233.05 V
φ1n1 φ1 * 1150
Ea2=VL2+IL2Rf+IaRa=VL2+IL2[Rf+Ra]
VL2=Ea2-IL2[Rf+Ra]=233.05-125[0.15+0.24]=184.3 volt

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 (Shunt excited generators)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤J ٢

K١٦J ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬     ،‫א‬    ‫א‬      ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 :‫א‬‫א‬
Ea = VL + I a Ra 2-13
 V f = VL = I f R f 2-14
 Ia = IL + I f 2-15
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٪٥ ٪١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦J ٢
 ‫א‬ ،  ٢٤٠ ‫א‬   ٣٥٠     ‫א‬  ٥J ٢ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٥٥  ٠ ,٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IL=350 A VL=240 V Ra=0.02Ω Rf=55Ω ‫א‬
VfVL 240
If = =
= = 4.36 Amp
Rf Rf 55
Ia=IL+If=350+4.36=354.36 Amp
Ea=VL+IaRa=240+354.36*0.02=247.1 V

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ، ٥٠٠ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬    ٦J ٢ 
‫א‬ ٦٠ ٢٠٠،٩٥‫א‬ ٠,٠١‫א‬
 K٠, ٠٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٢٠
‫א‬
2p=2a [lap winding] Za=500 Ra=0.01Ω Rf=95Ω Pout=200*60=12000W
VL=120 V Φ=0.02 wb/pole
Pout=VL*IL
P 200 * 60
I L = out = = 100 A
VL 120
V 120
If = f = = 1.26 A
Rf 95
Ia=IL+If=100+1.26=101.26 A
Ea=VL+IaRa=120+101.26*0.01=121.01 V
2p
Ea = φZ a n / 60
2a
2p
121.01 = * 0.02 * 500 * n / 60
2p
n=121.01*60/(0.02*500)=726 rpm
 (Compound excited generators)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٤J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
(cumulative compound )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(differential compound)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(short-shunt)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،(long-shunt) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   E‫א‬‫א‬  
،١٧J ٢‫א‬‫א‬،١٧J ٢‫א‬
Ksh‫א‬‫א‬se‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ea = VL + I a Ra + I L Rse 2-16
I a = I L + I sh 2-17
 I se = I L 2-18
 :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ea = VL + I a ( Ra + Rse ) 2-19
I a = I L + I sh 2-20
I se = I a 2-21



 EFE F
 EFEF ‫א‬‫א‬١٧J ٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(demagnetize the machine)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ K  ٢٣٠    ٦٠        ٧J ٢ 
 ٠,٠١‫א‬‫א‬، ٠,٠٤‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢٥‫א‬‫א‬
VL=230 V IL=60 A Ra=0.04 Ω Rse=0.01Ω Rsh=125Ω ‫א‬
Vsh VL 230
I sh = = = = 1.84 A
Rsh Rsh 125
Ia=IL+Ish=60+1.84=61.84 A
Ea=VL+Ia(Ra+Rse)=230+61.84*(0.04+0.01)=233.092 Volt

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 (Characteristic Curves of DC Generators) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢

  ‫א‬  J ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    
  ‫א‬ J ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ 
،  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
      Ea ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   2a,2P  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KN‫א‬‫א‬،Φ‫א‬‫א‬
 Ea = kφ N
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 KVL‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
No-load characteristic, Eo=f(If), N=constant ‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬  (o.c.c)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬(If) ‫א‬(Eo)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Load characteristic, VL=f(If), Ia and N=constant ‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬ (If)‫א‬  (VL) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬
External characteristic, VL=f(IL), If and N=constant ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

K‫א‬‫א‬(IL)‫א‬(VL)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Internal characteristic, Ea=f(Ia), If and N=constant ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ٢
 No-load characteristic‫א‬‫א‬ J
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ea‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ea = kφ
 (If) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 Ea = k ′I f
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Eo‫א‬
     ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،١٨J ٢ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬  
‫א‬،If ‫א‬ Eo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  (b) ‫א‬ ،(a)  ‫א‬   ١٨J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 EFEF
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬١٨J ٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Load characteristic‫א‬‫א‬J
      ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬،(armature reaction)‫א‬ (Eo)‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ (Ea) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    (VL) ‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬   E‫א‬F ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ،(IaRa)
‫א‬FVL، VL‫א‬‫א‬(RL)‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬    E ‫א‬F ‫א‬  E
J ٢،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩J ٢K‫א‬‫א‬
I‫א‬‫א‬ III،١٩J ٢‫א‬ K‫א‬١٩
‫א‬،III‫א‬(IaRa)AB ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ CB‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ II
‫א‬(VL)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (CD)‫א‬‫א‬  (Eo)‫א‬
 K‫א‬


 EFEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬١٩J ٢
 (External characteristic)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠J ٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ea(II)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٣٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Eo‫א‬ (I)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ،(III)  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(IL)‫א‬(VL)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Internal characteristic)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬،Ea=f(Ia)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠J ٢ II‫א‬
‫א‬(IL) ‫א‬‫א‬(Ia)‫א‬‫א‬(Ea)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ Ea  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   AB ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ε ‫א‬    ،٢٠J ٢  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
E o − VL
 %ε = ∗ 100 2-22
VL


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٤٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

    ،‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬    K ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ (Magnetization curve)  ‫א‬  ٢١J ٢‫א‬  ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬(Eo)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(If)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Er)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،(Rf)‫א‬ (Lf)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K(Residual magnetism) Er‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٥J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢J ٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(RL)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(Ia)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬K(VL)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢J ٢
I ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   III 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KA.C‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ OPK IL‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٢J ٢
EIIIF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IaRa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Ea‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EIIF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ II‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،I‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬ ‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬


 EFEF
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢J ٢

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٥J ٢
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٣J ٢   I ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ III‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ II‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ IV ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E − AA
 %ε = o ∗100 2-23
AA


 EFEF
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٣J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٥J ٢
 (long-shunt )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬ K(short-shunt)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
   E  ‫א‬  ‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬   W‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ VL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٤J ٢

-٤٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬  WJ

    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬VL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ WJ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K٢٤J ٢‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٤J ٢
Energy Losses and Efficiency of DC Generators‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢
،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EF،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
F          ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬
 Magnetic losses (Iron losses)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 Electrical losses (Cupper losses)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J

 Mechanical losses (Friction losses)E‫א‬FJ


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :Hysteresis loss‫א‬‫א‬J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wh = B1g.6 f 2-24
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEddy current loss E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 We = Bg2 f 2-25
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٢J ٦J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Armature cupper loss=I aRa 
2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J
 For shunt machine=I2shRsh(or VIsh)
 K‫א‬‫א‬
2
 For series machine=I seRse
 W‫א‬‫א‬J
 Loss due to brush contact resistance=IaVB
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VB
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦J ٢
‫א‬،(bearing)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٦J ٢
‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Prime mover)
،٢٥J ٢ Input power‫א‬
K H.P=746 Watt.W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، H.P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ Pi ‫א‬‫א‬ Pmech‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
WE‫א‬F‫א‬PgPg
Pg=Ea Ia
 Pg=Pin-(Pmech+Pi) 2-26
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Pg‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
J ٢K PL‫א‬ Pout‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٦

A B C
‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Pi&Pmech Pcu
Pin Pg Pout


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٥J ٢


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
o/p
‫א‬‫א‬
i/p VLIL
IaEa
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ I2seRse
I2shRsh
∆VIa
I2aR
Pmech+Pi


 ‫א‬‫א‬٢٦J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Efficiency‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٦J ٢
 ‫א‬    ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬J
B Ea I a
 ηm = = 2-27
A HP * 746
 W‫א‬‫א‬J
C VL I L
ηe = = 2-28
B Ea I a
 W‫א‬‫א‬J
o/ p C VL I L
 η = = η mη e = = 2-29
i/ p A HP * 746
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pout
η = 2-30
Pout + losses
P − losses
η = in 2-31
Pin
٤٥    L ١٠٠٠  ،     ٨J ٢ 
 ٠,٠٢‫א‬‫א‬ ٠,٠٥‫א‬‫א‬،K ٢٤٠‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ٦٥  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬٣٥٠٠

 ‫א‬
n=1000 rpm Pout=45 Kw VL=240 V Ra=0.05Ω Rse=0.02Ω Rsh=65Ω
Pi+Pmech=3500 W
P 45 * 103
I L = out = = 187.5 A
VL 240
V V 240
I sh = sh = L = = 3.7 A
Rsh Rsh 65
Ia=IL+Ish=187.5+3.7=191.2 A
Pcu=I2aRa+ I2aRse+ I2shRsh= I2a (Ra+Rse)+ I2shRsh

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

=(191.2)2*(0.05+0.02) + (3.7)2*65=3448.87 W
Losses=Pcu+Pi+Pmech
=3448.87+3500=6948.87 W
Pout 45 * 103
 η= = = 0.866 = 86.6%
Pout + Losses 45 * 103 + 6948.87

 ١٢٠٠، ٨ ٩J ٢

‫א‬K ٠,٠٢٢‫א‬‫א‬ ٦٠‫א‬،L ٦٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬K ٢٥٠‫א‬‫א‬ ٠,٠٤‫א‬‫א‬، ,٠٦
 K‫א‬٤٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
2p=8 2a=2 [wave winding] Za=1200 n=600 rpm Ia=60 A Φ=0.022 wb
Ra=0.06Ω Rse=0.04Ω Rsh=250Ω Pi+Pmech=3500W
2p
Ea = φZ a n / 60
2a
8
Ea = * 0.022 * 1200 * 600 / 60 = 1056 V
2
Ea=Va+IaRa
Va=Ea-IaRa=1056-60*0.06=1052.4 V
V 1052.4
I sh = a = = 4.21 A
Rsh 250
IL=Ia-If=60-4.21=55.79 A
VL=Va-ILRse=1052.4-55.79*0.04=1050.16 V
Pout=VLIL=1050.16*55.79=58589 W
Pcu=I2aRa+ I2LRse+ I2shRsh
=(60)2*0.06+(55.79)2*0.04+(4.21)2*250=4771.5 W
losses=Pcu+Pi+Pmech=4771.5+3500=8271.5 W
Pout 58589
η= = = 0.876 = 87.6%
Pout + Losses 58589 + 8271.5

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬ J ٦
K‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
K‫א‬J ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١١
‫א‬ ٢٣٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ J ١٢
١٢٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J WK ١,٢٥L ١٠٠٠
‫א‬٢١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J K‫א‬١,١‫א‬L
K٢٠٥‫א‬L١٢٠٠‫א‬J K١,٢
، ١٢٠ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ J ١٣
‫א‬٪١١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٢٠
‫א‬   ، ٢٥٠  ‫א‬K ٣٠  ‫א‬     J ١٤
‫א‬‫א‬K ٢٦٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ,١٢٥
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠٥‫א‬
، ٩٦٠ ٨‫א‬ J ١٥
 K,٢٥ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ٢٨٠    ٦{٥   L٥٠٠

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J   ‫א‬ J  W  ١٧٥ ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬J 
  ١٠٠ ، K,٨  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، ٤ ‫א‬    J ١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ٣٠٠،‫א‬
‫א‬   L ١٠٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬   ١٢ ‫א‬  ، ٠,٠٣ 
K
٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬K ٢٥ ‫א‬ ٤ J ١٧
   ٠,٠٤ ‫א‬‫א‬    ٠,٠٣ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ J  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J  W  ٢٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
K٠,٠٢‫א‬‫א‬L١٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬   ‫א‬  ٨٠ ‫א‬     ٢٥٠    J ١٨
‫א‬،‫א‬ ١٠٠، ٠,٠٣،K٠,٠٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٠‫א‬L١٥٠٠‫א‬ J ١٩
١٨٠٠  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ، ١٥٠ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬ ٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬L
K‫א‬K,١٥،, ١‫א‬‫א‬٪٥٠
٢٥٠‫א‬K٢٥L١٠٠٠ J ٢٠
١١٠،٠,٠٦، ٠,٠٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J W٪٨٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٤٥ L ١٠٠٠ J ٢١
 ٠,٠٢ ‫א‬‫א‬   ٠,٠٥ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ، ٢٤٠  
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ٦٥  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬٣٥٠٠‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

3
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

 ٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ أن‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

.٦W‫א‬‫א‬


.(F W‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


DC Motors ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬       ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬      E‫א‬F ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١J ٣K‫א‬
I B XX’‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬cd, ab‫א‬
 W
F=BIL 3-1
T ‫א‬    ،‫א‬    cd, ab ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣ Back e.m.f (Eb)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Back e.m.f)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2P n
Eb = φZ a
2a 60 3-2

‫א‬‫א‬، ٢J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ،‫א‬    ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٢J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬  K      ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
Ea = VL + I a Ra 3-3
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬ZE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
Ea = VL − I a Ra 3-4

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KE٤J ٣F،E٣J ٣F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 W٤J ٣‫א‬‫א‬
VL − Eb
Ia =
Ra 3-5
‫א‬،٢J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ Eb n‫א‬ ‫א‬
Eb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣
starting) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WEb=0٥J ٣‫א‬(current
VL
I a ( st ) =
  Ra 3-6
E‫א‬FRaEFVL‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 ٣J ٣‫א‬ Rst‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
VL
I a ( st ) =
Ra + Rst 3-7
K‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬٣J ٣

Developed Torque ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣

ra L‫א‬ ٤J ٣
 F‫א‬ Ic‫א‬KB n
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F = BLI
c 3-8
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
T = Fr
c a
= BLI r
ca
B 2πr L
= a I
2π c  3-9
-٥٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


2πraL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Φ = B(2πra L) 3-10
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٣‫א‬B
I
Tc = Φ c 3-11
2π
Za‫א‬‫א‬ Ia‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2p‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
T = Tc Z a 2 p
I
= Φ c Za 2 p
2π 3-12
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I
Ic = a
2a 3-13
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢J ٣‫א‬ ١٣J ٣‫א‬
W‫א‬
2p Φ
T= Z I
2a 2π a a 3-14
 W‫א‬‫א‬
T = KΦ I a
3-15
2 p Za
2a 2π =‫א‬K
KIa،Ф  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥J ٣‫א‬
 WEb‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣‫א‬‫א‬
E Ia
T= b
2πn
60 3-16
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
P
T=
ω   3-17

-٥٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ωE‫א‬ x‫א‬F EbIa =‫א‬ P

 W‫א‬‫א‬
2πn
ω=
60 3-18
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٦J ٣‫א‬

٤-٣ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬
Types of DC motors ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
 F ‫א‬        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 WE‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
    ‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 DC shunt motor ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٣
  RshE‫א‬F ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬   ٥J ٣  
  Ra ‫א‬   K‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K Rst‫א‬‫א‬
K

-٥٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣
 W٥J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Eb = Vin − I a Ra
 I in = I a + I sh  3-19
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E b = K nφ
b 3-20
 W‫א‬٢٠J ٣‫א‬١٩J ٣‫א‬
Eb V − I a Ra
n= = in
KΦ KΦ
 b b 3-21
 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 n=f(Ia) ‫א‬‫א‬J
 T=f(Ia)‫א‬‫א‬J
 n=f(T) ‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢١J ٣‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KI٦J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٥J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
KII٦J ٣‫א‬


-٥٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬ ٢١J ٣‫א‬ ١٥J ٣‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
Vin Ra
n= −T
KΦ K 2Φ 2
b
b 3-22
     K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ٢٢J ٣ ‫א‬
Vin
n=
KΦ
‫א‬ b ‫א‬ (T=0)‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ، ٢٢J ٣ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   (no load speed )
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٧J ٣K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٣







-٦٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٣
 :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L ٧٥٠ ٢٤٠‫א‬ ١J ٣
 KK‫א‬‫א‬٠,٠٥‫א‬‫א‬،٣٠
Vin=240 V n=750 rpm Ia=30 A Ra=0.05Ω ‫א‬
Eb=Vin-IaRa
=240-30*0.05=238.5 volt
T=EbIa/ω ω=2πn/60 rad/sec
 T=238.5*30/(2*π*750/60)=91.1 N.m





-٦١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


٩٦٠‫א‬، ٥٠٠‫א‬ ٢J ٣

٣   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ٥٢   ‫א‬  K  
‫א‬K‫א‬ ٢٠٠ ٠,٠٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬
2p=4 Vin=500 V Za=960 Iin=52 A Φ=3megalines Ra=0.04 Ω ‫א‬
Rsh=200 Ω
Ish=Vin/Rsh=500/200=2.5 A Ia=Iin-Ish=52-2.5=49.5 A
Eb=Vin-IaRa
=500- 49.5*0.04=498.02 V
2P n
Eb = φZ a
2a 60
4 n
498.03 = * (3 *10 6 *10 −8 ) * 960 *
2 60
n=512.77 rpm
ω=2πn/60 ω=2π*512.77/60=54.33 rad/sec
T=EbIa/ω T=498.03*49.5/54.33=453.75 N.m

 DC series motor‫א‬٢J ٤J ٣
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬    ٨J ٣  
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Eb=Vin-Ia(Ra+Rse) 3-23
Ia=Iin=Ise 3-24
 :Ia‫א‬،Ise‫א‬Φ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Φ=CIse=CIa 3-25
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥J ٣‫א‬
T=K´Ia2 3-26
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Eb = K b nΦ = K ′ nI a
b 3.27
 W‫א‬٢٣J ٣‫א‬٢٦J ٣‫א‬
Eb V − I a ( Ra + Rse )
n= = in
K ′I a K ′I a
b b 3-28

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬



 ‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٦J ٣‫א‬
‫א‬K ٩J ٣ (parabola)  ‫א‬
    ،   ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ٢٨J ٣
   (hyperabola) ‫א‬       ‫א‬  E‫א‬F ‫א‬
 K٩J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ٢٨J ٣‫א‬ ٢٥J ٣‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Vin R +R
n= − T a 2 2 se
αI a α Ia 3-29
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢٩J ٣‫א‬٢٦J ٣‫א‬
Vin Ra + Rse
n= −
 αT α 3-30
K١٠J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣٠J ٣‫א‬
 (T=0) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬


-٦٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


٥٠‫א‬ ٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣

‫א‬K,١‫א‬,١٥ ‫א‬،L١٠٠٠‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٨٠ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vin= 220 V Ia1=50A n1=1000rpm Ra=0.15 Ω Rse=0.1Ω n2=0.8n1 ‫א‬
Ia2=60A
Eb1=Vin-Ia1 (Ra+Rse)
=220-50(0.15+0.1)=207.5 V
Eb2=Vin-Ia2 (Ra+Rse)
=220-60(0.15+0.1)=205 V
T1=Eb1Ia1/ω1
=207.5*50/(2π*1000/60)=99.07 N.m
T2=Eb2Ia2/ω2
=205*60/(2π*0.8*1000/60)=146.82 N.m

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 ٢٢٠        ‫א‬‫א‬      ٤J ٣ 
٦٣٠ ‫א‬      K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ٥٢ ‫א‬  
,١ ,٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٠,٠١٨‫א‬‫א‬
٪٦٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
2p=4 Vin=220V Ia=52A Za=630 Φ=0.018 wb Ra=0.2Ω Rse=0.1Ω T2=0.6T1 ‫א‬
Eb1=Vin-Ia1(Ra+Rse)
=220-52(0.2+0.1)=204.4V
2p n
Eb1 = φZ a 1
2a 60
4 n
204.4 = * 0.018 * 630 * 1
2 60
n1=541 rpm
T1=Eb1Ia1/ω1 =204.4*52/(2π*541/60)=187.61 N.m
TαIa2
T2 I a22 I a22
= 0.6 = 2 =
T1 I a1 (52) 2
I a 2 = 0.6 * (52) 2 = 40.3 A
Eb2=Vin-Ia2(Ra+Rse)
=220-40.3(0.2+0.1)=208 V
E b 2 n 2 Φ 2 n2 I a 2
= =
Eb1 n1Φ 1 n1 I a1
208 n2 * 40.3
=
204.4 541 * 52
208 * 541 * 52
n2 =
204.4 * 40.3
n2=710 rpm

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 DC compound motor‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬١١J ٣،

J J ‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬
Eb = Vin − I a Ra − I in Rse 3-31
Vsh = I sh R sh = Vin − I in Rse 3-32
I in = I se = I a + I sh 3-33
V − I a Ra − I in Rse
n = in 3-34
KΦ
:‫א‬‫א‬
Eb = Vin − I a ( Ra + Rse ) 3-35
Vsh = I sh R sh = Vin 3-36
I in = I a + I sh 3-37
V − I a ( Ra + Rse )
n = in 3-38
KΦ

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬    Φ  ‫א‬  ١٦J ٣ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
      ،E ‫א‬ ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 :(Comulative compound motor)‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Φ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢J ٣،‫א‬‫א‬
: (Level compound motor)J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ Φ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢J ٣،‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Differential compound motor)J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ΦK‫א‬
 K١٢J ٣‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢J ٣
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬   ‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Rolling mills )

-٦٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،‫א‬     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Speed control and reversal ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣
 ، E ٣٤J ٣، ٢٩J ٣، ٢١J ٣F ‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬WJ
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S1, S2, S3 ‫א‬‫א‬K١٣J ٢
‫א‬ ١٣J ٣K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٣J ٣K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
     S1, S2, S3 ‫א‬      S ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣J ٣

-٦٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WJ
،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
،١٤J ٣      ? ?  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،GM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،M’
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
(flux control)‫א‬‫א‬WJ
  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬       ٢٩J ٣ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬

??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤J ٣

-٧٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
I-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Φ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ Iin‫א‬K‫א‬ in
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٥J ٣K‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٥J ٣‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬١٦J ٣


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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬



‫א‬‫א‬١٦J ٣
Starting Methods‫א‬٦J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Vin − Eb
Ia = 3-39
Ra
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Vin − Eb
Ia = 3-40
Ra + Rse
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤٠J ٣،٣٩J ٣،٣J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Vin
 I starting = 3-41
Ra
 W‫א‬‫א‬

Vin
I starting = 3-42
Ra + Rse

-٧٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


,١‫א‬٢٠٠‫א‬‫א‬،٤٢J ٣،٤١J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬E١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(starter)
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(A)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٧J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(B)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Rst‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
on‫א‬٣٢١‫א‬(A)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
(on)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(off)‫א‬

-٧٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


١٧J ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٣
EF ٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (overload)‫א‬
١٨J ٣‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬(s)‫א‬‫א‬(circuit breaker)
،off‫א‬ A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C‫א‬ B‫א‬‫א‬ A
     K‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
A‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬D‫א‬ C‫א‬
A‫א‬‫א‬Rst‫א‬‫א‬KC‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬on‫א‬
C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S‫א‬‫א‬
 on‫א‬ A‫א‬‫א‬ D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ A‫א‬ (spring)‫א‬ off‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،F        E 
‫א‬،E‫א‬ F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ C‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬

١٨J ٣

 Losses and Efficiency ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Mechanical loss‫א‬‫א‬J
 Copper loss‫א‬‫א‬J
Iron loss‫א‬‫א‬J
،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ٣
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
(W).‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ١٩J ٣     Input power‫א‬
،Pg ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬Pg
Pg=Ea Ia
 Pg=Pin-Pcu 3-43
 Pmech    ‫א‬    Pg ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   Pin  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠J ٣KPout‫א‬
 W‫• א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬J
o / p HP * 746
η = =
 i/ p Vin I in 3-44
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pout
η =
Pout + losses 3-45
Pin − losses
η =
Pin 3-46

‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
Pcu Pi&Pmech
Pin Pg Pout HP

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩J ٣

-٧٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ o/p
HP
i/p IaEa

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Pmech+Pi
∆VI
I2seRse
2
I shR sh
I2aRa

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬ ٥J ٣
٪٩١‫א‬K٥٥٠،L٩٦٠
 W‫א‬KK,١‫א‬٢٧٥‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
K,٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
HP=150 n=960rpm Vin=550V η=91% Rsh=275Ω Ra=0.1Ω ‫א‬
Pout
η=
Pin
150 * 746
0.91 =
Pin
150 * 746
Pin = = 122967 W
0.91
Pin = Vin I in 122967 = 550 * I in I in = 122967 / 550 = 223.6 A
V V 550
I sh = sh = in = =2 A
Rsh Rsh 275
I a = I in − I sh = 223.6 − 2 = 221.6 A
Pcu = I a2 Ra + I sh2 Rsh = (221.6) 2 * 0.1 + (2) 2 * 275 = 6011 W
Plosses = Pin − Pout = 122967 − 150 * 746 = 11067 W

-٧٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


Plosses = Pmech + Pi + Pcu

- Pmech + Pi = Plosses − Pcu = 11067 − 6011 = 5056 W
Eb = Vin − I a Ra = 550 − 221.6 * 0.1 = 527.84 V
EI EI 527.84 * 221.6 * 60
-T = b a = b a = = 1163.5 N .m
ω 2πn 2 * π * 960
60
TαΦ Ia
 Φ،‫א‬
TαI a
T1 I a1
= = 0.6
T Ia
I a1 = 0.6 * I a = 0.6 * 221.6 = 132.96 A
Eb1 = Vin − I a1 ( Ra + Rad ) = 550 − 132.96 * (0.1 + 0.2) = 510.1 V
E b1 I a1 E b1 I a1
T1 = =
ω1 2π n1
60
510.1 * 132.96 * 60
0.6 * 1163.5 =
2 * π * n1
510.1 * 132.96 * 60
- n1 = = 928 rpm
2 * π * 0.6 * 1163.5

-٧٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫ א‬J ٦
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
‫؟‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٩
  ٥٤٠  ‫א‬   ٢٢٠J  ٤‫א‬  J ١٠
١‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K ٦ ٣٢‫א‬،‫א‬
‫–א‬ ٠,٠٣‫א‬‫א‬ ,٩‫א‬
K‫א‬‫–א‬
K٥٠‫א‬L٥٠٠ ٢٢٠‫א‬ J ١١
K,٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٨٤‫א‬ ٤ J  ٢٥٠‫א‬ J ١٢
‫א‬ ,٢٥، ,٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٢٥‫א‬
K‫א‬٤٠‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ١٠٠ ‫א‬   L ٨٥٠    ٢٤٠ ‫א‬  J ١٣
‫א‬ ‫א‬، ,١، ,١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، ٣٠ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬

-٧٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬


 ٥٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٥٠٠‫א‬ J ١٤

‫א‬K ٢٤٥‫א‬K,٨‫א‬‫א‬، ٢١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٨٢٠‫א‬٤‫א‬ J ١٥
L ١٢٠٠‫א‬، ٢‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K ١٢٠ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،  ٦  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،١٢٠،٠,٠٥،,١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬   –  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ J  W
K‫א‬

-٨٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

4
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩

 ٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K٨ W‫א‬‫א‬

KEF W‫א‬‫א‬

 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Single Phase Transformers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬      
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    K ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(core) 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١J ٤F‫א‬
، (Magnetic flux)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،N1     (primary winding) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
  KN2   (secondary winding) ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א؟‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٤
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Power transformers)‫א‬-
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Electronic transformers) ‫א‬-
  K       ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬      (Instrument transformers) ‫א‬ -
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J
 E‫א‬F‫א‬J
 J
 J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬J
 ‫א‬J
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

١J ٤

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬٢J ١J ٤

  (windings) ‫א‬ ،(core)‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (legs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(core)‫א‬‫א‬J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (yoke)‫א‬‫א‬
K,٣٥‫א‬‫א‬ ،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ,K٣,K٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK,٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
       ،   ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬  ‫א‬       ،‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K٢J ٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 (Leg) ٢J ٤

:‫א‬

(Core type) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 

‫א‬     ١J ٤    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬L‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
   ،EF   ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،٣J ٤    ‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬    ‫א‬
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 core type‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤

Shell typeE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J 
‫א‬،٤J ٤IE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،EFIE
‫א‬‫א‬EF E I
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

shell type‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬     W(windings) ‫א‬J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،(disc windings)‫א‬‫א‬،(cylindrical windings)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢J ٤
 ‫א‬   ،   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ 
K(Sandwich) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬    ،‫א‬    ٥J ٤   Kcore) (type
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K,١‫א‬K,٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤




-٨٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤

 ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ،‫א‬  
   ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K٦J ٤،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٤

‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Ideal Transformer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،٧J ٤    ‫א‬      
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    EF   ،   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،v1  ‫א‬‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬     
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ e1،Ф‫א‬
-٨٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

dΦ
v1 = e1 = N1 4-1
dt
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   N1 
 W
dΦ
v 2 = e2 = N 2 4-2
dt
‫א‬١J ٤‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬e2،‫א‬N2 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤
v1 e1 N1
= = 4-3
v 2 e2 N 2
N1
 ‫א‬   N1>N2  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬     
N2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ N2>N1‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
v1i1 = v2 i2 4-4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤‫א‬٣J ٤‫א‬
i1 N 2
 = 4-5
i2 N 1

 ‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٤



 

-٨٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

١J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬  ٧J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬
Kv2‫א‬‫א‬v1‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬،٥J ٤‫א‬٣J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
V1  N 1  V2
= 
I 1  N 2  I 2
4-6
 WZ2(load impedance)‫א‬
V2
= Z2
I2 4-7
 ٦J ٤‫א‬٧J ٤‫א‬
2
V1  N 1 
=  Z2
I 1  N 2 
4-8
 Z2’‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z2‫א‬٨J ٤‫א‬
2
N 
Z 2′ =  1  Z 2
 N2  4-9
Z2‫א‬Z’2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٨J ٤
 K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬





 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٤



-٨٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Φ (t ) = Φ m sin ωt 4-10
 W‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤‫א‬‫א‬
 e1 (t ) = N 1Φ mω cosωt 4-11
 W‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٤‫א‬ ‫א‬f،ω=2πf 
 e1 (t ) = 2πN 1Φ m f sin(ωt + 90 )
o
4-12
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 e1 (t ) = 2 E1 sin(ωt + 90 )
o
4-13
 We1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1
2π
E1 = N 1Φ m f
 2 
E1 = 4.44 N 1Φ m f 4-14
‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W
 E2 = 4.44 N 2 Φ m f 4-15
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥J ٤‫א‬ ١٤J ٤‫א‬
E1‫א‬١٣J ٤‫א‬١٠J ٤‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Ko٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬








-٩٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،L ٥٠ ‫א‬ ١J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٠‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ – ٢L١٠٠٠٠ ‫א‬
 K٣٠٠٠L٢٢٠‫א‬

B=10000lines/cm2 A=20x20=400cm2 E1=3000 V E2=220V ‫א‬
Φ=BA=10000*400*10-8=0.04 wb
E=4.44fΦN
E1=4.44fΦN1 N1=3000/(4.44*50*0.04)=338 turns
E2=4.44fΦN2 N2=220/(4.44*50*0.04)=25 turns



 ٤٠‫א‬ ٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٥‫א‬ ٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬، ٣٠٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬

KVA=25 N1=500 N2=40 V1=3000V ‫א‬
V1 N 1 500
= = = 12.5
V2 N 2 40
3000
V2 = = 240V
12.5
KVA 25 *10 3
I1 = = = 8.33 A
V1 3000
KVA N 2 500
I2 = = I1 = * 8.33 = 104.13 A
V2 N1 40
E1 = 4.44 fφN 1
3000
φ= = 0.027 wb
4.44 * 50 * 500



-٩١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

٦٠٤٤٠L١١٠ ،٥‫א‬  ٣J ٤

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K,٨٤٠‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬J W‫א‬،


‫א‬
 KVA=5 V1/V2=440/110 f=60 Hz I2=40 A P.F=0.8 lead
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V2 = 110∠0 volt 
I 2 = 40∠ cos −1 0.8 A
I 2 = 40∠36.87 o A
-The transformer ratio is
V1 N 1 440
= = =4
V2 N 2 110
Thus
V1=440 V
N2 1
I1 = I 2 = (40∠36.87 o ) = 10∠36.87 o A
N1 4
- The load impedance is
V 110∠0
Z2 = 2 = = 2.75∠ − 36.87 o Ω
I 2 40∠36.87 o

- The impedance of the load referred to the primary side is

2
 N1 
Z 2′ =   Z 2 = (4) 2 (2.75∠ − 36.87 o = 44∠ − 36.87 o Ω
 N2 
V 440
or Z 2′ = 1 = = 44∠ − 36.87 o Ω
I 1 10∠36.87 o

-٩٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤
‫א‬  ،          ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،R1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KR2‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ،    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
X1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KX1=2πfL1 ‫א‬‫א‬(Leakage reactance)
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬         ‫א‬ ‫א‬
X2 ‫א‬      ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٩J ٤K‫א‬ (X2=2πfL2)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٤


-٩٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Xo K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  Ro،
 ‫א‬   ،     ‫א‬   Io Ia ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ E١٠J ٤ F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   K ‫א‬  Im ‫א‬
 ١١J ٤K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١١J ٤‫א‬‫א‬
( )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٤
N1
V2′ = V2 4-16
N2
N
I 2′ = 2 I 2 4-17
N1
2
N 
R2′ = R2  1  4-18
 N2 
2
N 
X 2′ = X 2  1  4-19
 N2 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٤

-٩٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E ‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  E
 ‫א‬F 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،١٢J ٤
K١٣J ٤‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣J ٤

١٣J ٤،١٢J ٤Xeq1‫א‬‫א‬Req1‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Req1 = R1 + R2′ 4-20
X eq1 = X 1 + X 2′ 4-21
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
N 
 Z L′ = Z L  1   4-22
 N2 


-٩٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
N2
V1′ = V1 4-23
N1
N
I 1′ = 1 I 1 4-24
N2
2
N 
R1′ = R1  2  4-25
 N1 
2
N 
X 1′ = X 1  2  4-26
 N1 
‫א‬‫א‬،١٤J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ Xeq2‫א‬‫א‬Req2
Req 2 = R1′ + R2
4-27
′
 X eq 2 = X 1 + X 2 4-28


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤J ٤








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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠٠L٢٠٠٠١٠٠‫א‬٤J ٤
R1=0.01 Ω X1=0.03 Ω R2=0.25 Ω X2=0.75 Ω R0=500 Ω W
 Xo=150 Ω
‫א‬KK,٨٢٠٠٠‫א‬٩٠
 KEF١٢J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2 2
N   400 
 R1=0.015 Ω X1=0.035 Ω R2′ = R2  1  = 0.25  = 0.01Ω
N
 2  2000 
2 2
N   400 
X 2′ = X 2  1  = 0.75  = 0.03Ω
N
 2  2000 
Req=R1+R’2=0.015+0.01=0.025Ω Xeq=X1+X’2=0.035+0.03=0.065 Ω
Zo=Ro//JXo=500//J150
The voltage V2=2000 V; thus
N1  400 
V2′ = V2 = 2000  = 400V
N2  2000 
The current I2=KVA*103/V2=90*103/2000=45 A
N2  2000 
I 2′ = I2 =  45 = 225 A
N1  400 
The power factor=0.8 lagging
I 2′ = 225∠ − 36.87 o
V1=V’2+I’2(Req+JXeq)
= 400∠0 + 225∠ − 36.87 o (0.025 + J 0.065)
= 400∠0 + 225∠ − 36.87 o * 0.07∠68.96 o
= 400∠0 + 15.75∠32.1o
V1 = 400 + 13.34 + J 8.37 = 413.34 + J 8.37 = 413.42∠1.16V
500 * J 150 75000∠90 o
Zo = = = 143.7∠73.3 o Ω
500 + J 150 522∠16.7 o

V 413.42∠1.16
Io = 1 = = 2.88∠ − 72.14 A
Zo 143.7∠73.3
I 1 = I 2′ + I o = 225∠ − 36.87 o + 2.88∠ − 73.3o
= 180 − J 135 + 0.83 − J 2.76 = 180.83 − J 137.83 = 227.37∠ − 37.31o A

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

١٣J ٤‫א‬‫א‬EF١٢J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬

 Transformer operation ‫א‬٦J ٤

 No load operation‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Io‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬      ‫א‬     
‫א‬ Ia‫א‬،Im, Ia  Io‫א‬K
 V1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Im،‫א‬
 
 V1 = Em sin ωt 4-29
‫א‬o٩٠‫א‬Im‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Φ = Φ m cos ωt 4-30
o٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ia
 KIo‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KIm‫א‬
ρ ρ ρ
 I o = I m + I a 4-31
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬١٥J ٤
 W‫א‬Im،Ia‫א‬
I a = I o cos φ o
  4-32
I m = I o sin φ o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Io‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬φo
‫א‬X1R1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρ ρ ρρ
 V1 = E1 + I o Z 1 4-32
 K Z 1 = R12 + X 12 

-٩٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Po = V1 I o cos φ o  4-34
 W‫א‬‫א‬Ro‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V1 V1
 Ro = =  4-35
I a I o cos φ o
 W‫א‬‫א‬Xo‫א‬
V1 V1
 Xo = =  4-36
I m I o sin φ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Io‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



 ‫א‬١٥J ٤

-٩٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Load operation‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٤
I2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFZL‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬I2
K١٧J ٤‫א‬I’2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Io‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ρ ρ ρ
 I 1 = I 2′ + I a 4-37
 W‫א‬I2‫א‬
V2
I2 = 4-38
ZL
‫א‬‫א‬، ١٧J ٤‫א‬I’2
K١٦J ٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬١٦J ٤


-١٠٠-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Transformer regulation‫א‬٣J ٦J ٤
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V2 ( noload ) − V2 ( rated )
Percentage Voltage Re gulation ( PVR) = x100 4-39
V2 ( rated )
V’1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،E١٤J ٤  ‫א‬F‫א‬  
W‫א‬V’1‫א‬‫א‬
V1′ − V2
 Percentage Voltage Re gulation( PVR) = x100 4-40
V2
 W‫א‬V’1
V1′ = V2 + I 2 ( Req 2 + JX eq 2 ) 4-41
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I 2 ( Req 2 cos φ 2 + X eq 2 sin φ 2 ) 1  I 2 ( X eq 2 cos φ 2 − Req 2 sin φ 2 )  2 
 ( PVR) =  +   100 4-42
 V2 2 V2  
E١٣J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
V1 − V2′
 Percentage Voltage Re gulation( PVR) = x100 4-43
V2′
 W‫א‬V1
 V1 = V2′ + I 2′ ( Req1 + JX eq1 ) 4-44
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I R cos φ1 I 1 X eq1 sin φ1 
( PVR) =  1 eq1 + 100 4-45
 V 1
V 1 
‫א‬F٤٥J ٤‫א‬٤٢J ٤‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



-١٠١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Equivalent circuit parameters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٤

،٥J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،R2‫א‬‫א‬،X1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،R1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KXo‫א‬Ro‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،X2‫א‬‫א‬
X1=X’2R1=R’2‫א‬K‫א‬N1/N2 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
ρl1
 R1 =
A1
ρl
 R2 = 2
A2
l2 ,A2 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬l1 ,A1 ،‫א‬‫א‬ρ
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
R1 l1 A2
 =
R2 l 2 A1
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
l1 N1
 =
l2 N 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A2 I 2 N1
 = =
A1 I 1 N 2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
N 
 R1 = R2  1 
 N2 
 W‫א‬
 R1 = R2′
،٢٠J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٢١J ٤‫א‬
 Req = 2 R1 = 2 R2′ 4-46
 X eq = 2 X 1 = 2 X 2′ 4-47

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬           ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬KReq,Xeq, Ro,Xo
  No load test ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬(open circuit test)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
J ٤،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Po‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Io‫א‬K١٧
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:Ro,Xo

 Po = I oVo cos φ o
Po
 cos φ o =
I oVo
 I a = I o cos φ o
 I m = I o sin φ o
V1
 Ro =
Ia
V
 Rm = 1
Im

 ‫א‬١٧J ٤




-١٠٣-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 Short circuit test‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧J ٤

،١٨J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vsc‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KI2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬   ،Isc ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬  ،Psc ‫א‬   ‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Req, Xeq‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Vsc
Psc = I sc2 Req 4-48
Vsc
Z sc = = Req2 + X eq2 4-49
I sc
‫א‬KXeq٤٩J ٤‫א‬،Req ٤٨J ٤‫א‬
 ‫א‬ R1,X1,R’2,X’2       ٤٧J ٤ ،٤٦J ٤ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬R2,X2‫א‬

 ‫א‬١٨J ٤








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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ K ٢٣٠٠L٢٣٠    ٥٠٠  ‫א‬      ٥J ٤ 
٩,٤ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٢٢٥٠ ‫א‬  ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ٨٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٢٣٠٠‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ٩٤,٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Open circuit test: Vo=2300V Io=9.4A Po=2250W ‫א‬

Short circuit test: Vsc=94.5V Isc=Irated Psc=8220W

Po = I oVo cos φ o
P 2250
cos φ o = o = = 0.1156
I oVo 9.4 * 2300
φ o = cos −1 (0.1156) = 83.36 o
V Vo 2300
Ro = 1 = = = 2116Ω
I a I o cos φ o 9.4 * 0.1156

V1 Vo 2300
Rm = = = = 246.33Ω
I m I o sin φ o 9.4 * 0.9933
500 *10 3
I sc = I f .l = = 217.39 A
2300
P 8220
Req = sc2 = = 0.1739Ω
I sc (217.39) 2
V
Z sc = sc = ( Req2 + X eq2 )
I sc
2
 94.5 
  = (0.1739) + X eq
2 2

 217.39 
As a result, we get Xeq=0.3984Ω
Req
0.1739
R1 = R2′ = = = 0.08695Ω
2 2
X eq 0.3984
X 1 = X 2′ = = = 0.1992Ω
2 2

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

2
N 
R2′ = R2  1 
 N2 
2
N 
2
 230 
R2 = R2′  2  = 0.08695 *   = .0008695Ω
 N1   2300 
2
N 
X 2′ = X 2  1 
 N2 
2
N 
2
 230 
X 2 = X 2′  2  = 0.1992 *   = .001992Ω
N
 1  2300 

Losses and Efficiency ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٤

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ٤
، Cupper loss‫א‬ Iron loss‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  Po ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ،    ‫א‬    ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Piron=Po 4-50
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬E٪٥٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pcu=Psc 4-51
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Pcu ( sc ) = I sc2 Req  4-52
 Pcu ( f .l ) = I 2f .l Req 4-53
-١٠٦-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

2
I 
 Pcu ( f .l ) = Pcu ( sc )  f .l   4-54
 I sc 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Pcu ( x ) = x 2 Pcu ( f .l )  4-55
 ‫א‬٢J ٨J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬output power‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
P2
η= x100
P2 + Piron + Pcu 4-56
P2
η= x100
P1 4-57
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P1،‫א‬P2
 P2 = V2 I 2 cosφ 2  4-58
 KPower factor‫א‬cosφ2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٦J ٤‫א‬٥٨J ٤‫א‬P2
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
V2 I 2 cos φ 2
η= 100
V2 I 2 cos φ 2 + Piron + I 2 Req
2

 4-59

‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬،٥٠٠‫א‬٦J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٧٥٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K,٨
KVA=500 Piron =2500W Pcu(f.l.)=7500 W cosφ=0.8 ‫א‬

P2=500*103*0.8=400000 W
P2 400000
η= x100 = x100 = 97.56%
P2 + Piron + Pcu 400000 + 7500 + 2500
At half load

-١٠٧-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

P2(1/2)=1/2*500*103*0.8=200000W
Pcu(x)=x2Pcu(f.l)
Pcu(1/2)=1/4*7500=1875W
P2 (1 / 2 ) 200000
η= x100 = x100 = 97.86%
P2 (1 / 2 ) + Piron + Pcu (1 / 2 ) 200000 + 1875 + 2500
٥J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٤
 K,٨

 W‫א‬

V2=230 V Pi=2250 W Req2=0.00173Ω Xeq2=0.00398Ω I2=500*103/230=2174A

Thus, substituting in Equation 2-42, we get

 2174(0.00173(0.8) + 0.00398(0.6)) 1  2174(0.00398(0.8) − 0.00173(0.6))  2 

( PVR) =  +   100
 230 2  230  
= 3.64%

Also, substituting in Equation 4-59, we get

230 * 2174 * 0.8

η= 2
* 100 = 97.46%
230 * 2174 * 0.8 + 2250 + 2174 * 0.00173
 Auto-transformer ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١٩J ٤‫א‬
 K‫א‬K٢٠J ٤
‫א‬ BC‫א‬ (N1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٩J ٤ AB‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(N2)‫א‬

-١٠٨-
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 WK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V1 N 1 I L
 = =  5-60
V2 N 2 I 1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 I 2 = I L − I 1  4-61
 C‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬      ‫א‬‫א‬     ‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
K“Variac”  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  K٢٠J ٤  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢,٥ W١
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬


 ‫א‬١٩J ٤


 ‫א‬‫א‬٢٠J ٤


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
K‫؟‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٦
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٧
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٥
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ، ٦٠  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   J ١٦
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ٢٥X٢٠  ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ٢L ٠,٠٠٠١‫א‬
K٣٠٠٠L٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ o٣٠‫א‬ ١٠‫א‬K١W٤‫א‬‫א‬ J ١٧
J ،‫א‬‫א‬K١٢٠،‫א‬
 ‫א‬ – ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ – ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K٤٠٠L٢٠٠٠ ‫א‬   ، ‫א‬   ٥٠  ‫א‬   J ١٨
 K K,٨    ٢٠٠٠      ٤٠  
K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬J W‫א‬
  ٦٠٠٠L٦٦٠ ‫א‬   ،   ٢٠٠ ‫א‬   J ١٩
R1=1.56Ω R2=0.016Ω X1=4.67Ω X2=0.048Ω W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K,٢٦٣,٩٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،٢٣٠٠L٢٣٠‫א‬،٥٠٠‫א‬J ٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬J ١W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Vo=230V Io=94A Po=2250W
‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
Vsc=100V  Isc=228A   Psc=9.2KW
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٣٠٠L٢٠٠ ‫א‬     ٢٥  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ J ٢١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Vo=3300V Io=0.8A Po=300W
Vo=100V Io=7.5A Po=580W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬   ‫א‬  ، ,٨   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬


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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

5
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤


 ٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

. ٤ W‫א‬‫א‬


KEF W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

Three Phase Transformers‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K       ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
 three phase) ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (transformer
K٥٠٠، ١J ٥K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Core type W‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٥

    ‫א‬‫א‬    ،‫א‬    ٢J ٥  
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V-U‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ v-u‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 EF
 ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥








-١١٤-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Shell type WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥
‫א‬٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Star-Star Y-Y ‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬ J
Delta-Delta ∆-∆ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬J
 Star-Delta Y-∆ ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬J
 Delta-Star ∆-Y ‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬J

 Y-YJ ١J ٢J ٥
Y‫א‬‫א‬،J ‫א‬٤J ٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KY‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬(Third-harmonic)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬



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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Y-Y٤J ٥

 ∆-∆J ٢J ٢J ٥
  ،   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬     ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬       K٥J ٥   
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬


 ∆-∆٥J ٥


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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 Y-∆J ٣J ٢J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٦J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Y-∆٦J ٥

 ∆- Y  J ٤J ٢J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧J ٥K‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ∆- Y٧J ٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K K‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬        ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(KVA)‫א‬
(container) ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ (radiators)‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (forced cooling)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ٨J ٥   K‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ١٠٠٠٨J ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EFJ
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ،K          K‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬      K‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬    
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬         K‫א‬  ،‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
-١١٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  (circulating current)  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IZ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫؟‬K‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬    ،(phase sequence)‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  J ٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
  ،  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬     ٩J ٥  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٥

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K١٩٨٨،L،?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
K١٩٨٨،L،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬ J   ،SI ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫ א‬J ٣
K١٩٨١‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬LL،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

5- Electrical Technology, Edward Hughes , ISBN:0-07-02134-5
6- Electrical Machines, G. R. Slemon and A. Straughan, Eddison-Weslley 1980.
7- Electric Machinery, M. S. Sarma, West Publishing Company, 1994.
8- Electrical Machines and Transformers –Principles and Applications, P. F. Ryff, D.
Platnick and J. A. Karnas, Printice Hall.
9- Principles of Electricity, B. J. Theraga, and B. K. Theraga.


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 ‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
           ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
            ١J ١
 ٢       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١
 ٥      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١
 ٨       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
 ٩    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١
 ١٠    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ١ 
 ١١    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ١ 

١٦          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ١٦      ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢
 ١٦     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٢ 
 ١٩      ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٢ 
 ٢٢        ‫א‬٣J ١J ٢ 
 ٢٤      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
 ٢٦          ‫א‬٣J ٢
 ٣٠      ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬٤J ٢
 ٣٠      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٢ 
 ٣٢      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٢ 
 ٣٢     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤J ٢  
 ٣٤     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤J ٢  
 ٣٥     ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٤J ٢  
 ٣٧      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢
 ٣٨    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ٢ 
 ٤٠    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٢ 
  ‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٤١    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٥J ٢  
 ٤٣    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٥J ٢  
 ٤٣   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٥J ٢  
 ٤٤      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢
 ٤٥     E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٢ 
 ٤٥        ‫א‬٢J ٦J ٢ 
 ٤٥       ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٦J ٢ 
 ٤٦       ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٦J ٢ 
 ٤٨     ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٦J ٢ 

٥٣          ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ٥٣       ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣
 ٥٤       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣
 ٥٦         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣
 ٥٨         ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
 ٥٨        ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٣ 
 ٦٢        ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٣ 
 ٦٧        ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤J ٣ 
 ٦٩      ‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٣
 ٦٩      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥J ٣ 
 ٧٠      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥J ٣ 
 ٧١    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥J ٣ 
 ٧٢         ‫א‬٦J ٣
 ٧٣       ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٣ 
 ٧٤      ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٣ 
 ٧٥         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٣
 ٧٦       ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ٣ 
  ‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

٨٢         ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

 ٨٢      ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤
 ٨٣        ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٤ 
 ٨٤        ‫א‬٢J ١J ٤ 
 ٨٦         ‫א‬٢J ٤
 ٨٦       ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤ 
 ٨٧        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤ 
 ٨٧       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٤
 ٩٠       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
 ٩٣        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤
 ٩٨          ‫א‬٦J ٤
 ٩٨      ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ٤ 
 ١٠٠      ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ٤ 
 ١٠١       ‫א‬٣J ٦J ٤ 
 ١٠٢        ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٤
 ١٠٣        ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ٤ 
 ١٠٤        ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧J ٤ 
 ١٠٦         ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٤
 ١٠٦       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ٤ 
 ١٠٧       ‫א‬٢J ٨J ٤ 
 ١٠٨          ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٤
١١٣          ‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 ١١٣        ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٥
 ١١٤        ‫א‬‫א‬١J ١J ٥ 
 ١١٥      E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١J ٥ 
 ١١٥          ‫א‬٢J ٥
 ١١٥       J ١J ٢J ٥ 
  ‫א‬  ١٤٢  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ١١٦       J ٢J ٢J ٥ 

 ١١٧       J ٣J ٢J ٥ 
 ١١٧       J ٤J ٢J ٥ 
 ١١٨       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥
 ١١٩       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٥
 ١٢٢            ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS