GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Principles and Modern Applications TENTH EDITION

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

Matter: Its Properties

and Measurement 1
PHILIP DUTTON
UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND
BIOCHEMISTRY

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Matter: Its Properties CONTENTS

and Measurement 1-1 The Scientific Method

1-2 Properties of Matter

1-3 Classification of Matter

Measurement of Matter: SI
1-4
(Metric) Units

Density and Percent

1-5 Composition: Their Use in
Problem Solving

Uncertainties in Scientific
1-6
Measurements

1-7 Significant Figures

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 1-1 The Scientific Method

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

developer of germ theory
pasteurization
rabies vaccination
Called the greatest physician of
all time by some.
He was a chemist by training
and profession.

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 The scientific method is the combination of observation,
experimentation, and the formulation of laws, hypotheses, and theories.

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 1-2 Properties of Matter
«Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition and properties of matter».

In this and the next section, we will consider some basic ideas relating to these three
terms in hopes of gaining a better understanding of what chemistry is all about.

Matter: Occupies space, has mass and inertia

Composition: Parts or components

ex. H2O, 11.19% H and 88.81% O

Properties: Distinguishing features

physical and chemical properties
A physical property is one that a In a chemical change, or chemical reaction,
sample of matter displays without one or more kinds of matter are
changing its composition. converted to new kinds of matter with different
compositions.

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 1-3 Classification of Matter
• Matter is made up of very tiny units called atoms.
• The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
(IUPAC) recognizes 114 elements, and all matter is made up of
just these types About 90% available from natural sources.
• The periodic table is the chemist s directory of the elements.
• Compounds are comprised of two or more elements.
• Molecules are the smallest units of compounds.

By contrast, a molecule of the

blood protein gamma globulin
is made up of 19,996 atoms,
but they are of just four types:
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
and nitrogen.

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Elements and compounds are called substances.

A mixture of substances can vary in compositions:

1) Homogeneous mixture or a solution. Exp: Ordinary air, Seawater, Gasolineç
2) Heterogeneous mixtures. Exp: sand and water.

FIGURE 1-4
A classification scheme for matter
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 This process of In the process of
separating a solid distillation, a pure
from the liquid in which it liquid is condensed from
is suspended is called the vapor given off by a
filtration. boiling solution.

Water has dissolved the

Separation of the colored components of the
components of ink using ink, and these components
chromatography: A dark are retained in different
spot of black ink can be regions on the paper
seen just above the water according to their differing
line as water moves up tendencies to adhere to the
the paper. paper.

FIGURE 1-5
Separating Mixtures: a physical process
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 A chemical compound can be decomposed into its constituent elements
by chemical changes.

Example: When heated, ammonium

dichromate decomposes into
-The extraction of iron the substances chromium(III)
from iron oxide ores oxide, nitrogen, and water. This
requires a blast furnace. reaction, once used in movies
to simulate a volcano.
-The industrial production
of pure magnesium from
magnesium chloride
requires electricity

FIGURE 1-6
A chemical change: decomposition of ammonium dichromate
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 Matter is generally found in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas.
In a solid,
atoms or molecules are in
close contact, sometimes in
a highly organized
arrangement called a
crystal.

In a liquid, the atoms

or molecules are usually
separated by somewhat
greater distances than in a
solid. Also, the ability to
flow, covering the bottom
and assuming the shape of
its container.
In a gas, distances
between atoms or
molecules are
much greater.
Figure 1-7
Macroscopic and microscopic views of matter
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 Matter is generally found in one of three states: solid, liquid, or gas.

The picture shows a block of ice

on a heated surface and the
three states of water. The
circular insets show how
chemists conceive of these
states microscopically, in terms
of molecules with two hydrogen
atoms joined to one of oxygen.
In ice (a), the molecules are
arranged in a regular pattern in
a rigid framework. In liquid water
(b), the molecules are rather
closely packed but move
freely. In gaseous water (c),
the molecules are widely
separated.

Figure 1-7
Macroscopic and microscopic views of matter
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 1-4 The Measurement of Matter

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General Chemistry: Chapter 1
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 Mass

Mass is the quantity of

matter in an object.
Weight is the force of
gravity on an object

Wam W=g×m

Gravity (g) Fixed mass of an object

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 Temperature

Two commonly used fixed points are the temperature at which ice melts
and the temperature at which water boils, both at standard atmospheric
pressure.

On the Celsius scale, the melting point of ice is 0 °C, the boiling point of water is 100 °C, and the interval
between is divided into 100 equal parts called Celsius degrees.
On the Fahrenheit temperature scale, the melting point of ice is 32 °F, the boiling point of water is 212 °F, and
the interval between is divided into 180 equal parts called Fahrenheit degrees.

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Volume
The largest volume, shown in
part, is the SI standard of 1
cubic meter (m3). A cube
with a length of 10 cm (1 dm)
on edge (in blue) has a
volume of 1000 cm3 (1 dm3)
and is called 1 liter (1 L). The
smallest cube is 1 cm on
edge (red) and has a volume
of 1 cm3 = 1 mL.

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 SI and non-SI Units Compared
1 Imperial qt
1.136 L
1 US qt
1L
0.936 L

1 kg 1 lb
1 in 1 cm

The United States is one of the few countries where most units used in everyday
life are still non-SI. Masses are given in pounds, room dimensions in feet, and so on.

In this book, we will not routinely use these non-SI units, but we will occasionally
introduce them in examples and end-of-chapter exercises.

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SI Units Non-SI Units
Length meter, m Length Angstrom, Å, 10-8 cm
Mass Kilogram, kg Volume Liter, L, 10-3 m3
Time second, s Energy Calorie, cal, 4.184 J
Temperature Kelvin, K Pressure
Quantity Mole, 6.022×1023 mol-1 1 Atm = 1.064 × 102 kPa
1 Atm = 760 mm Hg

Derived Units
Force Newton, kg m s-2
Pressure Pascal, kg m-1 s-2
Energy Joule, kg m2 s-2

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 1-5 Density and Percent Composition
Density is the ratio of mass to volume.

= m/V
m=V V=m/
g/mL
Mass and volume are extensive properties
Density is an intensive property

Density is a function of temperature because volume varies with temperature,

whereas mass remains constant.
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 Density in Conversion Pathways
What is the mass of a cube of osmium that is 1.25
inches on each side?
For example, a cube of osmium 1.000 cm on edge weighs 22.59 g.
The density of osmium (the densest of the elements) is 22.59 g/cm3.

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 FIGURE 1-10
Measuring Volume of an Irregular Object

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 1-6 Uncertainties in Scientific Measurements

Systematic errors: measuring instruments have built-in, or inherent, errors.

Exp: a kitchen scale might consistently yield results that are 25 g too high or a
thermometer a reading that is 2°C too low

Random errors: Limitations in an experimenters skill or ability to read a scientific

instrument also lead to errors and give results that may be either too high or too
low

Precision: refers to the degree of reproducibility of a measured quantity that is,

the closeness of agreement when the same quantity is measured several times.

Accuracy: how close to the real value.

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 Precision

Reproducibility ∼ 0.1 g ∼ 0.0001 g

Precision low high

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 1-7 Significant Figures

Figure 1-11
Determining the number of significant figures in a quantity

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 Significant Figures
The calculators show the effect of the change in a low precision
number (N) in a calculation 14.79 × 12.11 × N

N= 5.04 5.05 5.06

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 End of Chapter Questions

Instructors may provide lists of questions that

reinforce topics they feel are particularly pertinent in
the chapter. If no list is given students should attempt
questions from each section of the chapter.

Build from the easier questions where the topic is

identified, to the more difficult integrative examples
where the approach to the question must be identified.

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