The essence of electricity

A. Very Short Answer Type Questions:

1. Name a common device which produces electricity from chemicals stored inside it.
ANS: An electric cell produces electricity from chemicals stored inside it.

2. Which part of the torch bulb gives off light when it is connected to a cell by wires?
ANS: The filament of the torch bulb gives off light when connected to a cell by wires.

3. State whether the following statements are true or false:

(a) Electric current can flow through metals. ANS: True.
(b) Instead of metal wires, a jute string can be used to make a circuit. ANS: False.
(c) Electric current can pass through a sheet of thermocol. ANS: False.
(d) The electricity produced by portable generators is safe to use in science experiments in the
school laboratory. ANS: False.

4. Name a safe source of electricity for performing science experiments in the school laboratory.
ANS: A dry cell is a safe source of electricity for school laboratory experiments.

5. A torch bulb has two terminals and a cell has also two terminals. In which case are the two
terminals not marked + and -?
ANS: In a torch bulb, the two terminals are not marked + and -.

6. What are (a) conductors, and (b) insulators? Give two examples of conductors and two of
insulators.
ANS:
(a) Conductors are materials that allow electric current to pass through them, e.g., copper and
aluminum.
(b) Insulators are materials that do not allow electric current to pass through them, e.g., plastic
and rubber.

7. Name a device which is used to 'open' or 'close' a circuit.

ANS: A switch is used to 'open' or 'close' a circuit.

8. Name the portable electric lamp which works with cells.

ANS: A torch is a portable electric lamp that works with cells.

9. Why are metal wires used to carry electricity?

ANS: Metal wires are used to carry electricity because they are good conductors of electricity.

10. What is the scientific name of the materials:

(a) which allow electricity to pass through them? ANS: Conductors.
(b) which do not allow electricity to pass through them? ANS: Insulators.

11. In an electrical appliance, which type of material is used to make that part of the appliance:
(a) which is to be handled by us? ANS: Insulating materials like plastic or rubber.
 (b) through which electric current has to pass? ANS: Conducting materials like copper or aluminum.

12. Why are electric wires made of copper?

ANS: Electric wires are made of copper because it is an excellent conductor of electricity and is flexible
.
13. Why is an electric wire usually covered with plastic or rubber?
ANS: Electric wires are covered with plastic or rubber to prevent electric shocks and ensure safety.

14. State whether the following are good conductors, poor conductors, or insulators:
(i) Human body ANS: Good conductor.
(ii) Water ANS: Poor conductor if pure; good conductor if impure.

15. Fill in the following blanks with suitable words:

(a) Air is not a conductor of electricity, it is an insulator.
(b) An electric cell has two terminals.
(c) A device which is used to 'make' or 'break' an electric circuit is called a switch.
(d) Electricity flows in a/an closed circuit.
(e) The part of a torch bulb that gives off light is the filament.

16. Name any five appliances used at home that work with electricity.
Ans:
• Refrigerator
• Washing machine
• Microwave oven
• Television
• Electric fan

17. What are insulators? Give two examples.

Ans: Insulators are materials that do not allow electric current to pass through them.
Examples:
1. Plastic
2. Rubber

18. How does a bulb get fused?

Ans: A bulb gets fused when its filament breaks due to:
1. Excessive current flow, which generates too much heat.
2. Sudden voltage surges or fluctuations.

19. Why should we wear rubber-soled shoes or chappals while operating electrical appliances?
Ans: Rubber is an insulator that prevents electric current from passing through the body, protecting us
from electric shocks.

20. What is the source of electricity in an electric torch?

Ans: Electric cells (batteries) are the source of electricity in a torch.

21. Name the device used for completing and breaking the circuit.
 Ans: The device is a switch.

22. Does the current flow in the circuit if the key is closed?
Ans: Yes, when the key (switch) is closed, the circuit is complete, allowing current to flow.

23. Name one non-metal which is a good conductor of electricity.

Ans: Graphite is a non-metal that conducts electricity due to its free electrons.

24. Name any two gadgets that use electric cells for their working.
Ans:
• Torch
• Calculator

25. What is an electric circuit?

Ans: An electric circuit is the path through which electrical energy flows from a source to a load (e.g.,
a bulb).

26. In which direction does the electric current flow?

Ans: Electric current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal of the source in the
external circuit.

27. How has electricity made our lives comfortable?

Ans: Electricity simplifies daily tasks by powering appliances for lighting, cooking, cooling, and
communication, making life easier and more efficient.

28. How does a cell produce electricity?

Ans: A cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy through chemical reactions inside the cell.

29. What is the importance of electricity that we get from the mains?
Ans: Mains electricity powers high-energy appliances like refrigerators, air conditioners, and heaters,
which cannot run on batteries.

30. Why is it easy for us to get an electric shock?

Ans: The human body is a good conductor of electricity, making it easy for electric current to pass
through it

31. Who invented the electric cell?

Ans: Alessandro Volta.

32. What is the main function of an electric cell?

Ans: To convert chemical energy into electrical energy.

33. Name two types of electric cells.

Ans: Primary Cells and Secondary Cells.

34. Give an example of a primary cell.

 Ans: Dry Cell.

35. What is a secondary cell?

Ans: A rechargeable cell that stores energy and can be reused.

36. What are the two terminals of an electric cell?

Ans: Positive Terminal (+) and Negative Terminal (–).

37. Name one example of a secondary cell.

Ans: Lithium-Ion Cell.

38. What are dry cells commonly used in?

Ans: Portable electronic devices like remotes and clocks.

39. Who invented the dry cell?

Ans: Georges Leclanché.

40. What is a battery?

Ans: A group of cells combined together to provide more electricity.

41. Name one renewable source of electricity.

Ans: Wind Power Station.

42. What type of energy is used in hydel power stations?

Ans: Energy from flowing water.

43. What is a generator?

Ans: A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

44. Name one use of a lead-acid accumulator.

Ans: Used in car batteries.

45. What is the role of manganese dioxide in a dry cell?

Ans: It helps facilitate the chemical reaction.

46. What is the function of a resistor in an electrical circuit?

Ans: It opposes the flow of electrical energy.

47. What is the main purpose of a fuse?

Ans: To prevent damage from short circuits or high voltage surges.

48. What happens when a fuse blows?

Ans: The circuit breaks, stopping the flow of electricity.

49. What does MCB stand for?

Ans: Miniature Circuit Breaker.
50. What is the advantage of an MCB over a fuse?
Ans: It can be reset and reused after tripping.

51. What device measures electricity consumption in homes?

Ans: Electric Meter.

52. In which unit is electricity consumption measured?

Ans: Kilowatt-hour (kWh).

53. Who built the first generator?

Ans: Hippolyte Pixii in 1832.

54. What is the primary source of electricity in homes?

Ans: AC mains supplied from power stations.

55. Why are batteries not suitable for household electricity supply?
Ans: They cannot supply large amounts of electricity.

56. What do substations do in the electricity distribution system?

Ans: They step down high voltage for safe distribution.

57. What is the purpose of transformers in household electricity systems?

Ans: To reduce voltage for safe household use.

58. Name two industrial uses of electricity.

Ans: Driving machinery and facilitating manufacturing processes.

59. Why should you not touch electrical switches with wet hands?
Ans: Water increases conductivity and can cause electric shocks.

60. What should you do before replacing a light bulb?

Ans: Turn off the switch and ensure the bulb is cool.

B. Short Answer Type Questions

1. An electric circuit containing a cell and a torch bulb is completed by using the following objects
turn by turn: Matchstick, Iron nail, Eraser, Glass bangle, Key. Which of the above will make the
bulb glow and which will not? Give reasons for your answer.
ANS:
• The Iron nail and Key will make the bulb glow because they are good conductors of electricity.
• The Matchstick, Eraser, and Glass bangle will not make the bulb glow as they are insulators.
• Conductors allow electric current to pass through, while insulators do not.

2. What is the purpose of using an electric switch? Name some electrical gadgets (electrical
appliances) which have switches built into them.
 ANS:
• An electric switch is used to make or break a circuit to control the flow of electricity.
• It ensures safety and convenience in operating electrical appliances.
• Examples include fans, televisions, refrigerators, electric irons, and washing machines.

3. When we 'switch on an electrical appliance' what change are we making to the circuit?
ANS:
• Switching on an appliance completes the circuit, allowing electric current to flow.
• A complete circuit enables the appliance to function properly.
• Without a complete circuit, no current flows, and the appliance remains off.

4. What does each of the following do in an electric circuit?

(a) Cell: Provides electrical energy to the circuit.
(b) Bulb: Converts electrical energy into light energy.
(c) Wires: Carry electric current from the cell to the bulb and other components.
(d) Switch: Opens or closes the circuit to control the flow of current.

5. How would you connect a cell, torch bulb, and switch so that the bulb lights up? Draw a sketch
for this.
ANS: To light up the bulb:
• Connect one terminal of the cell to one terminal of the bulb using a wire.
• Connect the other terminal of the bulb to one terminal of the switch.
• Connect the other terminal of the switch back to the cell’s other terminal.
This completes the circuit and lights up the bulb. (Sketch required)

6. What is a switch? Explain the working of a switch with the help of diagrams.
ANS: A switch is a device used to open or close an electric circuit.
• When the switch is ON: The circuit is complete, and current flows through it.
• When the switch is OFF: The circuit is broken, and no current flows. (Diagram required)

7. Which of the following are conductors and which are insulators?

Ans:
• Conductors: Steel, Silver, Copper, Aluminium
• Insulators: Polythene, Rubber, Air, Wood, Ceramics.
• Conductors allow electricity to pass, while insulators prevent its flow

8. What is the source of electricity in an electric cell? Draw the sketch of an electric cell and mark
its two terminals as positive (+) and negative (−).
ANS:
• The chemicals inside the electric cell produce electricity through a chemical reaction.
• The cell has two terminals: Positive (+) and Negative (−).
• These terminals are used to connect the cell in a circuit. (Sketch required)

9. State one use of conductors and one of insulators. Which of the following are conductors and
which are insulators?
 • Use of Conductors: Used in electric wires to carry current.
• Use of Insulators: Used to cover wires to prevent electric shocks.
• Conductors: Key, Iron nail
• Insulators: Eraser, Plastic scale, Matchstick, Glass bangle.

10. An electric circuit containing a dry cell and a torch bulb is completed by including a metal
screwdriver having a wooden handle. Explain why the bulb would not glow.
ANS:
• The bulb will not glow because wood is an insulator.
• The wooden handle of the screwdriver prevents the flow of electricity.
• A conductor is required to complete the circuit.

11. Why should we wear rubber-soled shoes or rubber chappals while operating electrical
appliances?
ANS:
• Rubber is an insulator and prevents electric current from passing through the body.
• It reduces the risk of electric shock.
• It acts as a protective barrier between the body and the electric current.

12. Why is it advisable to operate electric switches with dry hands?

ANS:
• Water is a good conductor of electricity.
• Wet hands can increase the risk of electric shock.
• Dry hands ensure safety while operating switches.

13. Why do electricians wear rubber hand gloves while working with electricity?
ANS:
• Rubber gloves act as insulators and prevent electric current from passing through the body.
• They provide protection from electric shocks.
• It ensures the safety of electricians while handling live wires.

14. The handles of tools like screwdrivers and pliers used by electricians for repair work usually
have plastic or rubber covers on them. Can you explain why?
ANS:
• Plastic and rubber are insulators and prevent electric shocks.
• These covers act as protective barriers.
• They ensure the safety of the electrician while working with live wires.

15. Explain why we should never join the two terminals of a cell directly by a wire only.
ANS:
• Joining the two terminals directly causes a short circuit.
• It can overheat the wire and damage the cell.
• It may also cause a fire hazard.

16. Name any five gadgets (or devices) which use electricity from cells or batteries for their working.
ANS: Torch, Remote control, Wristwatch, Camera, Mobile phone.
17. State any two uses of electricity.
ANS:
(1) Lighting homes and streets
(2) Powering appliances like fans, refrigerators, and computers.

18. State any two dangers of electricity if handled carelessly.

ANS:
• Electric shocks can cause severe injury or death.
• Short circuits can lead to fires and property damage.

19. Name any five appliances used in our everyday life which work with electricity.
ANS: Fan, Refrigerator, Washing machine, Television, Microwave.

20. Write the function of the metallic strips in a torch?

Ans: Metallic strips in a torch act as conductors, connecting the components of the circuit. When the
switch is pressed, the strip moves forward to complete the circuit, allowing current to flow, and lights
the bulb.

21. The given diagram shows a dry cell with its different parts marked as 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Which of
them are the 'two terminals' of the dry cell?

Ans: In a dry cell, the two terminals are:

• Positive terminal: A metal cap marked with a "+" sign. Which is denoted by “1”
• Negative terminal: A metal disc marked with a "–" sign. Which is denoted by ‘5”

22. Write the meaning of the term 'electric circuit'?

Ans: Meaning of 'electric circuit'
An electric circuit is the path along which electric current flows. It connects the cell, wires, and
appliances (e.g., bulb), creating a pathway for current to flow.

23. State the role of an electric switch in an electric circuit.

Ans: An electric switch controls the flow of current in a circuit:
• When the switch is "ON," the circuit is closed, allowing current to flow.
• When the switch is "OFF," the circuit is open, stopping the flow of current.
24. Tools, like screw drivers and pliers, used by electricians, have handles made up of, (or covered
with) plastic, rubber or wood. Why?
Ans: Tools like screwdrivers and pliers have handles made of plastic, rubber, or wood because these
materials are insulators. They prevent the flow of electric current and protect the user from electric
shocks.

25. Why should we dry hands before touching an appliance or switch?

Ans: Wet hands increase conductivity, which can lead to electric shocks when touching appliances or
switches. Drying hands ensures safety.

26. Why should we not operate electrical switches with wet hands?
Ans: Wet hands increase conductivity and can lead to electric shocks because water allows electric
current to pass through the body.

27. What is meant by an open circuit?

Ans: An open circuit is a circuit where the path of electric current is broken or incomplete, preventing
current flow.

28. Define insulators.

Ans: Insulators are materials that do not allow electric current to pass through them, such as plastic and
rubber.

29. Sahil's hands are wet, but still, he goes to switch on the fan. Monika immediately stops him from
doing so.
(a) Why does Monika stop Sahil?
Ans: Monika stops Sahil because operating a switch with wet hands can cause an electric shock.
(b) What value do you learn from Monika?
Ans: Monika demonstrates awareness, concern for safety, and responsibility towards others.

30. Explain about the cell in brief.

Ans: A cell is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It has two terminals: a
positive terminal (metal cap) and a negative terminal (metal disc). Cells are used in various devices
like torches, clocks, and remote controls. Primary cells are disposable, while secondary cells are
rechargeable.

31. Name the components of a circuit and write about each. Draw a labelled diagram.
Ans:
• Cell/Battery: Provides energy to the circuit.
• Switch: Controls the flow of current.
• Bulb: Indicates current flow by glowing.
• Connecting Wires: Form the path for current to flow.
32. List the conditions that enable an electric current to flow smoothly.
Ans:
• Presence of a power source (e.g., cell or battery).
• Complete and unbroken circuit.
• Conductive material (e.g., copper wires) to carry the current.
• Properly connected components.

33. List a few ways to prevent an electric shock.

Ans:
• Avoid using electrical appliances with wet hands.
• Use insulated tools and wear rubber-soled shoes.
• Ensure wiring is not damaged.
• Always turn off power before repairing appliances.

34. Give one activity to prove that air is an insulator.

Ans: Take an electric circuit, keep the terminals unconnected in the air. The bulb does not glow, as air
is an insulator and does not allow the current to flow through it.

C. Long question and answer:

1. What is meant by an electric circuit? Draw a circuit consisting of a cell, a torch bulb, and connecting
wires. What name is given to the electric circuit:
(a) in which there is a gap?
(b) in which there is no gap?
ANS:
A. An electric circuit is a closed-loop pathway that allows electric current to flow from a power
source, like a cell, to an electrical device, like a bulb, and back to the source.
B. In a circuit where there is a gap (e.g., switch is OFF), it is called an open circuit, and no current
flows.
C. In a circuit with no gap (e.g., switch is ON), it is called a closed circuit, allowing current to flow
and light the bulb.
2. What is meant by (a) a complete circuit, and (b) an open circuit? Draw sketches of the two types of
circuits to explain your answer.
ANS:
• A complete circuit is one where all the components (cell, wires, switch, and bulb) are properly
connected, and the switch is closed, allowing electricity to flow.
• An open circuit has a break in the path, usually because the switch is open or a wire is
disconnected, preventing current from flowing.
• In a complete circuit, the bulb lights up, while in an open circuit, the bulb remains off.

3. A simple switch can be made by using a small sheet of thermocol, two drawing pins, a safety pin, and
two pieces of wire. Make a sketch of this switch when it is:
(i) in 'off' position.
(ii) in 'on' position.
ANS:
1. A simple switch can control the flow of electricity by creating or breaking the path of electric
current.
2. In the OFF position, the safety pin does not touch both drawing pins, leaving the circuit
incomplete.
3. In the ON position, the safety pin touches both drawing pins, completing the circuit and allowing
current to flow.
4. Draw the labelled sketch of a torch. Where does a torch get electricity from? Why do we need a switch
in the torch?
ANS:
1. A torch is a portable electric lamp which uses two or more cells to light a small bulb.
2. A torch gets its electricity from electric cells arranged inside it.
3. The cells provide electrical energy, which flows through wires to the bulb when the circuit is
complete.
4. A switch in the torch controls the flow of current, allowing us to turn it ON or OFF as needed
5. The torch has a bulb that lights up when it is switched on.
6. A torch contains a simple circuit.
7. The torch provides light when the sliding switch is pushed forward so that the circuit is completed
and bulb lights up.

On Position

5. Write in brief, the working of an electric torch?

Ans:
• Energy Source: The torch uses one or more electric cells as a power source.
 • Switch-On Mechanism: Pressing the switch moves a metal strip forward to complete the circuit,
enabling current flow and lighting the bulb.
• Switch-Off Mechanism: Releasing the switch pulls the metal strip back, breaking the circuit and
stopping the current.

6. A student, while performing an experiment in the science laboratory, connected an electric bulb
to an electric cell through an electric switch. He noticed that the bulb did not glow when the
electric switch was set in its ON position. Mention 'any two reasons' for this observation.
Ans: Two reasons why the bulb did not glow in the experiment
• The circuit might be incomplete due to improper connections.
• The electric cell may be drained, or the bulb might be faulty.

7. Separate out the devices, listed below, into categories that usually work with
i. either batteries or mains
ii. batteries only
iii. mains only.
kettle, iron press, calculator, toaster, mobile phone, washing machine, radio, transistor,
computer, microwave oven.
Ans: Devices categorized by power source
• Either batteries or mains: Mobile phone, computer, radio, transistor.
• Batteries only: Calculator.
• Mains only: Kettle, iron press, toaster, washing machine, microwave oven.

8. Distinguish between the terms conductors and insulators of electricity. Give two examples of each
type?
Ans:
Conductors and insulators are materials classified based on their ability to allow the flow of electric
current:
Aspect Conductors Insulators
Definition Materials that allow electric current Materials that do not allow electric
to pass through them. current to pass through them.
Electrical Permit free flow of electrons, Restrict the flow of electrons,
Behavior enabling conductivity. preventing conductivity.
Resistance Have low electrical resistance. Have high electrical resistance.
Examples Copper, aluminum. Plastic, rubber.
Applications Used in wires, cables, and electrical Used for insulating tools, handles, and
circuits. coating wires.

Examples
• Conductors:
1. Copper – Commonly used in electrical wiring.
2. Aluminum – Used in power cables and conductors.
• Insulators:
1. Plastic – Used to coat wires and make tool handles.
2. Rubber – Used for insulating gloves and cables.
9. Draw a labelled diagram of an electric bulb. Explain its parts.
Ans: Parts of an Electric Bulb:
• Glass Cover: Protects the internal components.
• Filament: A thin coiled wire that heats up and emits light.
• Support Wires: Hold the filament in place.
• Terminals: Allow electrical connections; one is connected to the base, and the other to the side.
• Inert Gas: Prevents the filament from burning out.

10. Describe the different types of dry cells.

Ans:
• Zinc-Carbon Dry Cell
• Common, inexpensive, lightweight; used in low-power devices like flashlights and clocks.
• Prone to leakage, limited lifespan.
• Alkaline Dry Cell
• Longer life, better for high-drain devices like remote controls and radios.
• Slightly more expensive than zinc-carbon cells.
• Silver Oxide Cell
• Compact, high energy density; used in watches and hearing aids.
• Expensive due to silver.
• Lithium Dry Cell
• High energy, long-lasting; ideal for cameras and medical devices.
• Expensive but lightweight and reliable.
• Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Cell
• Rechargeable and durable; used in power tools and emergency lights.
• Environmental concerns due to cadmium toxicity.
• Button Cell
• Small, long-lasting; used in watches and small electronics.
• Limited capacity, unsuitable for high-drain devices.

11. Write some precautions one must follow while handling electricity.
Ans: Precautions While Handling Electricity
• Always switch off the power supply before working on electrical appliances or circuits.
• Avoid using electrical devices with wet hands to prevent electric shocks.
• Ensure that wires and plugs are properly insulated and not damaged.
• Use rubber gloves or insulated tools when handling live wires or electrical components.
• Keep electrical appliances away from water to avoid short circuits or accidents.
12. Will the bulb glow in the given diagram, if the ends A and B are connected with : Give reasons
for your answer.
i. A steel spoons : Yes, the bulb will glow.
Steel is a good conductor of electricity, allowing current to flow and light the bulb.
ii. A metal Clip: Yes, the bulb will glow.
Metal clips conduct electricity, completing the circuit for the bulb to glow.
iii. A plastic clip: No, the bulb will not glow.
Plastic is an insulator and does not allow current to flow through, breaking the circuit.
iv. Copper wires: Yes, the bulb will glow.
Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity, enabling the current to flow easily and light
the bulb.
13. Explain the difference between Primary Cells and Secondary Cells.
Ans:
❖ Primary Cells: These cells are non-rechargeable and are meant for single use. They rely on
irreversible chemical reactions to produce electricity. Once the chemicals are exhausted, the cell
must be replaced. Examples include dry cells and alkaline cells.
❖ Secondary Cells: These cells are rechargeable and can be reused multiple times. They rely on
reversible chemical reactions to store and release energy. Examples include lead-acid batteries,
nickel-cadmium cells, and lithium-ion cells.

14. Describe the construction and working of a dry cell.

Ans:
❖ Construction:
o A zinc cylinder acts as the container and serves as the negative electrode.
o Inside, there is a paste of ammonium chloride, gelatin, and water.
o A carbon rod, acting as the positive electrode, is placed in the center.
o The carbon rod is surrounded by manganese dioxide (MnO₂) and activated carbon.
o The cell is sealed with a porous membrane.
❖ Working:
o A chemical reaction occurs between the zinc and ammonium chloride, generating electrons.
o These electrons flow from the negative terminal (zinc cylinder) to the positive terminal
(carbon rod), creating an electric current.

15. What are the main sources of electricity generation? Explain briefly.
Ans:
• Power Stations:
o Wind Power Stations: Use wind turbines to generate electricity.
o Hydel Power Stations: Utilize water flow from dams.
o Nuclear Power Stations: Use nuclear reactions.
o Thermal Power Stations: Burn fossil fuels like coal or gas.
o Tidal Power Stations: Harness energy from tidal movements.
• Generators: Machines that convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.

16. Explain the functioning of electric cells in detail.

Ans: Electric cells produce electricity through chemical reactions inside them.
 • In Primary Cells, the chemicals are completely consumed during use and cannot be recharged.
Example: Dry cells in toys and torches.
• In Secondary Cells, chemical reactions are reversible, allowing the cell to be recharged. Example:
Lithium-ion batteries in laptops and mobile phones.
• Cells can be combined to form batteries, providing higher power for devices like cars and inverters.

17. What are the differences between wind power and thermal power stations?
Ans:
• Wind Power Stations: Use wind turbines to convert wind energy into electrical energy. They are
renewable, eco-friendly, and depend on wind availability.
• Thermal Power Stations: Burn fossil fuels like coal and gas to produce steam, which drives turbines
to generate electricity. They are non-renewable and contribute to pollution.

18. What is a battery? How is it constructed and used?

Ans:
• A battery is a combination of two or more cells connected in series or parallel to provide a larger
amount of electricity.
• The positive terminal of one cell is connected to the negative terminal of another.
• Batteries are used in devices requiring significant energy, such as inverters, cars, and trucks.

19. Write a brief note on Alessandro Volta's contribution to electricity.

Ans: Alessandro Volta was an Italian scientist who invented the first electric cell, known as the Voltaic
Cell. His invention marked a significant milestone in the field of electricity, enabling the development
of batteries and modern portable power sources. Despite initial practical limitations, his discovery laid
the foundation for future advancements in energy storage and portable electricity.

20. Explain the differences between a fuse and an MCB.

Ans:
• Fuse:
a. A fuse is a safety device made of a wire with a low melting point.
b. It melts when excessive current passes, breaking the circuit and preventing damage.
c. It needs to be replaced after blowing.
• MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker):
a. Acts as an automatic switch that trips when electrical energy exceeds the safety limit.
b. It can be reset manually after resolving the issue.
c. It is reusable, unlike a fuse.
Comparison Table:
Device Purpose Advantage Limitation
Fuse Prevents damage from short Simple and Needs replacement when
circuits effective blown
MCB Acts as a reusable circuit breaker Easy to reset May be costlier than a fuse

21. Describe the distribution of electricity from power stations to homes.

Ans:
a. Power Stations to Cities:
• Electricity is produced at power stations (thermal, hydel, nuclear, etc.).
 • High-voltage electricity is transferred to cities via transmission lines.
b. Substations:
• They step down the high voltage of electricity for safe distribution.
c. Distribution:
• Electricity is delivered from substations to homes, industries, and businesses.
• In homes, electricity is managed via the Mains Electric Board.
d. Mains Electric Board:
• Receives electricity through cables from substations.
• Distributes power through wires to various rooms.
• Transformers reduce voltage for safe usage.
• Electric meters measure electricity consumption.

22. Write the uses of electricity in domestic, industrial, and commercial sectors.
Ans:
a. Domestic Use:
• Powers lights, fans, televisions, and refrigerators.
• Distributes electricity through parallel circuits at 220 volts.
b. Industrial Use:
• Drives heavy machinery and industrial equipment.
• Facilitates production and manufacturing processes.
c. Commercial Use:
• Operates office equipment and lighting systems.
• Runs refrigeration units and elevators in commercial spaces.

23. What are the safety precautions for using electricity?

Ans:
• Replace light bulbs only after turning off the switch and ensuring the bulb is cool.
• Avoid touching electrical devices with wet hands.
• Do not repair electrical wiring unless qualified and the power supply is turned off.
• Stay away from electrical poles, transformers, and hanging wires.
• Avoid flying kites near power lines.
• Always use insulated tools and rubber gloves while handling electrical connections.
• Never overload sockets or use damaged wiring.
• Respect warning signs such as "DANGER."
• Consult electricians for complex repairs.

24. Explain the purpose and working of an electric meter.

Ans:
• Purpose:
a. Measures electrical energy consumption in homes.
b. Tracks usage for billing purposes.
• Working:
a. Measures the amount of electrical energy consumed in kilowatt-hours (kWh).
b. Monitors the electricity passing through the main supply line into the house.
 c. Modern electric meters are digital and provide accurate readings.

25. Describe the role of substations and transformers in electricity distribution.

Ans:
a. Substations:
• Step down the high voltage from transmission lines.
• Distribute lower voltage electricity safely to homes and industries.
b. Transformers:
• Further reduce voltage levels to ensure safe and efficient electricity use in homes and
industries.

26. How is electricity transmitted from power stations to homes?

Ans:
a. Generated at power stations.
b. Transmitted through high-voltage transmission lines to reduce power loss.
c. Passed through substations where the voltage is stepped down.
d. Delivered to mains electric boards in homes.
e. Distributed through wiring systems to various rooms and appliances.

D. Give Reasons for the Following

1. The switch is an important component of a circuit.
Ans: It allows control over the circuit by opening or closing it, ensuring appliances operate safely and
efficiently.

2. Electricians wear rubber gloves while handling live wires.

Ans: Rubber gloves are insulators and prevent electric current from passing through the body,
protecting electricians from shocks.

3. Cells and batteries are not used to run electrical appliances on a daily basis.
Ans: They cannot supply the large amounts of electricity required by appliances like refrigerators and
washing machines.

4. The bulb does not glow if the wires are broken.

Ans: A broken wire creates an open circuit, preventing the flow of current and causing the bulb to
remain off.

5. We can easily get an electric shock.

Ans: The human body conducts electricity, allowing current to flow through it if in contact with a live
wire.

6. How can you explain that the human body is a good conductor of electricity?
Ans: If stand barefoot on the ground and touch an electric wire, we will get an electric shock. This is
because human body is a good conductor of electricity. Without slippers, current can pass through.

7. Differentiate Between
1. A Cell and a Battery
 Aspect A Cell A Battery
Definition A single unit that A group of cells connected
generates electricity. together to produce more
energy.
Example Dry cell Car battery

2. Primary Cells and Secondary Cells

Aspect Primary Cells Secondary Cells
Definition Non-rechargeable and Rechargeable and reusable.
disposable.
Example Dry cell Lithium-ion cell

3. An Open Circuit and a Closed Circuit

Aspect Open Circuit Closed Circuit
Definition Incomplete path; current Complete path; current
does not flow. flows smoothly.
Bulb Does not glow. Glows.
Behaviour

4. Conductors and Insulators

Aspect Conductors Insulators
Definition Allow current to flow. Restrict current flow.
Examples Copper, aluminium. Rubber, plastic.

5. A Bulb and a Torch

Aspect A Bulb A Torch
Definition Emits light when Portable device using a
connected to a circuit. bulb and cells for light.
Components Filament, terminals, and Cells, bulb, switch, and
glass cover. reflector.

8. Value Based Question

1. What alternative devices can we use if there is a sudden breakdown in electric supply?
Ans:
• Battery-operated devices: Torches, battery fans, and radios.
• Power banks: For charging small gadgets like mobile phones.
• Generators: Provide temporary electricity for homes and offices.
• Inverters: Store electricity and supply it during outages

2. When Sheena’s classmates leave for games, library, yoga, etc., classes, Sheena always remembers
to switch off the lights and fans of her class. For this practice she was honoured by the president
of eco-club.
(a) What is electricity?
(b) What are the sources of electricity in your home?
(c) What values of Sheena is shown here?
 Answer:
(a) Electricity is a form of energy used to power machines and electrical appliances.
(b) We get electricity in our home through cell, power house and solar cells.
(c) Sheena is an eco-friendly, responsible and intelligent girl.

3. After taking a bath Rahman went to his room. As soon as he raised his hand to switch on the
light, his mother shouted out loudly. He was very astonished, with the strange behaviour of his
mother. His mother came to him and explained him the reason “why he shouldn’t be touching
the electrical items with wet hands”. Rahman made up his mind to spread this awareness in the
school. So he decided to give a small speech on this topic during the school assembly.
(a) What are electrical appliances?
(b) What would have happened if Rahman touched the switch with his wet hand?
(c) What value of Rahman is shown here?
Answer:
(a) Devices that run on electricity are called electrical appliances.
(b) He might have got shock.
(c) Rahman is a responsible, sensible, caring and confident boy.

4. Reasons for the Following

(a) Why do we remove the plastic coating from the ends of an electric wire for connections in a
circuit?
Ans:
• The plastic coating is an insulator and prevents the flow of electric current.
• Removing the plastic exposes the metal conductor, enabling current to flow and establish a proper
connection in the circuit.
(b) Why do tool handles, like screwdrivers and pliers, have plastic or rubber covers?
Ans:
• Plastic and rubber are insulators that do not allow electric current to pass through them.
• These covers ensure the safety of users by protecting them from electric shocks.

5. Can the bulb glow in the given figure (a)?

Ans:
• The bulb will glow only if the circuit is complete, and the connections are proper.
• If there is an open circuit or improper connections in figure (a), the bulb will not glow.

6. Why should we use a wooden stick to help someone caught by current instead of touching them
directly?
Ans:
• Wood is an insulator and does not conduct electricity.
 • Touching the person directly could allow the current to pass through your body, putting you at risk of
electric shock.
• A wooden stick helps break the connection between the person and the electrical source safely.

7. Why is copper used for making electric wires and not silver, even though both are conductors?
Ans:
• Copper:
o Excellent conductor of electricity.
o Affordable and widely available.
o Durable and easy to work with.
• Silver:
o Although it is a better conductor than copper, it is extremely expensive and not economically feasible
for widespread use.

8. There was some electricity problem in Tina's house. Her father decided to check the mains to
find the problem. As he moved towards the mains, Tina ran and got him a pair of rubber gloves
and rubber slippers.
a. Why did Tina get her father rubber gloves and slippers?
Ans: Tina provided rubber gloves and slippers to her father because rubber is a poor conductor of
electricity. These items help prevent electric shocks by insulating her father from any potential contact
with live electrical parts.

b. What value has Tina exhibited?

Ans: Tina demonstrated awareness, responsibility, and concern for her father’s safety. Her quick
thinking and knowledge about electrical safety showcase her preparedness and sense of
responsibility.

9. H.O.T.S. Questions
a. All the wires have a plastic coating on them. Why?
Ans: Plastic is an excellent insulator of electricity. The plastic coating on wires prevents accidental
contact with live wires, reducing the risk of electric shocks and short circuits. It also protects the wires
from damage due to external factors like moisture or abrasion.

b. The workers who operate electrical machines in factories are provided with thick foot mats to
stand upon and work. Why?
Ans: Thick foot mats, typically made of insulating materials like rubber, are provided to factory
workers operating electrical machines to prevent electric shocks. These mats ensure that workers are
not grounded, reducing the risk of electricity passing through their bodies in case of accidental contact
with live electrical equipment.

10. Two bulbs are connected to a cell as shown in Fig. 12.23. Bulb A got fused. Will the bulb B glow
in this circuit? Why?
 Answer:

No, the bulb B will not glow because there is only one path from the source of current. If any one of
the light bulbs get fused, the entire circuit will stop operating.

11. You have a single piece of connecting wire. Can you make a bulb glow without cutting the wire
into two? Explain with the help of a circuit diagram.
Answer:
Yes, we can glow the bulb by joining one end of the wire to the negative terminal of battery and other
to the metal cap of the bulb. Then by placing the bulb on the positive terminal of the cell will make the
bulb glow.

12. which of the labels 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5, shows the terminals of the bulb?

Answer: Label 3 and 4 shows the terminals of the bulb.

13. Two different ways are shown below to connect a bulb with a cell.

a) What will be the direction of the current through the bulb in both the cases. (Q to P or P to Q)
 b) In which case the bulb will glow?
c) Does the brightness of the glowing bulb depend on the direction of current through it?
Answer:
a) In Fig. A, current will flow from Q to P and in Fig. B current will flow from P to Q.
b) In both of the cases bulb will glow as the circuit is complete.
c) No.

9. NCERT Exemplar
1. Why do bulbs have two terminals?
Ans: Bulbs have two terminals to connect the filament to the circuit, allowing the current to pass
through the bulb and make it glow.

2. Why does a fused bulb not glow?

Ans: A fused bulb's filament is broken, causing the circuit to become incomplete. Without a complete
circuit, current cannot flow, so the bulb does not glow.

3. Can Paheli glow a torch bulb using aluminium foil instead of wires?
Ans: Yes, aluminium foil can be used to connect the cell and bulb because it is a good conductor of
electricity. By ensuring proper contact between the foil and the bulb terminals, the current will flow,
and the bulb will glow.

10. Picture-Based Questions

Look at the circuit diagrams given alongside and answer the questions that follow:

1. In which circuit would the bulb light up? Why?

Ans: The bulb will light up in circuit (b) because:
• It is a closed circuit, which allows the current to flow from the positive terminal of the cell,
through the bulb, and back to the negative terminal.
• All connections are properly made, ensuring a complete path for current flow.
2. Which of the circuits is an open circuit?
Circuit (a) is an open circuit because:
• The path for the electric current is broken, and the current cannot flow.
• The bulb will not light up in an open circuit.

3. Both circuits (b) and (c) are closed circuits; why does the bulb not glow in circuit (c)?
Ans: The bulb does not glow in circuit (c) despite being closed because:
1. The rubber eraser is an insulator, which does not allow current to flow between points A and
B.
2. This breaks the effective flow of electricity in the circuit, even though it appears closed.
Competency based questions:
1. The image represents an electric cell. Which of these describes the structure of an electric cell?

a) Metal cap with a negative sign on both sides

b) Metal cap on top, metal disc on bottom and a positive sign on both ends
c) Metal disc on both ends with a positive on top and negative sign at bottom
d) Metal cap with a positive sign on top and a metal disc with negative sign at the bottom
Ans: d) Metal cap with a positive sign on top and a metal disc with negative sign at the bottom

2. The image represents the parts of a torch light. Which of these represents the function of the electric cell
in the torch?

(a) Spread the light to a larger area

(b) Supply electricity to light the bulb
(c) Protect internal parts from damage
(d) Make it easy to open or close the circuit
Ans.(b) Supply electricity to light the bulb

3. The image shows a closed electric circuit. Which of these describes the correct flow of electricity in an
electric circuit?

(a) Negative terminal of the bulb through the battery and back to the positive terminal of the bulb
 (b) Positive terminal of the bulb through the battery and back to the negative terminal of the bulb
(c) Negative terminal of the battery through the bulb and back to the positive terminal of the battery
(d) Positive terminal of the battery through the bulb and back to the negative terminal of the battery
Ans: (d) Positive terminal of the battery through the bulb and back to the negative terminal of the battery

4. The image shows two states of an electric circuit. Which of these explains the necessary condition to
continue the flow of current?

(a) Presence of a key

(b) Completion of the circuit
(c) Wires of different length
(d) Positive and negative sign on the cell
Ans. (b) Completion of the circuit

5. The image represents two circuits marked as X and Y. Which of these matches the correct type of circuit?

(a) X→Complete, Y→Complete

(b) X→Complete, Y→Incomplete
(c) X→Incomplete, Y→Complete
(d) X→Incomplete, Y→Incomplete
Ans. (b) X→Complete, Y→Incomplete

6. A student observes the circuit shown in the image and concludes that it is a complete circuit. Which of
these evidence supports the argument of the student?

(a) Presence of switch

(b) Glowing of the bulb
(c) Presence of light bulb
(d) Unequal length of two wires
 Ans. (b) Glowing of the bulb

7. Which of these materials can be used to make a switch for an electric circuit?

(a) Eraser
(b) Straw
(c) Paper clip
(d) Pencil
Ans. (c) Paper clip

8. A student wants to make a switch for an electric circuit using a few materials shown in the image. Which
of these arrangements represents a switch that can connect and break the flow of electricity in the circuit?

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)
 Ans. (c)

9. A student connects the open ends of an electric circuit to the opposite end of a nail as shown in the image.
He observes that the light bulb glows. Which other material if replaced with the nail would help the bulb
glow?

(a) Paper clip

(b) Plastic pipe
(c) Cotton string
(d) Piece of cardboard
Ans. (a) Paper clip
10. A student studies that electric wires generally have a plastic or rubber coating around them. Which of
these describes the role of the coating in a wire?
(a) It ensures safe transfer of electricity
(b) It reduces the wastage of electricity in the wires
(c) It enables transfer of electricity to long distances
(d) It helps electricity to move faster through the wires
Ans.(a) It ensures safe transfer of electricity

11. The table lists a few conducting materials. The materials are arranged in descending order of their
conductivity. Which of these materials would make the best wire for the transfer of electricity?

(a) Aluminium
(b) Bronze
(c) Copper
(d) Tin
Ans.11. (c) Copper

12. A student made an incomplete circuit with a small gap as shown in the image. He placed a few different
materials in the gap and noted the intensity of the light produced by the bulb. What can be concluded
based on the activity?
 (a) Steel should be used to make insulating cover for electric wires
(b) Copper is the best materials to conduct electricity
(c) Lead is the best material for making wires
(d) Glass can be used to store electricity
Ans.(b) Copper is the best materials to conduct electricity

Assertion Reason Questions

Directions:
The question below consists of an assertion and a Reason. Use the following key to choose the appropriate
answer.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.
Q1.
Assertion (A): Insulators do not allow the current to flow through themselves.
Reason (R): They have no free charge carriers.
Answer: (a)

Q2.
Assertion (A): In a closed electric circuit the current passes from one terminal of the electric cell to
the other terminal.
Reason (R): Generally, the metal disc of a cell acts as positive terminal.
Answer: (c)

Q3.
Assertion (A): A domestic electric appliance working on a three pin, will continue working even if
the top pin is removed.
Reason (R): The third pin is used only for safety purpose.
Answer: (a)

Q4.
Assertion (A): Silver is not used to make electric wires.
Reason (R): Silver is a bad conductor.
Answer: (c)

Q5.
Assertion (A): Air is an insulator.
 Reason (R): Those materials that do not allow electric current to pass through them are called
insulators.
Answer: (a)

Q6.
Assertion (A): Copper is used to make electric wires.
Reason (R): Copper is a poor conductor of electricity.
Answer: (c)

Q7.
Assertion: The assertion states, "The electric circuit provides a complete path for electricity to pass
(current to flow) between the two terminals of the electric cell."
Reason: The reason provided is, "The bulb glows only when current flows through the circuit."
Ans: (a)
Explanation: In this question, both the assertion and the reason are correct statements. An electric
circuit indeed provides a complete path for electric current to flow from one terminal of the electric
cell to the other terminal. Furthermore, the reason provided is a correct explanation for the assertion.
When a circuit is complete and electric current flows through it, devices such as bulbs can light up
due to the energy provided by the flowing current. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are
correct, and the reason explains the assertion accurately. The correct answer is option A.

Q8.
Assertion: The assertion states, "Human body is a bad conductor of electricity."
Reason: The reason provided is, "The materials which allow electric current to pass through them
are conductors of electricity."
Ans: (d)
Explanation: In this question, the assertion is a correct statement. Human bodies are relatively poor
conductors of electricity compared to materials like metals. The reason provided is also a correct
statement. Materials that allow electric current to flow through them are called conductors, and those
that do not allow current to flow through them are called insulators. Therefore, both the assertion and
the reason are correct. However, the reason does not accurately explain why the human body is a bad
conductor; the human body is not a good conductor due to its high resistance and limited pathways
for current flow. So, while both statements are correct, the reason is not a strong explanation for the
assertion. The correct answer is option D.

Q9.
Assertion: The assertion states, "In a closed electric circuit, the electric current pauses for one
terminal of the electric cell to the other terminal."
Reason: The reason provided is, "Switch is a simple device that is used to either break the electric
circuit or to complete it."
Ans: (a)
Explanation: In this question, both the assertion and the reason are correct statements. In a closed
electric circuit, the electric current flows continuously from one terminal of the electric cell to the
other terminal, and it does not pause. The reason provided is also correct. A switch is a device that
can interrupt or complete an electric circuit. When the switch is closed, it completes the circuit,
allowing current to flow. When the switch is open, it interrupts the circuit, breaking the flow of
 current. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are correct, and the reason explains the assertion
accurately. The correct answer is option A.

Q10.
Assertion: The assertion states, "Rubber and plastics are used for covering electrical wires, plugs,
switches, and other parts of electrical appliances."
Reason: The reason provided is, "The substance which does not allow electric current to pass through
them are called insulator.
Ans: (a)
Explanation: In this question, both the assertion and the reason are correct statements. Rubber and
plastics are indeed used as insulating materials to cover electrical components to prevent the flow of
electric current. The reason provided is also correct. Insulators are materials that do not allow electric
current to pass through them easily. In electrical systems, insulators are used to prevent accidental
contact and short circuits. Therefore, both the assertion and the reason are correct, and the reason
explains the assertion accurately. The correct answer is option A.
Q11.
Assertion: Electricity cannot be seen.
Reason: Electricity is a form of energy and not a matter.
Ans: (a)
Explanation: Electricity is a form of energy and not matter, hence it cannot be seen.

Q12.
Assertion: The filament of a bulb gets heated when the bulb is switched on.
Reason: The filament of the bulb is made of a metal which has high resistance.
Ans: (a)
Explanation: The filament of a bulb is made of tungsten metal which has high resistance, and it gets
heated when the current passes through it.

Q13.
Assertion: A switch is used to break an electric circuit.
Reason: When the switch is off, the circuit is open and no current flows through it.
Ans: (a)
Explanation: A switch is used to break or complete an electric circuit. When the switch is off, the
circuit is broken and no current flows through it.

Q14.
Assertion: Conductors allow electricity to pass through them.
Reason: Conductors have free electrons that can move easily, allowing the flow of electricity.
Ans: (a)
Explanation: Conductors have free electrons that can move easily, which allows the flow of
electricity.

Q15.
Assertion: Rubber is an insulator.
Reason: Rubber does not have free electrons to allow the flow of electricity.
 Ans: (a)
Explanation: Rubber is an insulator because it does not have free electrons to allow the flow of
electricity.

Q16.
Assertion(A): The filament of an electric bulb is made up of tungsten.
Reason (R): Tungsten is a cheap metal and is easily available.
Answer: (c)
Explanation: Tungsten is used because it has a high melting point, not because it’s cheap.

Q17.
Assertion (A): Electrical wires are made up of metal.
Reason (R): Metals are good conductors of electricity.
Answer: (a)
Explanation: Metals are used in wires because they allow electricity to pass through easily.

Q18.
Assertion (A): Air is considered as a good insulator.
Reason(R): Those materials that do not allow electric current to pass through them are called
insulators. Ans: (a)

Q19.
Assertion (A): An electric bulb glows, only when electric current passes through a closed circuit.
Reason (R): In an electric circuit the direction of flow of electric current is taken from negative to
positive terminal of the electric cell.
Ans: (c)

Q20.
Assertion (A): Filaments in light bulbs are made of conductors.
Reason (R): Tungsten is a good conductor of electricity.
Ans: (b)

Q21.
Assertion (A): The Plastic coating of connecting wires should be removed before making circuits.
Reason (R): Plastic is an insulator, it does not allow electric current to flow through it.
Answer: (a)
Explanation: Plastic coating should be removed before making the circuit, if not removed, then it
does not allow current to pass through it

Q22.
Assertion (A): Electricians are provided with rubber gloves while working on electric poles.
Reason (R): Rubber is a conductor, it does not allow electricity to pass through it and saves
from getting electric shock.
Answer: (c)
Explanation: Rubber gloves are provided to electricians because rubber is an insulator and this saves
them from getting an electric shock
Q.23.
Assertion (A): A fused bulb glows, when it is connected to the cell.
Reason (R): A bulb gets fused, when there is a break in the filament.
Answer: (d).
Explanation: A bulb gets fused, when there is a break in the filament and a fused bulb does not glow
when it is connected to the cell.

Q.24.
Assertion (A): The human body does not allow electric current to pass through it.
Reason (R): The materials which allow electric current to pass through it are called conductors
Answer: (d)
Explanation: The human body is a conductor of electricity and conductors are those materials which
allow electricity to pass through them.

Q.25.
Assertion (A): An electric bulb glows, when electricity passes through its filament.
Reason (R): Filament is made up of aluminum.
Answer: (C)

Q.26.
Assertion (A): Ocean water is a good conductor of electricity.
Reason (R): The salts present in ocean water make it a good conductor.
Answer: (a)

Q.27.
Assertion: A bulb glows when electric current passes through it.
Reason: The filament in the bulb heats up and emits light when current flows through it.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.

Q.28.
Assertion: A switch is used to control the flow of electric current in a circuit.
Reason: A switch can open or close the circuit, thereby controlling the flow of current.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.

Q.29.
Assertion: Metals are good conductors of electricity.
Reason: Metals have free electrons that can easily move, allowing electric current to flow through
them.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.

Q.30.
Assertion: Rubber is a good insulator of electricity.
Reason: Rubber does not allow electric current to pass through it easily.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
Q.31.
Assertion: A battery is a source of electrical energy.
Reason: A battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
Answer: Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the correct explanation for Assertion.
Q.32.
Assertion (A): Connecting wire is used to connect all components of an electric circuit.
Reason (R): Connecting wire is made of electric conductor.
Explanation: A connecting wire is indeed used to connect the components of a circuit, allowing
electric current to flow.
Connecting wires are made of conductors, such as copper or aluminum, to facilitate the flow of
electricity.
Conclusion: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

Q.33.
Assertion (A): Bulb’s filament is made up of conductors.
Reason (R): Tungsten is a good conductor of electricity.
Explanation:
• The filament of a bulb is indeed made of conductors to allow current to flow through it and
produce heat and light.
• Tungsten, used in bulb filaments, is a good conductor of electricity and also has a high melting
point, which makes it suitable for use in bulbs.
Conclusion: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

Q.34.
Assertion (A): An electric cell has two terminals.
Reason (R): One of the terminals is called the positive terminal and the other is called the negative
terminal.
Explanation:
• An electric cell has two terminals to create a potential difference, which allows current to flow
through a circuit.
• These terminals are labeled positive and negative for clarity and proper connection in circuits.
Conclusion: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).
Q.36.
Assertion (A): An electric bulb has two terminals.
Reason (R): The two terminals of an electric bulb are fixed in such a way that they do not touch each
other.
Explanation:
• An electric bulb has two terminals to allow current to flow through the filament.
• The terminals are designed to be insulated from each other to prevent short circuits.
Conclusion: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

Q.37.
 Assertion (A): An electric bulb glows only when an electric current passes through it.
Reason (R): In an electric circuit, the direction of current is taken from negative to positive terminal
of the electric cell.
Explanation:
• An electric bulb indeed glows when current flows through its filament.
• However, the convention for the direction of current is from positive to negative terminal
(opposite the actual flow of electrons).
Conclusion: Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect.

Q.38.
Assertion (A): In a closed electric circuit, the current passes from one terminal of the electric cell to
the other terminal.
Reason (R): Generally, the metal disc of a cell acts as the positive terminal.
Explanation:
• In a closed circuit, current flows from one terminal of the cell to the other terminal.
• However, the metal disc of most cells is the negative terminal, not the positive.
Conclusion: Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect.

Q.39.
Assertion (A): Silver is not used to make electric wires.
Reason (R): Silver is a bad conductor.
Explanation:
• Silver is not used to make wires because it is expensive, not because it is a bad conductor. In
fact, silver is an excellent conductor of electricity.
Conclusion: Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect.

Q.40.
Assertion (A): Copper is used to make electric wires.
Reason (R): Copper is a poor conductor of electricity.
Explanation:
• Copper is used to make wires because it is a good conductor of electricity, not a poor
conductor.
Conclusion: Assertion (A) is correct, but Reason (R) is incorrect.

Q.41.
Assertion (A): A domestic electric appliance working on a three-pin plug will continue working even
if the top pin is removed.
Reason (R): The third pin is used only for safety purposes.
Explanation:
• The third pin (earth pin) in a three-pin plug is used for grounding and safety. The appliance
will work even without the earth pin, but it compromises safety.
Conclusion: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

Q.42.
Assertion (A): Insulators do not allow the current to flow through themselves.
 Reason (R): They have no free charge carriers.
Explanation:
• Insulators do not conduct electricity because they lack free electrons or other charge carriers.
Conclusion: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

Q.43.
Assertion (A): Air is an insulator.
Reason (R): Those materials that do not allow electric current to pass through them are called
insulators.
Explanation:
• Air is indeed an insulator under normal conditions, and insulators are materials that do not conduct
electricity.
Conclusion: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are correct, and Reason (R) is the correct
explanation of Assertion (A).

Case Based Questions:

Case Study 1: Overloaded Circuit Leading to Fire
Scenario: A family uses multiple high-wattage appliances simultaneously in their kitchen, including a
microwave, toaster, and electric kettle, all plugged into the same outlet using a power strip. Suddenly, they
notice a burning smell, and the power goes out in the kitchen.
Questions:
1. What electrical safety issue is demonstrated in this scenario?
Answer: Overloading a circuit by using multiple high-wattage appliances on the same outlet, which
can cause overheating and potentially lead to a fire.
2. How could this situation have been prevented?
Answer: By distributing the appliances across different outlets on separate circuits and avoiding the
use of power strips for high-wattage devices.
3. What protective device should have been in place to prevent the power outage?
Answer: A properly rated circuit breaker (MCB) that trips when the circuit is overloaded, cutting off
the electrical supply to prevent overheating.

Case Study 2: Electric Shock from Faulty Appliance

Scenario: An individual attempts to use a hairdryer in the bathroom. Upon turning it on, they receive an
electric shock, causing minor injuries.
Questions:
1. What might have caused the electric shock in this scenario?
Answer: Possible causes include a faulty hairdryer with damaged insulation, lack of a Ground-Fault
Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) in the bathroom outlet, or using the appliance with wet hands.
2. What immediate action should the individual take after experiencing the shock?
Answer: Disconnect the appliance immediately, avoid using it again, and seek medical attention if
necessary.
3. What preventive measures can be implemented to avoid such incidents?
Answer: Install GFCI outlets in bathrooms, regularly inspect appliances for damage, avoid using
electrical devices with wet hands, and ensure appliances are kept away from water sources.
Case Study 3: Child Tampering with Electrical Outlet
Scenario: A young child inserts a metal object into an electrical outlet, resulting in sparks and a minor burn.
Questions:
1. What safety hazard is highlighted in this scenario?
Answer: The danger of children accessing unprotected electrical outlets, leading to potential electric
shocks or burns.
2. How can such accidents be prevented in homes with young children?
Answer: By installing tamper-resistant receptacles or using outlet covers to prevent children from
inserting objects into outlets.
3. What should parents teach their children regarding electrical safety?
Answer: Educate children about the dangers of electricity, instruct them never to touch outlets or
electrical appliances without supervision, and explain the importance of not inserting objects into
electrical sockets.

Case Study 4: DIY Electrical Repairs Gone Wrong

Scenario: A homeowner attempts to fix a faulty light switch without turning off the power supply. During
the repair, they receive a severe electric shock, resulting in hospitalization.
Questions:
1. What critical mistake did the homeowner make in this scenario?
Answer: Attempting electrical repairs without turning off the power supply, leading to direct exposure
to live electricity.
2. What are the risks associated with DIY electrical repairs?
Answer: Risks include electric shocks, fires, improper installations, and violations of electrical codes,
all of which can lead to serious injuries or property damage.
3. What best practices should be followed when dealing with electrical issues at home?
Answer: Always turn off the power supply at the circuit breaker before attempting any electrical work,
use appropriate personal protective equipment, and consider hiring a qualified electrician for repairs
beyond basic tasks.

Case Study 5: Understanding Electric Circuits

Ravi set up a simple electric circuit using a battery, a bulb, and connecting wires. He noticed that the bulb
did not light up. Upon checking, he found that one of the connections was loose.
1. Why didn't the bulb light up in Ravi's circuit?
Answer: The bulb didn't light up because there was a loose connection, resulting in an incomplete
circuit. For the bulb to light up, the circuit must be complete, allowing electric current to flow
uninterrupted.
2. What is the role of connecting wires in an electric circuit?
Answer: Connecting wires provide a path for electric current to flow from the power source (battery)
to the electrical components (like the bulb) and back, completing the circuit.
3. How can Ravi ensure that his circuit works properly in the future?
Answer: Ravi should ensure all connections are tight and secure, use wires without any cuts or
damages, and verify that the battery and bulb are functioning correctly.
Case Study 6: Identifying Conductors and Insulators
Anita conducted an experiment to test whether certain materials allow electric current to pass through them.
She connected different objects—like a metal spoon, a plastic ruler, and a pencil—to a circuit with a battery
and a bulb. She observed that the bulb lit up when the metal spoon was connected but did not light up with
the plastic ruler or pencil.
1. Why did the bulb light up when Anita connected the metal spoon to the circuit?
Answer: The bulb lit up because the metal spoon is a conductor, allowing electric current to pass
through and complete the circuit.
2. Why didn't the bulb light up with the plastic ruler or pencil?
Answer: The bulb didn't light up because the plastic ruler and pencil are insulators; they do not allow
electric current to flow through them, preventing the circuit from being completed.
3. Based on Anita's experiment, define conductors and insulators.
Answer: Conductors are materials that allow electric current to pass through them easily (e.g., metals
like copper and aluminum). Insulators are materials that do not allow electric current to pass through
them easily (e.g., plastic, wood, rubber).

Case Study 7: Importance of Switches in Circuits

Suman built a circuit with a battery, a bulb, and a switch. She noticed that when the switch was in the 'off'
position, the bulb didn't light up, and when the switch was turned 'on,' the bulb illuminated.
1. What is the function of a switch in an electric circuit?
Answer: A switch controls the flow of electric current in a circuit. When the switch is 'on' (closed),
it completes the circuit, allowing current to flow and the bulb to light up. When the switch is 'off'
(open), it breaks the circuit, stopping the flow of current, and the bulb does not light up.
2. Why is it important to have a switch in a circuit?
Answer: A switch allows us to control the operation of electrical devices safely and conveniently,
enabling us to turn them on or off as needed without disconnecting the power source.
3. What might happen if there were no switch in Suman's circuit?
Answer: Without a switch, the circuit would be continuously closed, and the bulb would remain lit
as long as the battery has power. This could lead to unnecessary energy consumption and might also
cause the bulb to overheat or the battery to drain quickly.