Course Title: British literature up to 1800

1. UNIT
The Social Context of Medieval English Literature:

 Medieval English literature emerged during the Middle Ages, roughly spanning from the
5th to the late 15th century. It was heavily influenced by the social, religious, and cultural
norms of the time, characterized by feudalism, chivalry, and the dominance of the Catholic
Church. Works often revolved around themes of faith, morality, and courtly love, with
notable examples including Beowulf, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, and The
Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.

 Medieval English literature was deeply intertwined with the social structures of the time.
Feudalism, with its hierarchical system of lords, vassals, and serfs, influenced the themes
of loyalty, honor, and duty in literature. Additionally, the dominance of the Catholic
Church meant that religious themes and values permeated much of the literature of this
period.

2. Renaissance:

 The Renaissance, spanning roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, marked a period of
cultural rebirth and revival of classical learning. In England, this era saw a resurgence of
interest in classical literature, humanism, and the arts. It brought about a shift towards
individualism, exploration, and the questioning of traditional authority. Key literary figures
of the English Renaissance include Edmund Spenser, Sir Philip Sidney, and Christopher
Marlowe.

 The Renaissance was a period of immense cultural transformation marked by a revival of

interest in classical learning and the arts. In England, this era witnessed a flourishing of
literature, art, and scholarship. Humanist ideals emphasizing the potential of human
achievement and the importance of education spurred advancements in literature, science,
and philosophy.

3. Elizabethan Poetry:

 Elizabethan poetry flourished during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I (1558–1603) and was
characterized by its rich language, elaborate imagery, and exploration of themes such as
love, nature, and beauty. The most famous poet of this era is William Shakespeare, along
with other luminaries such as Edmund Spenser and Sir Philip Sidney.

 Elizabethan poetry reached new heights of artistic expression, with poets like William
Shakespeare and Edmund Spenser creating works of enduring beauty and complexity.
Themes of love, nature, and the passage of time were explored through rich language and
intricate imagery, reflecting the intellectual and emotional currents of the Elizabethan era.
4. Elizabethan Drama:

 Elizabethan drama refers to the flourishing theatrical productions during the Elizabethan
era, particularly the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The period saw the emergence of
famous playwrights like William Shakespeare, Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson,
who produced timeless works that explored human nature, politics, and morality. The
theaters became vibrant social spaces, attracting audiences from all walks of life.

 Elizabethan drama was characterized by its diversity and innovation, with playwrights like
Shakespeare, Marlowe, and Jonson producing a wide range of comedies, tragedies, and
histories. The theater became a vibrant cultural hub, reflecting the social, political, and
religious tensions of the time while also entertaining audiences with tales of romance,
intrigue, and heroism.

5. Metaphysical Poetry:

 Metaphysical poetry emerged in the 17th century, characterized by its intellectual

complexity, elaborate conceits, and exploration of philosophical and spiritual themes.
Poets like John Donne, George Herbert, and Andrew Marvell are considered key figures of
this movement, known for their bold use of metaphysical conceits and wit.

 Metaphysical poetry challenged conventional notions of poetic form and subject matter,
employing complex metaphors, paradoxes, and philosophical inquiries. Poets like John
Donne explored themes of love, death, and spirituality with intellectual rigor and wit,
forging a style that remains influential to this day.

6. Restoration Drama:

 Restoration drama refers to English theater during the period of the Restoration
(1660–1710), following the return of the monarchy under Charles II. The drama of this era
was marked by its wit, satire, and exploration of themes such as love, marriage, and social
mores. Playwrights like William Congreve, Aphra Behn, and John Dryden produced
comedies and tragedies that reflected the changing social landscape of post-Civil War
England.

 Restoration drama emerged in the wake of political and social upheaval, reflecting the
changing values and attitudes of post-Civil War England. Plays of this era often featured
witty dialogue, intricate plots, and morally ambiguous characters, reflecting the newfound
freedoms and uncertainties of the Restoration period.

7. 18th Century Prose:

 The 18th century witnessed the rise of prose literature in England, marked by the
emergence of the novel as a dominant literary form. This period saw the publication of
influential works by authors such as Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift, and Samuel
Richardson, who explored a wide range of social, political, and moral issues through
fiction and non-fiction prose.
  The 18th century saw the rise of the novel as a dominant literary form, alongside the
continued production of essays, satire, and philosophical treatises. Writers like Jonathan
Swift and Samuel Richardson used prose to explore pressing social issues and moral
dilemmas, contributing to the vibrant intellectual discourse of the time.

8. Development of the Novel in the 18th Century:

 The 18th century saw the evolution and popularization of the novel as a distinct literary
form. Writers like Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, and Henry Fielding pioneered the
novel's development, experimenting with narrative techniques, character development, and
social commentary. Novels of this era often depicted realistic portrayals of everyday life,
exploring themes of morality, identity, and social class.

 The novel underwent significant development during the 18th century, with writers
experimenting with narrative techniques, character development, and themes. Novels of
this era reflected the changing social and cultural landscape, offering readers insights into
the complexities of human nature and society.

9. Neo-classical and Transitional Poetry:

 Neo-classical and transitional poetry refers to the poetic styles prevalent in the late 17th
and early 18th centuries, characterized by a return to classical forms and values. Poets of
this era, such as Alexander Pope and John Dryden, embraced classical ideals of order,
reason, and restraint, while also paving the way for the more emotionally expressive and
individualistic poetry of the Romantic period that followed.

 Neo-classical and transitional poetry represented a shift towards classical ideals of order,
reason, and decorum, while also foreshadowing the emotional expressiveness of the
Romantic period. Poets like Alexander Pope sought to emulate the clarity and restraint of
classical verse, while also exploring themes of nature, love, and human experience with
increasing depth and complexity.

UNIT-2 MAJOR AUTHORS AND WORKS

1. Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343-1400):

Notable Work: "The Canterbury Tales"

Explanation: Chaucer is often regarded as the Father of English Literature. "The Canterbury Tales" is a
collection of stories told by a diverse group of pilgrims journeying to Canterbury Cathedral. The tales
provide a rich panorama of medieval society, reflecting Chaucer's keen observation and storytelling
prowess.

2. Francis Bacon (1561-1626):

Notable Work: "Essays"Explanation: Bacon's "Essays" cover a wide range of subjects, offering profound
insights into human nature, morality, and the pursuit of knowledge. His essays, characterized by a concise
and aphoristic style, played a crucial role in the development of the English essay as a literary form.
 3. Ben Jonson (1572-1637):

Notable Works: "Volpone," "The Alchemist"

Explanation: Jonson was a Renaissance playwright and poet. "Volpone" is a satirical comedy that
critiques greed, while "The Alchemist" satirizes the alchemical pursuits and social pretensions of the
time. Jonson is known for his classical approach to drama and his realistic portrayal of characters.

4. John Milton (1608-1674):

Notable Work: "Paradise Lost"

Explanation: Milton's "Paradise Lost" is an epic poem that narrates the biblical story of the Fall of Man,
portraying Satan's rebellion and Adam and Eve's expulsion from Eden. The poem explores themes of free
will, disobedience, and redemption, and is celebrated for its poetic grandeur and philosophical depth.

5. John Dryden (1631-1700):

Notable Works: "Absalom and Achitophel," "All for Love"

Explanation: Dryden was a prominent poet, playwright, and critic of the Restoration period. "Absalom
and Achitophel" is a political satire in verse, while "All for Love" is a tragedy based on the story of
Antony and Cleopatra. Dryden's works reflect the political and cultural shifts of his time.

6. Alexander Pope (1688-1744):

Notable Work: "The Rape of the Lock"

Explanation: Pope's "The Rape of the Lock" is a mock-heroic poem that satirizes the trivialities of
aristocratic society. With wit and humor, Pope addresses the social customs and values of the 18th
century. His works often engaged in the literary and intellectual debates of his time.

7. Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784):

Notable Work: "A Dictionary of the English Language"

Explanation: Johnson's dictionary, published in 1755, was a monumental linguistic achievement. It

provided definitions, examples, and quotations, shaping the English language and serving as a reference
for scholars for many years. Johnson was also a prominent essayist and critic.

8. William Shakespeare (1564-1616):

Notable Works: Numerous, including "Hamlet," "Romeo and Juliet," "Macbeth," "Othello"

Explanation: Shakespeare, often referred to as the Bard, is one of the greatest playwrights and poets in the
English language. His plays, spanning tragedies, comedies, and histories, explore the complexities of
human nature, love, power, and morality, leaving an indelible mark on literature.

9. Oliver Goldsmith (1728-1774):

Notable Work: "The Vicar of Wakefield"

Explanation: Goldsmith's novel "The Vicar of Wakefield" is a sentimental and humorous work that tells
the story of the misadventures of a country vicar and his family. The novel combines elements of
domestic realism with satire, contributing to the development of the novel as a literary form.

10. John Bunyan (1628-1688):

Notable Work: "The Pilgrim's Progress"

Explanation: Bunyan's allegorical novel "The Pilgrim's Progress" is an enduring Christian allegory. It
follows the journey of the character Christian as he faces trials and temptations on his way to the Celestial
City. The work is considered one of the most significant works of religious literature in English.

11. Aphra Behn (1640-1689):

Notable Work: "Oroonoko"

Explanation: Aphra Behn was one of the first professional female writers in English literature.
"Oroonoko" is a novella that explores themes of race, slavery, and colonialism. Behn's works challenged
societal norms and contributed to the development of the novel as a form of artistic expression.

12. Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673):

Notable Work: "The Blazing World"

Explanation: Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, was an early science fiction writer and
philosopher. "The Blazing World" is a utopian fantasy that blends scientific speculation with imaginative
storytelling. Cavendish was one of the first women to publish extensively in science, philosophy, and
fiction.

13. Elizabeth Cary (1585-1639):

Notable Work: "The Tragedy of Mariam"

Explanation: Elizabeth Cary, Lady Falkland, was an English poet, translator, and playwright. "The
Tragedy of Mariam" is one of the earliest English plays known to be written by a woman. It explores
themes of jealousy, power, and the consequences of political intrigue, showcasing Cary's literary talent.

14. Anne Finch (1661-1720):

Notable Work: Various poems

Explanation: Anne Finch, Countess of Winchilsea, was a poet known for her lyrical and reflective poetry.
Although not widely recognized during her lifetime, Finch's works, often exploring themes of love,
nature, and the human condition, have gained appreciation for their sensitivity and poetic skill in later
years.

15. Amelia Lanyer (1569-1645):

Notable Work: "Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum"

Explanation: Amelia Lanyer was a poet and one of the earliest Englishwomen to assert herself as a
professional writer. "Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum" is a collection of poems, including the first country
house poem written by an Englishwoman. Lanyer's works addressed social and religious issues of her
time.

16. Fanny Burney (1752-1840):

Notable Work: "Evelina"

Explanation: Frances Burney, known as Fanny Burney, was a novelist and diarist. "Evelina" is her first
and most successful novel, presenting a young woman's experiences in 18th-century London society.
Burney's novels provide insightful portrayals of societal manners and challenges faced by women of her
time.

17. Elizabeth Carter (1717-1806):

Notable Work: Translation of Epictetus

Explanation: Elizabeth Carter was a scholar, poet, and translator. She is best known for her translation of
the works of the ancient Greek philosopher Epictetus. Carter was a prominent figure in 18th-century
intellectual circles, contributing to the understanding of classical philosophy in English.

A brief overview of each author mentioned along with some of their notable works:

1. Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343-1400): Often referred to as the "Father of English Literature," Chaucer is
best known for his seminal work "The Canterbury Tales," a collection of stories told by pilgrims on their
way to Canterbury Cathedral.

2. Francis Bacon (1561-1626): An English philosopher, statesman, scientist, and author, Bacon is
considered one of the founders of modern scientific inquiry. His works include essays, philosophical
treatises, and his unfinished utopian novel "New Atlantis."

3. Ben Jonson (1572-1637): A contemporary of Shakespeare, Jonson was a playwright, poet, and actor.
His notable works include "Volpone," "The Alchemist," and "Every Man in His Humour."

4. John Milton (1608-1674): An influential English poet and polemicist, Milton is best known for his
epic poem "Paradise Lost," which explores the biblical story of the Fall of Man.

5. John Dryden (1631-1700): A prominent English poet, literary critic, and playwright, Dryden was the
leading literary figure of the Restoration period. His works include "Absalom and Achitophel" and "All
for Love."

6. Alexander Pope (1688-1744): A major figure in English poetry of the 18th century, Pope is best
known for his satirical verse and his translation of Homer's "Iliad." His most famous works include "The
Rape of the Lock" and "An Essay on Criticism."

7. Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784): A renowned English writer, critic, and lexicographer, Johnson is
best known for his influential "A Dictionary of the English Language" and his collection of biographies
"Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets."
8. William Shakespeare (1564-1616): Widely regarded as one of the greatest writers in the English
language, Shakespeare's works include numerous plays such as "King Lear," "As You Like It," and
"Hamlet," as well as many sonnets.

9. Oliver Goldsmith (c. 1728-1774): An Irish novelist, playwright, and poet, Goldsmith's most famous
works include the novel "The Vicar of Wakefield" and the play "She Stoops to Conquer."

10. John Bunyan (1628-1688): An English writer and Puritan preacher, Bunyan is best known for his
allegorical work "The Pilgrim's Progress," which is regarded as one of the most significant works of
religious literature.

11. Aphra Behn (1640-1689): One of the first English women to earn her living by writing, Behn was a
playwright, poet, and novelist. Her most famous work is the novel "Oroonoko."

12. Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673): Duchess of Newcastle and one of the earliest English women to
achieve recognition as a writer, Cavendish authored numerous works of poetry, philosophy, and science
fiction, including "The Blazing World."

13. Elizabeth Cary (1585-1639): An English poet, translator, and playwright, Cary is best known for her
closet drama "The Tragedy of Mariam," which is considered one of the earliest examples of English
Renaissance drama written by a woman.

14. Anne Finch (1661-1720): Countess of Winchilsea and a poet of the late 17th and early 18th centuries,
Finch's works include poetry that explores themes of love, nature, and the human condition.

15. Amelia Lanyer (1569-1645): An English poet, Lanyer is best known for her collection of poetry
"Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum," which is considered one of the earliest feminist works in English literature.

16. Fanny Burney (1752-1840): An English novelist and diarist, Burney's most famous works include
the novels "Evelina" and "Cecilia," which are notable for their satirical portrayal of English society.

17. Elizabeth Carter (1717-1806): An English poet, translator, and bluestocking, Carter is best known
for her translations of Greek and Latin works, as well as her correspondence with other intellectuals of
her time

 Let’s delve a bit deeper into each author and their contributions:

1. Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343-1400):

 Chaucer is often regarded as the "Father of English Literature" due to his significant
contributions to the development of the English language and literature.

 In addition to "The Canterbury Tales," Chaucer wrote numerous other works, including
"Troilus and Criseyde" and "The Book of the Duchess."

 His writing showcased a keen observation of human nature, satire, and a deep
understanding of medieval society.
2. Francis Bacon (1561-1626):

 Bacon was a pivotal figure in the advancement of modern scientific inquiry and the
philosophy of empiricism.

 His essays, such as "Of Studies" and "Of Truth," are celebrated for their clarity of thought
and concise expression of ideas.

 Bacon's vision of a utopian society is explored in his work "New Atlantis," where he
presents a fictionalized account of a scientific utopia.

3. Ben Jonson (1572-1637):

 Jonson was a versatile playwright, poet, and literary critic of the Elizabethan and Jacobean
eras.

 His comedies, including "Volpone," "The Alchemist," and "Every Man in His Humour,"
are known for their wit, sharp satire, and intricate plots.

 Jonson's contributions to English literature also include his masques, which were elaborate
theatrical performances combining poetry, music, and dance.

4. John Milton (1608-1674):

 Milton is renowned for his epic poem "Paradise Lost," which explores complex theological
themes and the nature of human existence.

 His other notable works include "Paradise Regained," "Samson Agonistes," and various
political pamphlets advocating for freedom of speech and expression.

 Milton's writing is characterized by its eloquence, profound philosophical insights, and

poetic mastery.

5. John Dryden (1631-1700):

 Dryden was a leading literary figure of the Restoration period and served as England's first
Poet Laureate.

 He excelled in various literary forms, including poetry, drama, and critical essays.

 Dryden's works, such as "Absalom and Achitophel" and "All for Love," reflect his skillful
use of language, sharp wit, and engagement with contemporary political and social issues.

6. Alexander Pope (1688-1744):

 Pope was a central figure in 18th-century English poetry, known for his satirical verse, wit,
and technical mastery.

 "The Rape of the Lock" is perhaps his most famous work, satirizing the trivialities of
aristocratic society.
  Pope's translation of Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey" into heroic couplets is considered a
monumental achievement in English literature.

7. Dr. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784):

 Johnson was a towering figure of the 18th-century literary scene, celebrated for his
contributions to English dictionary-making, literary criticism, and essay writing.

 His "Dictionary of the English Language" was a groundbreaking lexicographical work that
helped standardize the English language.

 Johnson's critical essays, particularly those collected in "The Rambler" and "The Idler,"
offer insightful commentary on various literary and moral issues of his time.

8. William Shakespeare (1564-1616):

 Shakespeare is widely regarded as one of the greatest playwrights and poets in the English
language.

 His body of work includes 39 plays, 154 sonnets, and two long narrative poems, covering
a wide range of genres and themes.

 Shakespeare's plays, such as "Hamlet," "King Lear," and "As You Like It," are celebrated
for their profound insights into human nature, complex characters, and timeless relevance.

9. Oliver Goldsmith (c. 1728-1774):

 Goldsmith was an Irish writer celebrated for his contributions to both prose and poetry
during the 18th century.

 His novel "The Vicar of Wakefield" is a classic of English literature, known for its
warmth, humor, and moral lessons.

 Goldsmith's play "She Stoops to Conquer" is a seminal work in the genre of comedy of
manners, blending satire with farce.

10. John Bunyan (1628-1688):

 Bunyan was a prolific writer and Puritan preacher best known for his allegorical work
"The Pilgrim's Progress."

 This influential work, first published in 1678, narrates the spiritual journey of a character
named Christian as he seeks salvation.

 Bunyan's writing style is characterized by its simplicity, vivid imagery, and profound
religious insight.
11. Aphra Behn (1640-1689):

 Behn was one of the first English women to earn her living as a professional writer.

 Her novel "Oroonoko," often considered one of the earliest English novels, explores
themes of race, slavery, and colonialism.

 Behn's plays, such as "The Rover," are known for their wit, intrigue, and exploration of
gender dynamics.

12. Margaret Cavendish (1623-1673):

 Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, was a prolific writer and philosopher during the 17th
century.

 Her work "The Blazing World" is considered one of the earliest examples of science
fiction and utopian literature.

 Cavendish's writings span various genres, including poetry, prose fiction, philosophy, and
natural philosophy.

13. Elizabeth Cary (1585-1639):

 Cary was an English poet, translator, and playwright known for her significant
contributions to Renaissance drama.

 Her closet drama "The Tragedy of Mariam" is one of the earliest examples of English
Renaissance drama written by a woman.

 Cary's writing explores themes of gender, power, and agency within the context of
Jacobean society.

14. Anne Finch (1661-1720):

 Finch, Countess of Winchilsea, was a poet of the late 17th and early 18th centuries known
for her lyrical verse and exploration of personal and emotional themes.

 Her poetry often reflects her experiences as a woman in a male-dominated society and her
love of nature and the English countryside.

15. Amelia Lanyer (1569-1645):

 Lanyer was an English poet known for her feminist themes and advocacy for women's
rights.

 Her collection of poetry "Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum" is considered one of the earliest
feminist works in English literature, challenging traditional views of women's roles and
religious interpretations.
 16. Fanny Burney (1752-1840):

 Burney was an English novelist and diarist whose works provide valuable insights into
18th-century English society and culture.

 Her novels "Evelina" and "Cecilia" are celebrated for their social satire, humor, and astute
observations of human behavior.

17. Elizabeth Carter (1717-1806):

 Carter was an English poet, translator, and bluestocking known for her scholarly pursuits
and translations of classical works.

 Her translations of Greek and Latin texts, such as Epictetus' "Enchiridion" and works by
Homer and Euripides, were highly regarded for their accuracy and elegance.

These authors collectively represent a diverse array of literary talent and intellectual contributions
across different periods of English literature, showcasing the richness and depth of the literary tradition.

1. King Lear by William Shakespeare: King Lear, an aging monarch, decides to divide his kingdom
among his three daughters based on their declarations of love for him. When his youngest
daughter, Cordelia, refuses to flatter him, Lear banishes her and divides the kingdom between his
other two daughters. However, he soon finds himself betrayed and abandoned by those he trusted,
leading to his descent into madness and tragedy.

2. As You Like It by William Shakespeare: The play follows the story of Rosalind, who flees
persecution in her uncle's court and seeks refuge in the Forest of Arden disguised as a man. There,
she encounters various characters, including her love interest, Orlando, and engages in witty
exchanges, mistaken identities, and romantic entanglements, ultimately leading to multiple
marriages and reconciliations.

3. Volpone by Ben Jonson: Vulpine, a wealthy Venetian magnate, pretends to be on his deathbed to
entice greedy acquaintances into offering him gifts in hopes of inheriting his fortune. Through
deceit and manipulation, Volpone orchestrates a series of hilarious and morally ambiguous
schemes, only to face a reckoning when his plans unravel.

4. Paradise Lost by John Milton: An epic poem that retells the biblical story of the Fall of Man,
focusing on Satan's rebellion against God, the temptation of Adam and Eve, and their subsequent
expulsion from the Garden of Eden. The poem explores themes of free will, temptation, and
redemption, while portraying Satan as a complex and tragic figure.

5. Absalom and Achitophel by John Dryden: A political allegory that recounts the biblical story of
Absalom's rebellion against his father, King David, as a commentary on the political turmoil of
Restoration England. The poem satirizes contemporary figures and events, particularly the
Exclusion Crisis and the ambitions of the Duke of Monmouth to succeed Charles II.

6. The Rape of the Lock by Alexander Pope: A mock-heroic poem that humorously narrates the
trivial incident of the cutting of a lock of hair from a young woman named Belinda, which sparks
 a feud between two aristocratic families. Through exaggerated language and epic conventions,
Pope satirizes the vanity and frivolity of the 18th-century British aristocracy.

7. Pamela by Samuel Richardson: An epistolary novel that follows the story of a virtuous servant
girl named Pamela Andrews, who resists the advances of her lecherous employer, Mr.B, and
eventually marries him after he reforms his behaviour. The novel explores themes of class, virtue,
and social mobility in 18th-century England.

8. Letters of Elizabeth Carter: Elizabeth Carter was an 18th-century British writer and translator
known for her intellect and erudition. Her letters encompass a wide range of topics, including
literature, philosophy, and social commentary, providing insights into the intellectual life of her
time and her own experiences as a woman in literary circles.

Information on each of the mentioned works:

 King Lear:

Considered one of Shakespeare's greatest tragedies, "King Lear" explores themes of family,
power, and madness.

The subplot involving the Earl of Gloucester and his sons Edmund and Edgar mirrors the main
plot, adding depth to the exploration of themes like deception and betrayal.

The play ends with a bleak outlook, as Lear's actions lead to the deaths of several characters,
including himself and his daughters.

 As You Like It:

"As You Like It" is known for its pastoral setting and exploration of the contrasts between court
life and life in the countryside.

The character of Rosalind, disguised as Ganymede, provides insight into gender roles and identity.

The play contains famous speeches, including the "All the world's a stage" monologue, which
outlines the seven stages of human life.

 Volpone:

Written by Ben Jonson during the Jacobean era, "Volpone" is a biting satire that criticizes greed,
corruption, and the moral decay of society.

The character of Volpone embodies the theme of deception, as he cunningly manipulates those
around him for his own gain.

Jonson's use of intricate wordplay and wit contributes to the play's comedic elements and enduring
appeal.
 Paradise Lost:

John Milton's "Paradise Lost" is considered one of the greatest epic poems in the English
language.

Milton's depiction of Satan as a complex and charismatic figure challenges traditional views of
good and evil.

The poem explores theological concepts such as free will, redemption, and the nature of sin, while
also addressing political and social issues of Milton's time.

 Absalom and Achitophel:

Written during the Exclusion Crisis in 17th-century England, John Dryden's poem allegorically
addresses political tensions and rivalries.Absalom represents the Duke of Monmouth, whose claim
to the throne threatened the stability of King Charles II's reign.The poem's intricate use of biblical
allusions and historical references adds depth to its commentary on power and ambition.

 The Rape of the Lock:

Alexander Pope's "The Rape of the Lock" is a humorous and satirical take on a trivial incident,
demonstrating Pope's skill in blending epic and mock-heroic elements.

The poem lampoons the frivolous nature of high society, particularly the obsession with social
status and appearances.Pope's mastery of wit and satire is evident throughout the poem, making it
a classic example of 18th-century English literature.

 Pamela:

Samuel Richardson's "Pamela" is considered one of the earliest novels in the English language and
a prime example of the epistolary form.

The novel explores themes of virtue, class, and gender, as Pamela navigates the complexities of
her relationship with her employer, Mr. B."Pamela" was highly influential in shaping the
development of the novel as a literary form, particularly in its focus on the moral and emotional
growth of the protagonist.

 Letters of Elizabeth Carter:

Elizabeth Carter was a prominent figure in 18th-century literary circles, known for her translations
of works by Epictetus and other classical authors.Her letters provide valuable insights into the
intellectual and cultural milieu of her time, as well as her own perspectives on literature,
philosophy, and society.Carter's correspondence with contemporaries such as Samuel Richardson
and Samuel Johnson sheds light on her relationships and intellectual pursuits.
 3. UNIT REPRESENTATIVE TEXTS
Sonnet 18: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
By William Shakespeare
Author introduction, William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare, born in April 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, is widely regarded as one
of the greatest playwrights and poets in the English language. His exact birthdate is not known, but records
indicate his baptism on April 26. Shakespeare's extensive body of work includes iconic plays like "Romeo
and Juliet," "Hamlet," and "Macbeth," which continue to be performed globally. His sonnets, comprising
154 poems, showcase his mastery of lyrical expression.
Shakespeare's impact on literature and drama is immeasurable, and his profound insights into human
nature remain relevant across centuries. Despite limited biographical information, his legacy endures through
the timeless themes and characters he brought to life on the stage and in verse. Shakespeare's influence
extends beyond the written word, making him a cultural icon whose works continue to shape the world of
literature and performance.William Shakespeare's works encompass a wide range of themes, reflecting the
complexity of human experience. Some of the prominent themes found in his plays and poems include:

Sonnet 18: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? By William Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date;
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare is a declaration of the poet's enduring love for someone. The
speaker considers comparing the beloved to a summer's day but asserts that the beloved is even more
beautiful and constant. The poem explores the transient nature of summer with its rough winds and short
duration, contrasting it with the timeless beauty of the beloved. The speaker promises that the beloved's
eternal summer, symbolic of beauty, will never fade, even in the face of mortality. The final lines express the
idea that as long as there are people to read and appreciate the sonnet, the beauty of the beloved will endure,
granting them a form of immortality.
Sonnet 18, often referred to as "Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?" is one of William
Shakespeare's most famous sonnets. Here is a breakdown of its key elements:
Summary:
The speaker begins by questioning whether he should compare the person he is addressing to a
summer's day. He then goes on to state that the person is more lovely and temperate than a summer day.The
speaker elaborates on the shortcomings of summer, including rough winds and the brevity of its lease. The
sun, which can be too hot or dimmed, is also mentioned. The idea is that nature and chance can cause the
beauty of a summer day to decline.
Despite the imperfections of a typical summer day, the speaker assures the addressed person that their
"eternal summer" will not fade. This eternal summer is a metaphor for the person's enduring beauty and
virtues. The speaker asserts that this beauty will not be lost to time, and even death will not be able to claim
the person, as their essence will live on in the lines of the poem.

Theme:
The central theme of the sonnet revolves around the immortality of beauty through poetry. The
speaker contrasts the fleeting nature of a summer's day with the enduring beauty of the person being
addressed. The theme also explores the power of poetry to preserve and immortalize that beauty. The
sonnet celebrates the idea that as long as people can read and appreciate poetry, the beauty of the addressed
person will live on.
Though sonnets are typically not narrative in the same way a story might be, there is a progression in
this sonnet. It begins with the speaker contemplating whether to compare the person to a summer's day, and
then develops into a reflection on the shortcomings of summer and the enduring nature of the person's
beauty. The speaker concludes by expressing confidence that the subject's beauty will last forever through
the lines of the poem.

Conclusion:
The sonnet concludes with the speaker expressing confidence in the eternal nature of the subject's
beauty. The concluding couplet emphasizes the lasting power of the poem, stating that as long as people
can breathe and see, the poem will endure, keeping the beauty of the subject alive through time.In essence,
Sonnet 18 is a celebration of the immortality of beauty through the art of poetry, capturing the essence of
love and admiration that transcends the limitations of time and mortality.
 The Canonization
John Donne
For God's sake hold your tongue, and let me love,
Or chide my palsy, or my gout,
My five gray hairs, or ruined fortune flout,
With wealth your state, your mind with arts improve,
Take you a course, get you a place,
Observe his honor, or his grace,Or the king's real, or his stampèd face
Contemplate; what you will, approve,
So you will let me love.
[1] In the first line of ‘The Canonization’, the speaker begins by telling an unknown, unnamed listener to be
quiet. He expresses annoyance over the interaction he’s having with this person and states that the only thing he
wants to do is love. Something the listener is doing is keeping him from being able to do. He goes on to gives them a
number of options they should pursue rather than distracting him from his love. First, they could move on to making
fun of the speaker’s “palsy” or involuntary tremors or his “gout.” An affliction was uncommon in contemporary
society that makes one’s joints swell. Or, the listener might want to direct their attention to the speaker’s “gray hairs”
or take some pleasure from making fun of his lost fortune.
Other options the listener might pursue include bettering their own state of affairs. This might mean improving
their mind with art or making money of their own. Additionally, this person could get a “place,” or a job or take some
kind of class. Another option that might appeal more to the listener is contemplating the face of the king, either in
real life or “stampèd” such as on a coin. The speaker doesn’t care what this person does as long as he is left alone to
love as he will.

Alas, alas, who's injured by my love?

What merchant's ships have my sighs drowned?
Who says my tears have overflowed his ground?
When did my colds a forward spring remove?
When did the heats which my veins fill
Add one more to the plaguy bill?
Soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still
Arguable men, which quarrels move,
Though she and I do love..
In the next stanza of ‘The Canonization’, the speaker begins with a rhetorical question regarding his own love
and what it’s injuring. He knows the answer to be “nothing” but hopes the posing of the question will remind the
listener and inform the reader that there is no reason he should be kept from loving. This first question is followed by
four more. He poses possible, but unreal scenarios that his love was not involved in. The first of these is the
drowning of merchant ships, the second the overflowing of land with water. It is clearly outrageous that “love” could
ever cause such disasters as sunken ships and flooded land. Just in case the listener still has misplaced ideas about the
speaker’s love he gives two more examples. His relationship has not given anyone the plague nor the “cold” inflicted
on his body by his love caused spring to recede early. The world is still turning as it always has. There are the
soldiers fighting in battles and the lawyers still live for lawsuits. Everything is going on just as it is supposed to while
“she” and the speaker “do love.”

Call us what you will, we are made such by love;

Call her one, me another fly,
We're tapers too, and at our own cost die,
And we in us find the eagle and the dove.
The phœnix riddle hath more wit
By us; we two being one, are it.
So, to one neutral thing both sexes fit.
We die and rise the same, and prove
Mysterious by this love.
 In stanza three of ‘The Canonization’, he tells the listener that they can say anything they want about the love
between the two but it does not bother him. The speaker is confident in who he is and how he is living because he is
directed by love, it made the couple into who they are. He compares himself and his lover to “tapers” or candles. The
burning of their flame causes their own demise, and he knows it. No matter what the listener thinks of them, they
compare themselves to a phoenix. They are not doves or eagles, but something grander and perhaps more magical.
The “phoenix…has more wit,” meaning it makes more sense and applies more aptly to their situation. Together they
are becoming one creature, “one neutral thing.” Just as the Phoenix is said to die and then be reborn, they are able to
overcome all obstacles and return to one another. All because of the mysteries of love.

We can die by it, if not live by love,

And if unfit for tombs and hearse
Our legend be, it will be fit for verse;
And if no piece of chronicle we prove,
We'll build in sonnets pretty rooms;
As well a well-wrought urn becomes
The greatest ashes, as half-acre tombs,
And by these hymns, all shall approve
Us canonized for Love
.
In stanza three of ‘The Canonization’, he tells the listener that they can say anything they want about the love
between the two but it does not bother him. The speaker is confident in who he is and how he is living because he is
directed by love, it made the couple into who they are. He compares himself and his lover to “tapers” or candles. The
burning of their flame causes their own demise, and he knows it.
No matter what the listener thinks of them, they compare themselves to a phoenix. They are not doves or
eagles, but something grander and perhaps more magical. The “phoenix…has more wit,” meaning it makes more
sense and applies more aptly to their situation. Together they are becoming one creature, “one neutral thing.” Just as
the Phoenix is said to die and then be reborn, they are able to overcome all obstacles and return to one another. All
because of the mysteries of love. And thus invoke us:
The sonnets they will end up in will allow them exposure to a larger audience. This way their story will be
heard by many and perhaps finally accepted. The couple will become so popular they will be “canonized” or made
into saints for “Love.” From then on out anyone who needs help in love will pray to them.

"You, whom reverend love

Made one another's hermitage;
You, to whom love was peace, that now is rage;
Who did the whole world's soul contract, and drove
Into the glasses of your eyes
(So made such mirrors, and such spies,
That they did all to you epitomize)
Countries, towns, courts: beg from above
A pattern of your love!"

The fifth stanza of ‘The Canonization’ solidifies this future position of the lovers as saints of love. Donne’s
seeker turns again to the listener and tells them that everyone will “invoke” the saints. When they do this, the
audience will speak on the “hermitage” the lovers created. It will be a place of safety for any in love.
Now that the lovers, in this fantasy created by the speaker, are in heaven, they are able to look down on earth.
They hear prayers for and from everyone. All is not as they would have it though. The love shared amongst the
people of earth is incorrect. Their “pattern of…love” is not the ideal one. The love that once gave them pleasure on
earth has turned into a “rage” in heaven. The couple is upset by the fact that everyone on earth seems unable to live
up to their standard.
 View
‘The Canonization’ by John Donne was first published in 1633 in John Donne’s posthumous collection Songs
and Sonnets. It is a five stanza poem that is separated into sets of nine lines. The lines rhyme in the pattern of
abbacccaa, alternating as the poet saw fit from stanza to stanza. In regards to the meter, Donne was less consistent.
There are moments in the text in which he uses iambic pentameter. This means that the lines are divided into five sets
of two lines. The first of these is unstressed and the second stressed.
There are other times in which Donne uses iambic tetrameter, meaning the lines contain four sets of two beats
rather than five. Finally, a reader should take note of the last line of every stanza. Here Donne uses iambic trimeter,
or a line with three sets of two beats.
One of the most important elements of ‘The Canonization’ is the use of an extended metaphor, known as
conceit. This type of metaphor is often unusual and challenging. In the final stanzas, the speaker introduces a
metaphor comparing himself and his lover to a phoenix. In this form, they are able to live, die in a blaze of passion,
and then live again even more beautifully. This is a double reference in that “death” can refer to a climax in a sexual
relationship.

Summary of The Canonization

‘The Canonization’ by John Donne describes a transcendent love that eventually evolves into the idealized
baseline for all other aspiring lovers.The poem begins with the speaker telling a listener that they need to be quiet and
let him “love.” One will soon discover that love is the most important thing to the listener. He values this above all
else. The speaker goes on to tell the listener to do anything but bother him about his love. This person could make
fun of his quirks, get a job, go to school, or meditate on the face of the king. The speaker goes on to describe, in what
sounds like a rant, how his love has not hurt anyone. It has not sunk ships, flooded fields, frozen out the spring, or
given anyone the plague. It is harmless to all except the speaker and his lover for whom it is deeply beneficial. The
speaker compares himself and his lover to a phoenix which lives and dies and lives again. They could get through
anything and be remade. He also tells the listener that if they are unable to live as they want on earth then they’ll
happily die. Once they’ve ascended to heaven they’ll become saints of “Love.” Their position might not afford them
grand tombs or a place in history but their story will be told in sonnets and love songs. They will have the ability to
look down on earth and see all the lovers praying to them. In conclusion, the speaker states that he knows they will be
unhappy with what they see. The lovers on earth will not be “loving” in the correct way. This will enrage the couple.

John Donne did write a poem titled "The Canonization," but there is no mention of a
character named Donna in this poem. It's possible that you may be referring to another work
or author.

Assuming you are indeed referring to John Donne's "The Canonization," let me
provide you with a brief overview of the poem:

Title: The Canonization

Author: John Donne

Summary
"The Canonization" is a metaphysical poem that explores the themes of love,
spirituality, and the relationship between the worldly and the divine. The poem begins with
the speaker expressing frustration at those who question and criticize the intensity of his
love. The speaker argues that his love is pure and transcendent, rising above the ordinary
alarms of society.
 The poem then delves into various images and metaphors to describe the speaker's
love. The lovers are compared to saints, and their love is seen as a sacred and divine union.
The speaker rejects conventional ideas of love and success, asserting that their love is so
powerful that it should be blessed, or recognized as holy.

As the poem progresses, Donne explores the idea that the lovers' passion is so intense
that it elevates them to a higher spiritual plane. The worldly concerns and criticisms become
inconsequential in the face of their transcendent love.
Themes:
1. Love and Spirituality:The poem explores the intersection of earthly love and
spiritual transcendence. Donne presents love as a force that can elevate individuals to a
divine level, blurring the lines between the physical and the spiritual.

2. Defiance of Conventional Values: The speaker challenges societal norms and

conventional ideas about love. The lovers in the poem reject societal judgments and
prioritize the authenticity and intensity of their own feelings.

3. Metaphysical Conceits: Donne employs metaphysical conceits, elaborate and often

unconventional metaphors, to express complex ideas. In "The Canonization," these conceits
help convey the depth and uniqueness of the speaker's love.

4. Transcendence: The poem suggests that true love has the power to transcend the
ordinary and transform individuals into something akin to saints. The lovers' union is
portrayed as a sacred and elevated experience.

"The Canonization" is celebrated for its rich use of language, intricate metaphors, and
exploration of profound themes. Donne's metaphysical poetry is known for its intellectual
depth and unique approach to expressing complex emotions and ideas.

4. UNIT Essay (Any two)

Sir Roger at Church - Joseph Addison
Title Introduction:
The title "Sir Roger at Church" suggests a narrative fixed around a character named
Sir Roger and his experiences or actions within a church site. Authored by Joseph
Addison, this work is likely to explore themes of religion, social interaction, and
perhaps the character development of Sir Roger.
Author Introduction:
Joseph Addison was a prominent figure in 18th-century English literature, known for
his contributions to various literary forms such as essays, poetry, and plays. His most
renowned work includes his collaboration with Richard Steele on "The Spectator"
magazine, where they published essays commenting on society, politics, and culture.
Addison's writing style is characterized by its elegance, wit, and moral sensibility. He
often used his works to explore themes of virtue, human nature, and societal norms.
Characters:
1. Sir Roger: As the central character, Sir Roger embodies the values and quirks of
the English gentry of his time. He is likely depicted as a kind-hearted but somewhat
eccentric figure, deeply rooted in tradition and guided by principles of honor and
integrity.
2. Other churchgoers: These characters provide a diverse backdrop against which
Sir Roger's actions and interactions are highlighted. They may represent different
social classes, personalities, and perspectives, enriching the narrative with their
diverse experiences and beliefs
Summary:
Joseph Addison’s essay Sir Roger at Church is about a unique individual named
Roger. Addison begins the essay by saying that the observance of Sunday as a holy
day keeps mankind civilised and polished. On Sundays people are at their very best.
They appear clean and talk to other people on boring topics. Just like a merchant
discusses exchange rates, the Parish people discuss the affairs of the parish.
Sir Roger has spent a lot of money on the church and continues to do so. Most of
the parishioners are his tenants and he has a degree of control over them. Sir Roger
employs a singer to help them sing their hymns in church properly. This has
dramatically improved the services at the church.
However Roger has many peculiarities. He often falls asleep during the service, but
would not allow anyone else to sleep while the service is going on. Another habit of
his is to continue singing even when everyone else has stopped. He also continues
saying Amen multiple times if he is satisfied with his piety. While everybody else
kneels in the church, he stands to count the number of people to find out who is
absent. The chaplain of the church has no issues with Sir Roger as he provides money
for the improvement of the church.
However in the nearby village, things are not that smooth. The parson (priest) and
the squire (similar to a landlord like Sir Roger) have many differences of opinion and
hence the squire does not come to church. He also prevents his tenants from going to
church or contributing any money to it. Neither the parson, nor the squire are ready to
settle their issues. Addison says that these kinds of feuds affect the ordinary people in
parishes in the countryside.
IN KANNADA
ೕ ಅ ಸ ಅವರ ಪ ಧ ಸ ೕಜ ಅ ಚ ೕಜ ಎಂಬ
ಷ ವ ಯ ಬ ಇ . ರವ ಪ ತ ನ ಆಚ ದ ಂದ
ನವ ಲ ಸ ೃತ ಮ ಳ ಪ ತ ಎಂ ವ ಲಕ
ಅ ಸ ಪ ಧವ . ರ ಜನ ಅ ತಮ
ಯ . ಅವ ಸಚ ಮ ಇತರ ಂ ೕರಸ
ಷಯಗಳ ಬ ತ . ಮಯ ದರಗಳ
ಚ , ಜನ ವವ ರಗಳ ಚ .

ಸ ೕಜ ಅವ ಚ ಹಣವಕ ಖ ಮ
ಅದ ಂ ವ ನ. ಗ ಅವನ ರ ಮ ಅವರ
ಅವ ಸಲ ಮ ನತಣ .ಸ ೕಜ ಅವ ಚಚ ತಮ
ೕತ ಗಳ ಸ ಡ ಸ ಯ ಡ ಒಬ ಯಕನ
.ಇ ಚಚ ಗಳ ಟ ೕಯ .

ಆ , ೕಜ ಅ ಕ ಷ ಗಳ ಂ . ಅವ ಯ
ಸಮಯದ ಆ , ಆದ ನ ಗ ಯವ
ಮಲಗ ಅವ ಶ ೕ ಲ . ಎಲ ಗ ದ
ಂ ವ ಅವರ ಮ ಂ ಅ ಸ . ಅವ ತನ
ಧಮ ಂದ ಪ ದ ಅ ಕ ಆ ಎಂ ದ
ಂ ವ . ಎಲ ಚಚ ಣ ದ ,
ಜ ಂ ಯ ಅವ ಜನರ ಯ ಎ ಸ
. ಚಚ ಸ ೕಜ ಅವ ಂ ಸಮ ಗ ಲ ,
ಏ ಂದ ಅವ ಚಚ ರ ಹಣವ ಒದ .

ಆದ , ಹ ರದ ಹ ಯ ಪ ಅ ೕ ಸ ಗ ಲ. ಸ ( )ಮ
ೖ (ಸ ೕಜನ ಂತಹ ೕಕ ) ಅ ಕ ಯಗಳ
 ಂ ಮ ಆದ ಂದ ೖ ಚ ಬ ಲ . ಅವ ತನ
ರ ಚ ೕ ದ ಅಥ ಅದ ಹಣವ
ೕ ದ ತ . ಸ ಅಥ ೖ ಇಬ ತಮ
ಸಮ ಗಳ ಪ ಹ ಸ ದ ಲ. ಈ ೕ ಯ ಷಮ ಗ ೕಣ ಪ ಶದ
ಷಳ ನ ನ ಜನರ ಪ ಮ ೕ ತ ಎಂ ಅ ಸ
.

Short story
("Sir Roger at Church" is a story about Sir Roger attending religious services at his church. The
narrative follows his interactions with fellow parishioners, his faith reflections, and his reactions to
worship rituals. The story is told through a series of vignettes, each capturing a moment or
encounter, combining humor, satire, and philosophical insight to provide a nuanced portrayal of Sir
Roger's character and community.)
Theme:
1. Tradition vs. Modernity: Sir Roger's steadfast adherence to traditional values and customs may
contrast with the changing social dynamics and attitudes of his time. The narrative may explore
how Sir Roger grapples with societal changes while striving to maintain his sense of identity and
purpose.
2. Community and Belonging: The church serves as a focal point for communal worship and
social interaction, underscoring the importance of belonging and shared faith in fostering a sense of
community.
3. Morality and Virtue: Through Sir Roger's actions and interactions, the narrative may examine
themes of moral integrity, kindness, and ethical conduct. Sir Roger's character may serve as a moral
compass, offering insights into the virtues that define a noble and honorable life.
Conclusion:
"Sir Roger at Church" likely concludes with Sir Roger's departure from the church, having
navigated various social encounters and moments of introspection. The narrative may leave readers
with a sense of closure, perhaps offering a moral or thematic takeaway that resonates beyond the
confines of the story. Ultimately, "Sir Roger at Church" showcases Joseph Addison's skill in
blending humor, satire, and moral reflection to create a compelling narrative that both entertains
and enlightens.
POINTS VIEW
"Sir Roger at Church" Summary
• Explores Sir Roger's life at his local church.
• Features interactions with fellow parishioners and reflections on faith.
• Features reactions to worship rituals.
• Contains vignettes combining humor, satire, and philosophical insight.
• Offers nuanced portrayal of Sir Roger's character and community relationship.
"Sir Roger at Church" by Joseph Addison: A Study on the Importance of Sunday.
• Addison emphasizes the significance of Sunday as a holiday, especially for villagers in England.
• He believes Sunday should be a holy day for all people, especially the villagers.
• The villagers' hard work and self-interest during the week are removed, leading to a rebirth of
their minds and manners.
• The sermons of the clergyman provide good advice about their duties and responsibilities towards
their families, society, religion, church, and God.
• The Sunday church is significant to the villagers as it is the day when all villagers meet in the
church compound.
• The villagers show their greatness or importance to the fellow villagers by discussing impersonal
matters.
• Sir Roger-de-Coverley, a fine churchman, never tolerated any indiscipline in the church.
• He adopted various methods to attract people, especially children and young men to the religion
and church.
• He encouraged the clerk of the church to discharge his duties more efficiently and properly.
• He assured his young tenants that one of them would be appointed in his place, but only if the post
would be made on the basis of merit and a deserving candidate.
• Addison also depicts the rift between the landlord and the parson of the church, which had a
negative effect on the common people of the area.
• The common people respect both the rich man for his money and wealth, and the priest for his
depth of knowledge.
CRITICAL.
In his essay, Joseph Addison emphasizes the importance of Sunday as a holiday, particularly in
villages. He believes that Sunday should be a holy day for all people of the world. The Sunday
serves as a blessing for the villagers of England, as it removes dirt from their minds and thoughts
that accumulate during the week's hard labor and toil. On each Sunday, the villagers go to the
church and hear the sermons of the clergyman, which provide them with good advice about their
duties and responsibilities towards their families, society, religion, church, and God.
The Sunday church is also significant to the villagers because it is the day when all the
villagers meet each other in the church compound. They wear their best dresses to make themselves
look beautiful and smart, and they discuss various topics and subjects to make themselves appear
courteous and cultured. Addison compares a village Sunday church compound with that of the
London Royal Exchange, where the villagers show their greatness or importance to the fellow
villagers by talking about impersonal matters.
Sir Roger-de-Coverley, in his essay, is depicted as a fine churchman who never tolerated any
indiscipline in the church. He warned anyone disturbing the congregation in the church and
encouraged the young clerk to discharge his duties more efficiently and properly. He also assured
his young tenants that one of them would surely be appointed in his place, but only if such
appointment would be made on the basis of merit and the post would be given to a really deserving
candidate.Addison also highlights the rift between the landlord and the parson of the church in the
villages. Sir Roger himself was a landlord, yet his relation with his parson was very cordial.
However, in the village next to Sir Roger's village, the relationship between the squire and parson
was so strained that they were almost at daggers drawn to each other. Their quarrel never came to
an end, and this type of quarrel had a very bad effect on the common people of the area.
The common people respect both the rich man, the landlord, for his money and wealth, as well
as the priest for his depth of knowledge. They can hardly distinguish between a rich man and a
learned man, and in the event of such unwanted conflict going on before their eyes, the common
men will never respect the priest, neither will they hear his sermons attentively or attach any
importance to them. They believe only the rich men, and there are many rich men who earn more
than five hundred pounds a year, who do not believe the sermons of the priests and neither will care
to believe them in consequence.
In conclusion, Joseph Addison's essay, Sir Roger at Church, highlights the importance of
Sunday as a holiday for the villagers of England. It highlights the importance of the Sunday church,
the villagers' willingness to engage in discussions about impersonal matters, and the strained
relationships between the landlord and the priest
2. Voyage to Lilliput - Jonathan Swift

"Voyage to Lilliput" is the first part of Jonathan Swift's satirical novel "Gulliver's Travels,"
published in 1726. The novel, known for its sharp satire, follows Lemuel Gulliver, a giant who
sets sail on a voyage to the island of Lilliput, inhabited by tiny people called Lilliputians. Swift
uses the Lilliputian society to satirize contemporary European politics, society, and human nature.
The political intrigue, absurd laws, and conflicts among the Lilliputians mirror the political and
social issues of Swift's time. The author uses humor and exaggeration to highlight the folly and
pettiness of human behavior.

Gulliver's Travels is a multifaceted work, with each part introducing Gulliver to a different
fantastical society. The subsequent parts include voyages to Brobdingnag, Laputa, and the land of
the Houyhnhnms. "Voyage to Lilliput" remains one of the most famous sections of Gulliver's
Travels, and its satirical commentary continues to be studied and appreciated for its wit and
insight into the human condition.

Author Introduction:

Jonathan Swift, an Irish-born writer and clergyman, was a master of satire during the early 18th
century. Born in Dublin in 1667, Swift received his education at Trinity College before entering
the world of literature and politics. His works often reflected his deep concern for the social and
political issues of his time, particularly in England and Ireland. Swift's writing style was
characterized by sharp wit, keen observation, and a penchant for exposing the follies and
hypocrisies of society.

Characters:

1. Lemuel Gulliver: As the protagonist and narrator of "Voyage to Lilliput," Gulliver is a ship's
surgeon who finds himself stranded on the island of Lilliput after a shipwreck. He serves as the
lens through which readers experience the strange and often absurd world of Lilliput.

2. Lilliputians: The inhabitants of Lilliput are miniature people, standing only six inches tall.
Despite their size, they possess a complex society with its own set of laws, customs, and political
intrigues.

3. Emperor of Lilliput: The ruler of Lilliput, who initially welcomes Gulliver but later becomes
suspicious of him due to the threat his size poses to their society's stability.

4. Flimnap and Skyresh Bolgolam: These court officials conspire against Gulliver, representing the
political machinations and power struggles present in Lilliputian society.

5. Glumdalclitch: A young Lilliputian girl who befriends Gulliver and later becomes his caretaker
in Brobdingnag. She provides a sense of compassion and companionship in Gulliver's journey.
 Brief Summary:

. "Voyage to Lilliput" is a story about Lemuel Gulliver, who is shipwrecked on the island of
Lilliput after a storm. Upon arrival, he discovers that the inhabitants are miniature people, and he
becomes a spectacle due to his size. Despite initially being a goodwillful host, Gulliver becomes
embroiled in the political turmoil of Lilliputian society, navigating through disputes and power
struggles. Throughout his stay, Gulliver learns about the peculiar customs and practices of the
Lilliputians, including their absurd laws and rituals. Eventually, he escapes Lilliput and embarks
on his journey to other fantastical lands.

Themes:

1. Satire: Swift uses "Voyage to Lilliput" as a platform for satirizing various aspects of human
society, including politics, power dynamics, and societal norms. Through exaggeration and irony,
he critiques the follies and absurdities of contemporary European society.

2. Power and Politics: The political intrigues and power struggles in Lilliput mirror the corruption
and manipulation present in Swift's own society. Swift uses these elements to highlight the flaws
inherent in systems of governance and authority.

3. Human Nature: The behavior of the Lilliputians reflects Swift's commentary on human nature,
particularly on themes of vanity, pettiness, and greed. Their obsession with trivial matters serves
as a critique of human folly and superficiality.

4. Otherness and Perspective: Gulliver's encounters with the Lilliputians prompt reflections on
cultural differences and the importance of perspective. Through his experiences, readers are
encouraged to reconsider their own societal norms and values.

Conclusion:

"Voyage to Lilliput" stands as a timeless masterpiece of satire, showcasing Jonathan

Swift's unparalleled wit and insight into human nature. Through the character of Lemuel Gulliver
and his encounters with the Lilliputians, Swift offers a humorous yet incisive critique of politics,
power, and society. The novel continues to captivate readers with its imaginative storytelling and
enduring relevance, inviting them to ponder the absurdities of the world around them while
enjoying a fantastical adventure.
 5. UNIT Play (Any one from the prescribed period)
Suresh Naik
5. Unit School for Scandal – Richard Brinsley Sheridan.
Author:-
Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751–1816) was an Irish playwright, poet, and politician,
celebrated for his wit, satire, and theatrical prowess. Born in Dublin, Ireland, Sheridan was
the son of an actor-manager, which exposed him to the world of theatre from an early age.
Sheridan’s most famous works include "The Rivals" (1775) and "The School for Scandal"
(1777), both of which are still performed today and are considered classics of English
literature. These comedies of manners satirize the social conventions and hypocrisies of
Sheridan's time with sharp wit and memorable characters. In addition to his literary
achievements, Sheridan had a notable political career. He served as a Member of
Parliament (MP) for over 30 years, representing various constituencies. He was known for
his eloquence and sharp debating skills in the House of Commons, where he aligned
himself with the Whig Party.
Sheridan's political career, however, was overshadowed by financial difficulties.
Despite his success as a playwright and politician, he struggled with debt throughout his
life, partly due to his lavish lifestyle and investments in the theatre. In 1809, he faced
bankruptcy and lost his seat in Parliament. Despite his financial troubles, Sheridan
remained a prominent figure in London society and continued to write and engage in
political activities. He died in 1816 and was buried in Poets' Corner at Westminster Abbey,
a testament to his enduring literary legacy. Richard Brinsley Sheridan's works continue to
be celebrated for their wit, humour, and insight into human nature, ensuring his lasting
influence on English literature and theatre.
Plot
Act I
Scene I: Lady Sneerwell, a wealthy young widow, and her hireling Snake discuss
her various scandal-spreading plots. Snake asks why she is so involved in the affairs of Sir
Peter Teazle, his ward Maria, and Charles and Joseph Surface, two young men under Sir
Peter's informal guardianship, and why she has not yielded to the attentions of Joseph,
who is highly respectable. Lady Sneerwell confides that Joseph desires Maria, who is an
heiress, and that Maria desires Charles. Thus, she and Joseph are plotting to alienate Maria
from Charles by putting out rumors of an affair between Charles and Sir Peter's new young
wife, Lady Teazle. Joseph arrives to confer with Lady Sneerwell. Maria herself then
enters, fleeing the attentions of Sir Benjamin Backbite and his uncle, Crabtree. Mrs.
Candour enters and ironically talks about how "tale-bearers are as bad as the tale-makers."
Soon after that, Sir Benjamin and Crabtree also enter, bringing a good deal of gossip with
them. One item is the imminent return of the Surface brothers' rich uncle Sir Oliver from
the East Indies, where he has been for sixteen years; another is Charles' dire financial
situation.
Scene II: Sir Peter complains of Lady Teazle's spendthrift ways. Rowley, the
former steward of the Surfaces' late father, arrives, and Sir Peter gives him an earful on the
subject. He also complains that Maria has refused Joseph, whom he calls "a model for the
young men of the age," and seems attached to Charles, whom he denounces as a
profligate. Rowley defends Charles and then announces that Sir Oliver has just arrived
from the East Indies. Oliver has instructed them not to tell his nephews of his arrival so
that he may “make some trial of their dispositions.”
Act II
Scene I: Sir Peter argues with his wife, Lady Teazle, refusing to be "ruined by [her]
extravagance." He reminds her of her recent and far humbler country origins. Lady Teazle
excuses herself by appealing to "the fashion" and departs to visit Lady Sneerwell. Despite
their quarrel, Sir Peter still finds himself charmed by his wife, even when she is arguing
with him.
Scene II: At Lady Sneerwell's, the scandal-mongers have great fun at the expense of
friends not present. Lady Teazle and Maria arrive; Lady Teazle joins in, but Maria is
disgusted. So is Sir Peter when he arrives, and he rather breaks up the party with his
comments. He departs, the others retire to the next room, and Joseph seizes the
opportunity to court Maria, who rejects him again. Lady Teazle returns and dismisses
Maria, and it is revealed that Lady Teazle is seriously flirting with Joseph, who doesn't
want her but cannot afford to alienate her.
Scene III: Sir Oliver calls on his old friend, Sir Peter. He is amused by Sir Peter's
marriage to a young wife. Their talk turns to the Surface brothers. Sir Peter praises
Joseph's high morals, but Sir Oliver suspects that he might be a hypocrite.
Act III
A scene from "The School for Scandal,” ca. 1891–1895. Cabinet Card Collection,
Boston Public Library
Scene I: Rowley describes his plan for Sir Oliver to visit each of the brothers
incognito to test their characters. Sir Oliver will disguise himself as their needy relative,
Mr. Stanley, and ask each for his help. Rowley also brings in the "friendly Jew" Moses, a
moneylender who has tried to help Charles, to explain Charles' position. Moses mentions
that he is to introduce Charles to yet another moneylender ("Mr. Premium") that very
evening. Sir Oliver decides (at Sir Peter's suggestion) that, with Moses' assistance, he will
pose as Premium when visiting Charles while still intending to visit Joseph as Stanley.
Sir Peter is left alone, and when Maria enters, he tries to convince her to marry
Joseph, expressing him as a worthier match than Charles, whom she favors. When she is
not persuaded, he threatens her with "the authority of a guardian." She goes, and Lady
Teazle enters, asking her husband for two hundred pounds. Sir Peter and Lady Teazle
argue again and conclude that they should separate.
Scene II: Sir Oliver (as Mr. Premium) arrives with Moses at Charles' house. While
they are waiting in the hall, Trip, the servant, tries to negotiate a loan on his own account
from Moses. Sir Oliver concludes that "this is the temple of dissipation indeed!"
Scene III: Charles and his raucous guests drink heavily and sing merry songs as
they prepare for a night of gambling. Charles raises a toast to Maria. Moses and
"Premium" enter, and Sir Oliver is dismayed at the scene. Charles does not recognize his
long-lost uncle.
Charles frankly asks "Premium" for credit, noting that Sir Oliver (whom he believes
is in India) will soon leave him a fortune. "Premium" discounts this possibility, noting that
Sir Oliver could live many years or disinherit his nephew. He asks if Charles has any
valuables of his own to sell for immediate cash. Charles admits that he has sold the family
silver and his late father's library and offers to sell the "Premium" family portrait
collection. "Premium" accepts, but Sir Oliver is silently outraged.

Act IV
Miss Chester as Lady Teazle
Scene I: Charles goes on to sell all of the family portraits to "Premium," using the
rolled-up family tree as a gavel. However, he refuses to sell the last portrait, which is of
Sir Oliver, out of respect for his benefactor; Charles will not sell it even when "Premium"
offers as much for it as for all the rest. Moved, Sir Oliver inwardly forgives Charles. Sir
Oliver and Moses leave, with Rowley entering shortly after, and Charles sends a hundred
pounds of the proceeds for the relief of "Mr. Stanley," despite Rowley's objection.
Scene II: Sir Oliver, reflecting on Charles's character with Moses, is met by
Rowley, who has brought him the hundred pounds sent to "Stanley." Declaring, "I’ll pay
his debts and his benevolence too," Sir Oliver plans to go meet his other nephew, Stanley.
Scene III: Joseph, anxiously awaiting a visit from Lady Teazle, is told by a servant
that she has just left "her chair at the milliner's next door" and so has the servant draw a
screen across the window (his reason: "my opposite neighbour is a maiden lady of so
curious a temper"). On her entrance, Joseph forswears any interest in Maria and flirts in
earnest with Lady Teazle, perversely suggesting that she should make a "faux pas" for the
benefit of her reputation. The servant returns to announce Sir Peter, and Lady Teazle hides
in panic behind the screen. Sir Peter enters and tells Joseph that he suspects an affair
between Charles and Lady Teazle (due to the rumors spread by Joseph and Lady
Sneerwell). Joseph hypocritically professes confidence in Charles' and Lady Teazle's
honour. Sir Peter confides his intention to give his wife a generous, separate maintenance
during his life and the bulk of his fortune on his demise. He also urges Joseph to pursue
his suit with Maria (much to Joseph's annoyance, as Lady Teazle is listening behind the
screen).
Charles's arrival is announced. Sir Peter decides to hide and have Joseph sound
Charles out about his relationship with Lady Teazle. He starts behind the screen but sees
the corner of Lady Teazle's petticoat there already. Joseph "confesses" that he is not as
virtuous as he seems: "a little French milliner, a silly rogue that plagues me," is hiding
there to preserve her own reputation. Sir Peter then hides in the closet.
Charles now enters, and Joseph questions him about Lady Teazle. Charles disclaims
any designs on her, noting that Joseph and the lady seem to be intimate. To stop Charles,
Joseph whispers to him that Sir Peter is hiding in the closet, and Charles hauls him forth.
Sir Peter tells Charles that he now regrets his suspicions about him. Charles passes off his
comments about Joseph and Lady Teazle as a joke.
When Lady Sneerwell is announced, Joseph rushes out to stop her from coming up.
Meanwhile, Sir Peter tells Charles about the "French milliner." Charles insists on having a
look at her and flings down the screen as Joseph returns, discovering Lady Teazle.
Charles, very amused, leaves the other three dumbstruck individuals. Joseph concocts an
explanation for Sir Peter of why he and Lady Teazle are together. But she refuses to
endorse it and admits that she came to pursue an affair with Joseph; however, having
learned of Sir Peter's generosity, she has repented. She denounces Joseph and exits, and
the enraged Sir Peter follows as Joseph continues trying to pretend innocence.
Act V
Scene I: Sir Oliver (as Mr. Stanley) now visits Joseph. Joseph, like Charles, does
not recognize his long-lost uncle. He greets "Stanley" with effusive professions of
goodwill but refuses to give "Stanley" any financial assistance, saying he has donated all
his money to support Charles. "Stanley" suggests that Sir Oliver would help him if he were
here and that Joseph might pass on some of what Sir Oliver has given him. But Joseph
tells "Stanley" that Sir Oliver is in fact very stingy and has given him nothing except
trinkets such as tea, shawls, birds, and "Indian crackers." Furthermore, Joseph has lent a
great deal to his brother, so he has nothing left for "Stanley." Sir Oliver is enraged, as he
knows both statements are flat lies—he sent Joseph 12,000 pounds from India. He stifles
his anger and departs amid further effusions. Rowley arrives with a letter for Joseph
announcing that Sir Oliver has arrived in town.
Scene II: At Sir Peter's house, Lady Sneerwell, Mrs. Candour, Sir Benjamin, and
Crabtree exchange confused rumors about the Teazle affair. Sir Benjamin says Sir Peter
was wounded in a swordfight with Joseph Surface, while Crabtree insists it was a pistol
duel with Charles. When Sir Oliver enters, they take him to a doctor and demand news of
the wounded man. At that moment, Sir Peter arrives to prove the report wrong and orders
the scandalmongers out of his house, with Rowley entering shortly after hearing Sir Peter's
raised voice. Sir Oliver says he has met both of his nephews and agrees with Sir Peter's
(former) estimate of Joseph's high character,But then acknowledges with laughter that he
knows the story of what happened at Joseph's with the closet and screen. When he leaves,
Rowley tells Sir Peter that Lady Teazle is in tears in the next room, and Sir Peter goes to
reconcile with her.

Scene III: Lady Sneerwell complains to Joseph that Sir Peter, now that he knows
the truth about Joseph, will allow Charles to marry Maria. They plot to use Snake as a
witness to a supposed relationship between Charles and Lady Sneerwell, and she
withdraws.
Sir Oliver arrives. Joseph takes him for "Stanley" and orders him out. Charles
arrives and recognizes "Premium." Despite the identity confusion, both brothers want the
man out before Sir Oliver comes. As Charles and Joseph try to eject their incognito uncle,
Sir Peter and Lady Teazle arrive with Maria and Rowley, ending Sir Oliver's pretense. Sir
Oliver, Sir Peter, and Lady Teazle together condemn Joseph, but Sir Oliver forgives
Charles because of his refusal to sell Sir Oliver's picture and his generous aid to his uncle
"Stanley." Maria, however, declines to give Charles her hand, citing his supposed
involvement with Lady Sneerwell. Joseph now reveals Lady Sneerwell. Charles is baffled,
and Rowley then summons Snake. Snake, however, has been bribed to turn against
Sneerwell, so her lie is exposed. After Lady Teazle tells her that she (Lady Teazle) is
withdrawing from the School for Scandal, Lady Sneerwell leaves in a rage, and Joseph
follows, supposedly to keep her from further malicious attacks. Charles and Maria are
reconciled. Charles makes no promises about reforming but indicates that Maria's
influence will keep him on a "virtuous path." The concluding line assures the audience that
"even Scandal dies, if you approve."

Richard Brinsley Sheridan: School for Scandal

• Richard Brinsley Sheridan was an Irish playwright, poet, and politician known for his
wit, satire, and theatrical prowess.
• Born in Dublin, Ireland, Sheridan was exposed to theatre from an early age.
• His most famous works include "The Rivals" (1775) and "The School for Scandal"
(1777), which are classics of English literature.
• Sheridan served as a Member of Parliament (MP) for over 30 years, representing various
constituencies.
• Despite financial difficulties, Sheridan remained a prominent figure in London society
and continued to write and engage in political activities.
• He died in 1816 and was buried in Poets' Corner at Westminster Abbey.
• His works continue to be celebrated for their wit, humour, and insight into human nature,
ensuring his lasting influence on English literature and theatre.
"The School for Scandal" Scenes Summary
Scene I: Sir Peter and Lady Teazle's Argument
• Sir Peter argues with his wife, Lady Teazle, over her extravagant lifestyle.
• Lady Teazle leaves to visit Lady Sneerwell, despite their quarrel.

Scene II: Scandal-mongers at Lady Sneerwell's

• Lady Teazle and Maria attend a party, but Sir Peter and Maria are disgusted.
• Sir Peter breaks up the party with his comments.
• Joseph seizes the opportunity to court Maria, who rejects him again.
• Lady Teazle dismisses Maria, revealing her flirtation with Joseph.

Scene III: Sir Oliver and Sir Peter's Meeting

• Sir Oliver plans to visit each of the brothers incognito to test their characters.
• Sir Oliver tries to convince Maria to marry Joseph, but she refuses.
• Sir Oliver and Lady Teazle argue again and decide to separate.

Scene II: Sir Oliver and Moses arrive at Charles' house.

• Sir Oliver negotiates a loan on his own account from Moses.

Scene III: Charles and his guests prepare for gambling.

• Charles asks "Premium" for credit, but "Premium" declines.
• Charles sells all family portraits to "Premium," but refuses to sell the last portrait of Sir
Oliver.
• Sir Oliver forgives Charles and leaves.