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The document discusses indeterminate forms in calculus, particularly focusing on limits that result in forms like 0/0 and ∞/∞. It introduces L'Hospital's Rule as a method for evaluating these limits and provides various examples to illustrate its application. Additionally, it includes exercises for further practice on evaluating limits involving indeterminate forms.
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Indeterminate Forms
101. Indeterminate Forms
lim f(x)
we rm eo eee
Sa 22 2@) ~ Tim a(x)
xa
2 Provided lim f(x) and lim g(x) both exist and lim &(x)0.
x+a xa x+a
However, quite often, it is possible to evaluate
lim 20) even when lim /lx)= lim g(x)=0,
x+a 8x) xa x+a
In this case lim L@2_ is said to be indeterminate form 9.
xa B(x) 0
Such a limit can be evaluated by L’Hospital’s Rule,
Other indeterminate forms are
=. 0.00, co—00, 0°, 1° and o°,
102. L’Hospital’s Rule for © form
If f and g be two functions such that
(i) lim f(%)= lim g(x)=0.
xa xa
Ci) °C), 8'(x) exist and g(x)#0, (x) 40 ¥ xE] a—2, ath,
80, except possibly at a,
i) Tien £ 3 exists, then
A fis ae 2G).
faa *, a &@)
The proof is omitted. Remark. This ruje
can
8en,
If f(x) and g(x Cralize 4a}
&(X) are functions vii’, d as follows «
th oaks
the indeterminate for, 0 at lim im LG)
eo 0 ANd the gy, *+a 8D) TePrescate
ition: f . Uncti in
the conditions of |, Hospitay Heat ctions fi ae
) and pin:
Ain i et £0). » then B(x) Satisty
x+a 7 ‘
: sa BG)"
103. L’Hospital’s Rule for — fe
for:
If f and g be two fener ny th;
@ iim n f(x) = iim 1 &(x) = .
Gi) £), 8'(x)
exi t
350, except possibly at 4. Mt FOH0, ex) y x€]a—2, apap,
(iii) pin LQ. exists, then
Remark. The L’Hospital rule for S form can be extended
to higher derivatives as done in the case of © form
EXAMPLES
Example 1, Evaluate lim *°—!e U+%),
x20 2
Solution. We have lim [xe*— log (1 +x)]=0= lim x2.
x30 x0
By L’Hospital’s rule,
: (xen-Pen) =
iat zeta tog ( +x) _ lim
x30 x70 ez
1
xert2e°+ xt
eB aan SS
Seeks 2:
— Co:
Example 2. Evaluate lim sin x* rpRMINATE FORMS
nv}
253
5. yi v4
gxample 5. For what value of a does
X sin 2x-+a sin x
i. fend to a finite limit ay x09
tion, lim *"_2x-tasin x/ 0
oH x40 oa (> )
= lim 2008 2x+a 008 x / 244
ding Sen eee (240)
To get the finite limit, we take
a+2=0 => Gas
2 cos 2x+a cos x
Thus pao 3
= lim 2098 2x=2 cos x ( 0
x+0 3x? 0
an —4 sin 2x+2 snx (0)
x+0 6x 0
= tim ~8 cos 2x+2cosx 5
x0 Cais
Hence for a=--2, lim pene al Cisne
x30 x
Example 6. Determine the values of p and q for which
fal x(1-tp cos eg sin x
x90 *
exists and equals 1. (D.U., Chem (H) 1994):
Solution. It is a 0/0 form and so by L’Hospital’s rule
x(1-+-p cos x)—q sin x
xs.
lim
x20
__(1+p cos x)—px sin xg C08 x
Be iri a
x20 3xt
_ 1+(p—g) cos x--px sin x ( 1+p—4 )
= in —~—C—~C~— 0 }
x0 3x*
To get the required limit, we take 1+p—q=0.
a =, i oO
eee 2) 08 apesin= (2 )
x20 3x8 8 ee eee naa: )
—(p—9) cos
= lim —
x40
el tne Peete.
i 6
ae “d
We are given =1 > —3p+q=6.
Also 1+p-— as and —6—3p+-q=
On solving these equations for p and g, we obtain
pa Sigh
ple 7. Find the values of a and b in order that
im *i=a cos are sinx 1
ke 3
Solution. The given limit is 0/0 form, so
lim = (l—a cos SEED sin x
x0 *
hint 1—a cos x+ax sin x+b cos 3
= eee nee Ie COB X
x+0 3x8
which is of the form - pss Tete
The required limit will be }, provided 1—a+-b=0. 3..(D)
Assuming 1—a+4=0 and applying L’Hospital’s tule,
ties x(1—a cos Bea disini
x20 x
ae (a—b) sin x-+-a sin x+ax cos x
x0 6x
(2a-—b) sin x+ax cos x (3 )
6x 0
Poe (a—b) cos x +a cos x—ax sin x
x20.
—2a—b+a _ 3a-b
6 TO
= lim MINATE ruRms
+ anpeTER
We are given that 3a~b al Le
6 3 * 32-bmp,
From (1) and (2), we obtain am}, 5, ae
Example 8. Evaluate lim 14" 3x, .
x44n tan x
Solution. The given limit
ule for co/oo form, we see that 18 c/e from. By L
tan 3x 3
ee ii sec? 3x F
erin ET avy tects — fim SSE (S.)
dn
‘Hospital’s
—6 cos x sin x
en OE SUL ee ae Bit 2x
x+4n —© COS 3x sin 3x pee sin eC )
Example 9. Evaluate lim a
x-0+0 log sinx
Solution. The given limit is ©/o from. By L’ 2
ule for 00/00 form, we have / y L’Hospital’s
cot x ? —cosec® x ( 2 )
eee Yj es
x+0-+0 10g sinx x.040 cotx a
: ire one OE in) (2 cot x)= — or
x7040 —COseC?X =x e040
Lae 1 )
1 Example 10. Evaluate eo (=- rea
1 1
Solution. oy (+- ine
can bejreduced to a or 00/00 form as follows :
1 j= lim sin x—* (2 0 )
+- sin x yo *sinx \0
sine x—x =)
sin x
is co—o from: Such a form
tim
sin x—% 2) .- jim =
oy mene pe a
cos x—1 )- fim asin X —0,
a Lez mm LO Rae x0 2
Example 11. Find the vaiue of tim ( 35 am): +0 a (9 259
a Sieh 0
= tn, Beal ESP sNuns
ace, 2
ae
i tar
x20 ae 0
. 2
Remmi sc Cuet Ore e cs tan
x+0 4x tan eal od ae x
x
= lim —S€¢* x tan x
ae Ftan Fx secret)
0
= lim See&xt2 sec x
x20 2 sec? xtseqa
(sec x tan x) tan x
*. lim logy=} 3
x+0
1
*+2x see? x tan x —
lim y=et/s,
x+0
1
Hence lim (Ba Jee eta,
x30 x
Example 19. Evaluate lim (sin tac
Sate
Solution. The given limit is 1° form.
Let y=(sin x)'*"* * so that log y=:tan® x log sin x.
i ] = lim tan® x log sin x
Hae o8 Vereen
; jogsin= (2)
os cot? x
ae 1
=. ims =Deotxcose®x 2
i =log lim y=—?-
. tan® x _.,
Hence lim (sin x)'*” e
xotn
i? px) ue
Example 20. Evaluate us ¢
118,
e, 1+%),
Let y=(1-+x)i! se thet log y= = oR
Solution. Let y—
. Jog 12) (2) E
JNDETERMINATE FORMS
2a a.)
log p» Tm 261
8 »=tan Eon(s
=),
Xa Cot es 0 )
Jim log y= aint ~ oe (2-2 a
alin;
xa
—_7 =—.
Qq cosect (nx/2a) nT
log lim y= rf
or le afr > Tim yosebe |
tan(=x
Hence lim ( = a) aia aa
x7a er
Example 23. Evaluate lim (tan x)fan 2x
x4 ‘
Solution. The given limit is 1° form.
Let y=(tan x)'*" 2 so that log »=tan 2x log tan x.
-. lim logy= lim tan 2x log tan x.
x Pad xX>4n
= ty Ese ( 2.)
‘
1 2
i tan'xs a. (Cia)
ee IINEa—> a eee
xope —2 cosec* 2x 2
i = lim y=—l.
“. lim log y=log pe
x>4n
Hence lim (tan x)'*" *=e=1/e.
x+jn a
(sec x)
Example 24. Evaluate LL lpr, ¢
Solution. The given limit is eo° form. Bi
cot X so that log y=cot x log s
Let y=(sec x) a age, (2)
Coe ao oe x tan x
seat 1/sec x) xsec % tan ~
ee
xoint mm lim sec xcosx=
ode t0 1X0=0,
lim _ (log y)=0 > lim y=e°=1
xin tO x grt O i
yi
Example 25. Evaluate | Him (cos x,
Solution. The given ier is 1% form.
Let y=(cos x)!/** so that log ye log cos x.
log cos x (3)
0
ee me dime (i = i
Peas.
ary tatievee Ly. tan
= lim — eee ting oe!
2x 2 x20 * eas
x0
Hence lim y= lim (cos x) em /8,
x+0
Example 26. Evaluate lim Slime eee The
x+0 e
Solution. Since jn (1+x)1/7=e, the given limit is 0/0 form,
Let ay +x)!" so st log y=(1/) log (1+)
els (gee aH x x
e(*-3 ea — J
=1+a, where ieee 3
Now logy=1-+a > y=elt*=e. e& .
& Tyee (iter gt):
=e BGs E a .. es) |
Es atayrme[ oe 24H 2 w(t)
e( z+. aS
Given limit= lim
x
ie re 1
oa Sa + Terms containing * = Sa
24
we Find tg ESI =e io
+ eee ele os: can fe
_
EXERCIsEg hr
Evaluate each of the following limits ;
pee oe log (1+) as
aed * ~—' 2 lim % sin x
im x—log (14x) eo x
ee LP X) ae
é ” an SRE" 2 log (1 +2)
1+sin x—cos x
Jim 2SIN eos x4 Jog (15) in x
xe0 x tan’ —.
ar
{Hint. Given limit
= lim 1+t8inx~¢
08 X-+Flog (1 —
x-+0 a (2 _y. ]
x#+2 cos x—2 x
a xsin?x
[ Hine. Given limit = Jim “+2 c0s x—2
x30 xf E
pumee Oss. €°° I
a. 8. im 108 («—n/2)
x20 log (1+bx) s aa aa
e*—2 cos x+e-?
i im 08 —z)
= 0. Jog (I~x) |
po Se el Oe cot Gat
mee ea | eer re
tim | 3=2 Tog =) | “Hint. Simitar to Example 14)
lim (cot x)" 2*, 13. lim (cos x)¥/*,
x00 x0
lim (2—x)'#” (=*/), (Hint. Take a=1 in Example 27]
xl
ANSWERS
+ Oat: Bieges (4) 1 = et
i2e) 7, 2aj/b. 8. 0. 9. ze :
oe eee tee? ‘1; rsectts nae.
Bik ae,
