PARTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

PARTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

REPORT FOR COFFEE PLANTATION FARM PROJECT

PROJECT OWNER: SABSIB ABA FIRA

PHONE NO: 0917551103/0945052044
PROJECT LOCATION: WELENSU RURAL KEBELE, LIMMU KOSSA
DISTRICT, JIMMA ZONE, OROMIA NATIONAL REGIONAL STATE.

SUMMITED TO JIMMA ZONE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

AUTHORITY

CONSULTING FIRM:- PLANET CONSULTANT & TRAINING SERVICE PLC

Mobile: +251 912061612

Email: wanofi2015@gmail.com

DEC, 2024

LIMU KOSA, ETHIOPIA

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PARTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

Table of content
Table of content ............................................................................................................................................................... i
List of table ................................................................................................................................................................... iii
List of figure.................................................................................................................................................................. iii
ACRONOMY AND ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................... iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY............................................................................................................................................. v
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Background to the Project .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2. Environmental Scoping ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2.1. The Scope of the Study Area ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.2.2. Valued Ecosystem Components within the Study Area .............................................................................. 2
1.2.3. Defining list of Activities, type and Magnitude of the Coffee Plantation farm project ................................ 2
1.3 Objective of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Study ................................................................... 3
1.4. Approaches and Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.4.1. Field Surveys................................................................................................................................................. 4
1.4.2 Observations................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.3. Desk review................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.4.4. Stakeholder Consultation .............................................................................................................................. 7
1.4.6. Consultation with Local Communities .......................................................................................................... 7
2.1. Legal frame work ................................................................................................................................................. 8
2.1.1. The FDRE Constitution................................................................................................................................. 8
2.1.2 EnvironmentalPollutionControlProclamation300/2902 ................................................................................. 8
2.1.3. EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentProclamation299/2902 and Guidelines .................................................... 9
2.1.4. OromiaRegionalStateEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentProclamationNo.176/2912 .................................. 10
2.1.5 Oromia Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 177/2912) .................................................... 10
2.1.6. SolidWasteManagementProclamation513/2907 ......................................................................................... 11
2.1.7. National Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation No. 456/2905) .............................................. 11
2.1.8. Labor Proclamation (No. 1156/2919) ......................................................................................................... 12
2.2. Policy Frame Work ............................................................................................................................................ 12
2.2.1. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia ............................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2. Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE) ................................................................................................... 13
2.2.3. Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI) ........................................................................... 13
2.2.4. Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP) ........................................................ 14
2.2.5. National Biodiversity Policy and Strategies (NBP) .................................................................................... 14
2.2.4. World Bank (WB) Safeguard Policies ........................................................................................................ 15
2.2.7. Water Resource and Sanitation Policies and Legislatives........................................................................... 15
2.3. Institutional Arrangement .................................................................................................................................. 16
2.4. International Agreement..................................................................................................................................... 16
3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 Project Location .................................................................................................................................................. 17
3.2. Project Goal........................................................................................................................................................ 18
3.3 Overall Project Goal............................................................................................................................................ 18
3.4 Project objectives ................................................................................................................................................ 19

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3.4.1 General objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 19

3.5 project strategies ................................................................................................................................................. 20
3.6. Coffee Development Farm Systems ................................................................................................................... 20
3.6.1 Production System ........................................................................................................................................... 21
3.6.2 Coffee Farm Establishment and Field Management Practices. ........................................................................ 21
3.6.3. Coffee field management practices ................................................................................................................. 22
3.6.4. Nursery/Seedlings and Coffee nursery management ...................................................................................... 22
3.6.5. Weed control management .............................................................................................................................. 24
3.6.6. Mulching management practices..................................................................................................................... 24
3.6.7. Water for production and irrigation management ........................................................................................... 25
3.6.8. Soil and Water Conservation management ..................................................................................................... 26
3.6.9. Soil Fertility Management in Gummer Coffee Farming ................................................................................. 26
3.7 Pest and disease management ............................................................................................................................. 27
3.8 Harvesting, Picking and Processing ................................................................................................................ 27
4. DESCRIPTION OF BIOPHYSICAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ....................................... 28
4.1 Physical Environment ......................................................................................................................................... 28
4.1.1 Land Use and Land Cover............................................................................................................................ 28
4.1.2 Climate ......................................................................................................................................................... 28
4.1.4 Soils of the project Area ............................................................................................................................... 29
4.1.5 Soil and water Characterization ................................................................................................................... 29
4.1.6 Erosion hazard and river water pollution ................................................................................................. 29
4.1.7 Water Resources....................................................................................................................................... 30
4.2 Biological Environment ...................................................................................................................................... 30
4.2.1 Vegetation‟s ................................................................................................................................................. 30
4.2.2 Wildlife ........................................................................................................................................................ 31
4.3 The Socio-Economic Environment ..................................................................................................................... 31
4.3.1 Communities Attitude and perception ............................................................................................................. 31
5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND ANALYSIS ..................................... 32
5.1 Impacts categories ............................................................................................................................................... 32
5.2 Potential Positive Impacts of Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project .................................................. 32
5.2.1 Employment Opportunities and Technology Transfer ..................................................................................... 32
5.2.2 Reduction in rural urban migration .............................................................................................................. 33
5.4.3 Adverse Impacts of the Coffee Plantation farm project and its mitigation measures ...................................... 34
5.3.1Adverse Impacts during the pre-construction phase of the Project ................................................................... 34
5.3.2 Construction Phase Impacts ............................................................................................................................. 35
4.3.2.1 Removal of vegetation, landscape and land use pattern alteration............................................................ 35
5.3.2.2 Impact on Air Quality ............................................................................................................................... 36
5.3.2.3 Impact on flora and fauna ......................................................................................................................... 37
5.3.2.4 Nuisance Noise.......................................................................................................................................... 37
5.3.2.5 Work accident ........................................................................................................................................... 38
5.3.3 Adverse Impacts during Coffee Production ................................................................................................. 38
5.3.3.1 Impact on surface and ground water ......................................................................................................... 38
5.3.3.2Impacts of Soil Pollution and erosion .................................................................................................... 40
5.3.3.3 Impacts on terrestrial fauna and flora .................................................................................................... 41

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5.3.3.3 .1 Impacts on terrestrial fauna and flora ................................................................................................ 41

5.3.3.4 Impacts on Socio Economic Environment ............................................................................................ 42
5.3.3.4.1 Impacts on Households .................................................................................................................. 42
5.3.3.4.2 Loss of land under various land use types.......................................................................................... 42
5.3.3.5.1 Water related disease...................................................................................................................... 43
5.3.3.5.2 Environmental heath: safe water supply and basic sanitation ........................................................ 44
5.3.3.5.3Human health and occupational safety............................................................................................ 44
5.3.5.4 Impact on Culture.................................................................................................................................. 46
5.4. Alternative Analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 46
6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN (ESMMP) ........................ 47
6.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 47
6.2. Roles of Institutions in the Implementation ESMP ............................................................................................ 48
6.2.1. During construction phase........................................................................................................................... 48
6.2.2. During Operation phase .............................................................................................................................. 48
6.3. Responsibility of the Proponent, Sabsib Aba Fira ............................................................................................. 50
6.3.1. Pesticides and Fertilizers Management ....................................................................................................... 50
6.3.3. Water Quality Monitoring ........................................................................................................................... 51
6.3.6. Potable Water and sanitary facility provision ............................................................................................. 52
6.3.7. Solid Waste Management ........................................................................................................................... 52
6.4. Environmental and social Monitoring plan ........................................................................................................ 58
6.5. Environmental and social auditing ..................................................................................................................... 62
6.5.1. Environmental auditing ............................................................................................................................... 62
6.5.2. Social Auditing............................................................................................................................................ 62
7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................... 64
References ..................................................................................................................................................................... 65
ANNEX..................................................................................................................................................................... 66
List of table
Table 1: Environmental and Social Management Plan ................................................................................................. 55
Table 3. Environmental and social Monitoring plan ..................................................................................................... 59
Table 4 environmental audit program ........................................................................................................................... 63
List of figure
Figure 1: During Field Observation ................................................................................................................................ 6
Figure 2 location Map of project Area .......................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 3 Satellite Image View of project location ........................................................................................................ 18
Figure 4: Desired Nursery site of Coffee Production .................................................................................................... 24
Figure 5 Satelite Image of The land use and land cover of coffee plantation area ....................................................... 28
Figure 6 Satellite image of Vegetation cover of project area ........................................................................................ 30

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ACRONOMY AND ABBREVIATIONS

CSE Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia

EA Environmental Assessment
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environmental Protection Authority
EPC Environmental Protection Council
EPE Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
ETB Ethiopian Birr, the National Currency
FDRE Federal democratic Republic of Ethiopia
GTP II Growth and Transformation Plan II
MEFCC Ministry of Environmental, Protection
OEFCCA Oromia Environment Protection Authority
OHS Occupational Health and Safety
ADLI Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization
PLC Private Limited Company
PM Particulate Matter
R&R Restoration & Rehabilitation
SD Sustainable Development
UNECE United Nation Economic Commission for Europe
UNEP United Nation Environmental Program
USNEPA United State National Environmental Policy Act
WCED World Conservation and Economic Development

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Planet consultant and Training service PLC was requested by Sabsib Aba Fira to prepare an Partial
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) report for the development of a Coffee Plantation
farm project in Wolensu Kebele, Limu Kosa District, Jimma zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia.
Limu Kosa district is located in the North part of Jimma zone at a distance of 75km away from zonal
capital, Jimma City. Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project site is about 55km south east of Limu
Genet.
The Federal Government of Ethiopia is determined to win the present poor economic situation of the
country and has offered very many attractive incentives for the prosperous investors. The currently steadily
increasing coffee price on world market and presence of incentives will support investment and thus
investors are encourage to invest more and mean while generating economic return from investing on
coffee farm and processing industry
This project was designed in line with other similar projects (farming project) that have been established by
other investors throughout the country. The project will involve the production of the high quality Coffee
and will essentially enhance the provision of high quality production for foreign and domestic markets.
The startup capital budget is 29 million Birr. The project will create job opportunity for people which 1050
permanents and temporary workers from the local community. The land size allocated of the project is
58.25 hectares of land for the proponent. The proponent also provides an opportunity to transfer technology
that could really the local community of the Limu Kosa District and Jimma Zone in particular and the
country in general. However, during the Coffee Development as well as pre-plantation activities, both
environment and the human health should be protected for the sustainable production in an
environmentally friendly and social acceptable behavior while realizing the economic development. For
this therefore, ESIA study was undertaken by the Planet Consultant and Training Service Plc. The study
team undertook field visit and government office stakeholder consultation and document review. The
methods employed during the ESIA study were, site observation, desk review of relevant legislations,
guidelines and scientific articles.
The scope of the study was identified to be delimited to water resource surface and ground water, soil, air,
human health and social impact of the project. Impacts of the proposed farm were classified as
positive/beneficial and adverse. Ethiopian Coffee is mainly grown in farming systems that incorporate
latest and traditional farming systems. This Coffee Plantation farm project will be proposed modern and
technology based farming system. Coffee Farming process are agro-forestry, diverse ecosystems, and

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indigenous knowledge contributes significantly to the rich biodiversity of this coffee-growing region
integrates environmental protection measures, including riparian buffers, proper pulping station
management, and respect for residences and reserved areas, to maintain sustainable coffee farming
practices.
Major Agronomic practice in farm is Nursery Activity, Land Preparation, Hole Digging Refilling, Planting,
Weeding, pruning, Shade Tree Management and Harvesting.
The production and productivity of Coffee farms variety and cultivars can be improved by using improved
agronomic and best management practices. the farm are use combination of improved practice such as
compost preparation and application , mulching , intercropping , pit preparation 2 months before
transplanting ,correct spacing , row planting , appropriate shade tree planting , stumping and on time
weeding. The farm is works to protect and conserve biodiversity, such as preserving natural habitats,
maintaining shade trees in coffee plantations, and minimizing the use of agrochemicals. Promoter
undertakes husbandry practices, such as regular mulching with organic residues like bean haulms, maize
stalks, banana leaves, animal manure and coffee husks, proper canopy management, adequate soil and
water conservation measures.
Beneficial impacts: job creation, income generation, boost local and national economy, technology
transfer were identified by the study team. These beneficial impacts can be enhanced by fair salary for the
workers, by recruitment of labor force from the local community, full scale operation and giving capacity
building training for the workers and support of local development by provision of clean water, Electricity,
and road access can develop trust ship Between Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project and local
community and the workers of the company.
Adverse impacts identified were classified in two phases, namely during construction of building and land
clearance as well as during Coffee Production.
During construction phase the following adverse impacts identified by the study team were Emission to air
affecting air quality but this impact is short term as it ceases when the construction is over. Here again the
construction is limited and the excavation is minimal and the land scape change, air pollution, water
pollution, noise pollution and soil pollution are minimal. This can be mitigated by water spray to avoid dust
emission, and schedule of working time were recommended. Plantation of trees near/ around the periphery
of the project site and involvement of local community in environmental protection by the community
mobilization by the Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project are very important. This could be done
by rehabilitation of degraded area by coordination with Limu Kosa District and Jimma zone environment
Protection authority office with full community participation.

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During operation of the Coffee Development the following adverse impacts were identified by the study
team such as: - Water pollution, soil pollution and erosion, accident, and occupational health.
Water pollution: the fresh water resource of the area, as a result of siltation and sedimentation will be
polluted. Groundwater wills also polluted by the fertilizers and pesticides use and other oils that can affect
the ground water via percolation. For this the mitigation measures were use of safer and environmentally
friendly chemicals which are less toxic as much as possible, safe handling and storage of chemical, no
excess use of chemicals, shifting to biological fertilizers and bio pesticides which are natural and do not
harm biodiversity in the water resource.
Soil pollution from chemical uses both fertilizer and pesticides can affect the biota that is very important
for the soil development and soil fertility. Therefore, effective and efficient use of this chemicals and the
shifting to natural fertilizers such as composting and bio-pesticides help to minimize the soil pollution and
reduce biodiversity loss.
Health and safety impact: unsafe working condition and inadequate training, and lack of awareness
exposes workers to various accidents and health problems that can be mitigated by:-Provision of personal
protective equipment‟s (PPE); capacity building training on workers job description; creation of safe and
conducive work environment; protection of self-hygiene and construction of toilet facility; provision of
potable water for the labor force; provision of potable water for the local community.
For all the environmental and social impact assessment of the proposed Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation
farm project, the Environmental and social management plan were prepared with the responsible
organ/institution to follow.
The Limu Kosa District environment, Protection Authority, is responsible for regulating, inspecting what
were put in this document in collaboration with zonal and regional environmental environment, Protection
Authority and the proponent for its full implementation.
The proponent: the responsibility of the proponent is very large as all the cost of the ESIA assessment
study result and mitigation measures are rest on him. The company has the duty to protect the environment
and human health resulting from the Coffee Development operation.
In this regard environmental management such as:-Water resource management; Soil management;
fertilizer management; pesticide management; waste management; Environmental health and safety
management and air quality management ,etc are the responsibility of the proponent for their
implementation and the government bodies do have the responsibility to supervise and follow up whether
or not they are implemented as per the schedule.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background to the Project

Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project is an Investment owned firm established in Limu Kosa
district Wolensu Kebele. The company will create an employment opportunity for 1050 on permanent
and temporary base. The firm needs to be engaged in rain feed Coffee Development to increase the
production on the site. The products of Coffee Production, Coffee demanded by all domestic and
foreign markets and project help to increase quantity and improve quality Coffee to meet domestic and
foreign demand. The domestic and foreign market for Coffee is farming, in everywhere. Similarly, the
local supply of this production in such high population country is not balanced with demand of the
Coffee Plantation farm project will also alleviate this problem.
The envisaged project will create a job opportunity for about 1050 employees on temporal and
permanent base where the majority is men provided that the recruitment is merit based which is based
on competition. This will contribute to reduce the number of youth unemployment which is the bottle
neck of the country. It also pays tax for the government as well as reduces problem of foreign
currency. It can also reduce the demand of the Coffee among the domestic markets.
However, Short-term benefits build up from Plantation farm projects may significantly impact on the
ability of human and natural ecosystems to meet the needs and aspirations of the future generations
unless proper management and monitoring is undertaken. The concept of sustainable development
envisages development that not only allows the present generation to meet its developmental and
natural needs but also ensure intergenerational equity through application of precautionary principle.
An important component of sustainable development is the process of assessing the potential
environmental, economic and social impacts of a project prior to its implementation. Thus, this ESIA
study was conducted by Planet Consultant and Training Service Plc to identify potential impacts, both
positive and negative and then to propose possible enhancement/mitigation measures for the proposed
project, Coffee Plantation farm project located in Oromia National regional state, Limu Kosa district,
Wolensu kebele,.
1.2. Environmental Scoping
The consulting firm, Planet Consultant and Training Service Plc, tried to delimit the scope and depth of
the ESIA in the project selected area. Based on the field visit, stakeholder consultations, public

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consultation and desk review, the firm identified a list of activities and impacts to be studied during the
scoping with the objectives of:
 To define the limits of the study area
 To define list of Valued Ecosystem Components within the study area,
 To define list of activities, type and magnitude of the proposed project
 To define list of Impacts to be studied.
 Development of the mitigation measures and future monitoring plans.
 Occupational Health and Safety –OHS
 The project also assesses the impacts of the proposed development on the environment.
1.2.1. The Scope of the Study Area
The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) study was conducted for those areas that
would be influenced by the impact of the Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project during
clearing of the vegetation‟s and agro chemical usage. The impact due to this could be local such as
Water pollution, soil pollution and erosion, accident, and occupational health. The project site,
downstream communities, the land adjacent to the project site and the neighboring environment are
the most impacted areas either directly or indirectly by the project implementation.
1.2.2. Valued Ecosystem Components within the Study Area
The primary function of scoping also referred to as setting the Terms of Reference (ToR) of an ESIA, is
to establish the environmental priorities and set the boundaries for the study. The objective of the ToR
is to avoid creating a voluminous report and make the assessment process concise and focused. Impact
of the Coffee Plantation farm project will totally cover around 58.25 hectare found in Wolensu peasant
association. Water pollution, soil pollution and erosion, accident, and occupational health are adverse
impacts of the project.
1.2.3. Defining list of Activities, type and Magnitude of the Coffee Plantation farm project
To investigate the activities such as base line environmental condition (such as the status of flora and
fauna) diversity and distribution, water resources quality and quantity situation and soil type of the area
were investigated with objectives of predicting the future with the project and without the project. The
type and magnitude of the impact due to the project is part of the environmental scoping. The ESIA
team of expertise identified the impact type such as:
 Water pollution
 Soil pollution

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 Erosions
 Air pollution
 Depletion of quality of ground and surface water
 Disturbance of the ecology of the downstream of the site.
1.3 Objective of the Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Study
The fundamental objective of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is to ensure that
the project is environmentally sound and socially acceptable, and hence contributes to the development
of environmental and social functions of local communities. It is also expected to provide a means
whereby the overall environmental performance and social benefits of the project can be enhanced
through:
Carrying out assessment and description of site/location, objectives, scope, nature of the
proposed project,
Carrying out analysis of the project activities during the project cycle; land clearing; operation
and decommissioning phases,
Establish the suitability of the project in the proposed location,
Review and establish all relevant baseline information (Physical, Biological, Social Cultural and
Economic) and identify any information gaps,
Description and analysis of policy, legal and institutional framework including but not limited
to policies, laws, regulations and guidelines which have a direct bearing on the proposed project
and will also serve as benchmarks for monitoring and evaluation, and future environmental
audits,
Do an in-depth description of the project and associated works together with the requirements
for carrying out the works,
Analyze the efficacy of the designs, technology, procedures and processes to be used, in the
implementation of the works,
Identify key stakeholders and Project Affected Persons (PAPs).
Identification of sensitive environmental components likely to be affected by the Sabsib Aba
Fira Coffee Plantation farm project,
Defining positive social and economic benefits local communities can derive from the project
implementation,

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Identification, prediction and synthesis of the potential environmental impacts associated with
the project implementation and;
Designing subsequent operation, and preparation of plans and recommendations regarding
measures that will minimize adverse impacts and enhance beneficial impacts.
Preparing ESIA Report for the Coffee Plantation farm project.
1.4. Approaches and Methodology
The methodology adopted for conducting the environmental and social impact assessment study
includes the conventional methods, which are briefly discussed below. The ESIA study followed
standard procedures as per the ESIA guidelines set by the former EPA which is currently called
Commission of Environment, Protection, and similar international guidelines.
1.4.1. Field Surveys
The method of field surveying is second to none in understanding the likely impacts of a given
Plantation farm project on the particular environment around the project site. The team of environment
consultants undertook field survey for the project for the ESIA study to gather information on physical,
biological and socio-economic environment.
Creating an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for a rice production farm involves several key
steps to ensure sustainable and environmentally friendly practices. Planet Consultant and Training
Service Plc Recommended the following plan:
Site Assessment
 Soil and Water Testing: Regularly test soil and water quality to monitor nutrient levels and
potential contaminants.
 Biodiversity Survey: Assess the biodiversity in and around the farm to understand the local
ecosystem.
Sustainable Practices
 Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Use biological pest control methods and reduce chemical
pesticide use.
 Water Conservation: Implement efficient irrigation techniques like drip irrigation to minimize
water wastage.
 Organic Farming: Use organic fertilizers and avoid synthetic chemicals to promote soil health.
Waste Management
 Composting: Convert organic waste into compost to be used as fertilizer.

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 Proper Disposal: Ensure hazardous waste, such as pesticide containers, is disposed of safely.
Energy Management
 Renewable Energy: Use renewable energy sources like solar panels for farm operations.
 Energy-Efficient Equipment: Invest in energy-efficient machinery and tools.
Monitoring and Evaluation
 Regular Audits: Conduct regular environmental audits to assess the effectiveness of the EMP.
 Feedback Mechanism: Establish a system for receiving and addressing feedback from farm
workers and the local community.
Community Engagement
 Education and Training: Provide training for farm workers on sustainable practices and
environmental conservation.
 Community Involvement: Engage with the local community to promote environmental
awareness and conservation efforts.
Compliance and Reporting
 Regulatory Compliance: Ensure all farm activities comply with local environmental regulations.
 Reporting: Maintain detailed records of environmental practices and report them to relevant
authorities.
This field survey also helped to gather the base line environmental condition of the area for better
prediction and evaluation of the adverse environmental impacts.
The results of the field survey are summarized below:
 There is a change in landscape as a result of Coffee Plantation farm project.
 Vegetation clearance will also occur because of preparation of land for Coffee Plantation
farm project.
 Physical Injuries to the workers may happen during land preparation, construction and
Coffee Production.
 Degradation of buffer zone of the water body in the project site.
 Water body pollution on the downstream of the project site.

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Figure 1: During Field Observation

1.4.2 Observations
Detailed field observation assessment was undertaken to enable determination of the exact socio-
economic activities within the proximity of the project site. Checklists were used along with
observations to check on possible environmental impacts of the project would have on the environment
during land clearing, construction and operational phases. In this assessment, checklists were utilized
to:
 Facilitate identification of potential environmental impacts; provide a means of comparing the
predicted environmental impacts;
 Indicate the magnitude of both positive and negative environmental impacts;
 Indicate possible adverse environmental impacts that are potentially significant but about which
sufficient information can be obtained to make a reliable prediction; and
 Indicate negative potential environmental impacts in the project area, which merit mitigation
measures and monitoring during project implementation.
1.4.3. Desk review
Deskwork provided a detailed description of the project with respect to spatial coverage, preliminary
design layout, magnitude, implementation schedules and costs as well as human resources. Relevant
documents were reviewed to obtain information on the baseline information in general but specifically
at the project site. This documentary review provided further understanding the project design, land
use, local micro-environmental conditions, data on demographic trends, land use practices,

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development strategies and plans (local and national) as well as the policy and legal documents among
others.

1.4.4. Stakeholder Consultation

Various stakeholders at woreda and kebele administrations were consulted about the positive and the
adverse environmental impacts. Discussions with decision making bodies, sector institutions and area
specialist experts were made on the very concepts and nature of the proposed project and the
importance of this Coffee Plantation farm project, giving ESIA has on levels of public participation,
role of key stakeholders and joint contributions of these actors to the success of the project. In addition,
the scope of the proposed project and possible means of maximizing local communities‟ social,
economic and environmental benefits from the project implementation were underlined. The views of
the stakeholders were incorporated during conducting of the ESIA. The result of the stakeholder
consultation indicated that, the proposed project is good as it plays a pivotal role for the country
development, local community as well as their children as they were employed on the permanent as
well as temporary basis.

1.4.6. Consultation with Local Communities

Consultation meeting was conducted with communities around the project site. There are no local
communities close to the project site who are directly affected by the project implementation. The
meeting was used by the participants to air their issues of concern in relation to the Plantation farm
project. Following the consultation meeting, an agreement was reached on the issues of the community
and their opinions and ideas were incorporated in the statement report.
The representative of the owner of project said on the meeting that about 12 individuals will be
employed in the project to lead their families in permanent and temporal basis. The consulting firm said
that the relationship b/n the local community and the company should be strong that could be
manifested by community services. If the company does this the people will protect if any problem like
forest fire is happening to the project area. Consulting firm also added that the project activity shouldn‟t
harm the environment especially the water body, soil, employees and local community. The proponent
should implement what is included in the Environmental and social Management Plan (ESMP) for the
sustainability and harmony with the local people. Moreover, communities accepted the project as it will
create huge job opportunity for themselves and their children as both permanent and temporary basis.

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2. POLICY, LEGISLATIVES AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

2.1. Legal frame work
2.1.1. The FDRE Constitution
The Constitution of Ethiopia, which was adopted in August 1995, requires current and future legislation
and the conduct of the Government to obey to a bill of rights. The concept of sustainable development
and environment rights are entrenched in the rights of people in Ethiopia through articles 43 and 44,
which states among others the right to development and right to live in clean and healthy environment.
Without prejudice to the right to private property, the government may expropriate private property for
public purposes subject to payment in advance of compensation commensurate to the value of the
property (Article 40(8). Article 43 (2) dealing with the rights to development states that nationals have
the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted with respect to
policies and projects affecting their community.

Article 44(2) of the Constitution states that all persons who have been displaced, or whose livelihood
has been adversely affected as a result of State programs have the right to commensurate monetary or
alternative means of compensation including relocation with adequate state assistance. The government
shall pay fair compensation for property found on the land but the amount of compensation shall not
take into account the value of land. The Federal Government is responsible for enacting laws for
utilization and conservation of land and other natural resources and historical sites.
Article 92 of the Constitution states that the design and implementation of any program and Plantation
farm projects shall not damage or destroy the environment, and people have the right to be fully
consulted and express their views in planning and implementation of environmental policies and
project.
2.1.2 EnvironmentalPollutionControlProclamation300/2902
The proclamation on pollution control was issued in December 2902.It was issued mainly based on the
principle that each citizen has the right to have a healthy environment, as well as the obligation to
protect the environment of the country from pollution. The Proclamation contains provisions for the
control of pollution, management of municipal waste, and management of hazardous waste, chemical
and radioactive substances. It also encompasses provision for the formulation of practicable
environmental standards by the Federal Environmental Protection Authority (FEPA), in consultation
with the relevant agencies. Furthermore, it empowers the Federal Environmental Protection Authority

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or the Regional Environmental Authority to assign environmental inspectors with the duties and
responsibilities of controlling environmental pollution.
2.1.3. EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentProclamation299/2902 and Guidelines
The main objective of this Proclamation is to make the EIA mandatory for specified categories of
activities undertaken either by the public or private sectors. Among others, the Proclamation defines the
scope of the environmental impact assessment by outlining the contents of EIAs, and determining the
duties of the project proponent. The general provision of the Proclamation includes the followings
among others:
 Implementation of any project that requires an EIA is subject to an environmental clearance or
authorization from the EPA or Regional Environmental Agency (REA).
 The EPA or the relevant REA, depending on the magnitude of anticipated impacts, may waive
the requirement for an EIA.
 Approval of an Environmental Impact Study Report (EISR) or the granting of authorization by
the EPA or the REA does not exonerate the proponent from liability for damage.
To put into effect this Proclamation, the EPA issued an EIA Guideline Document, which provides
details of the EIA process and its requirements. The document provides background to environmental
impact assessment and environmental management in Ethiopia. The Document is used as a reference
material to ensure effective environmental assessment and management practice in Ethiopia for all
parties who are engaged in the process. The document details the required procedures for conducting an
EIA. In addition, the document specifies tools that may be considered when engaged in the EIA
process. Reference is made to the legislation and policies with which potential investors and developers
must comply in specific development sectors.
According to this guideline projects are categorized into three schedules:
Schedule 1: Projects which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts thus requiring a
full Environmental Impact Assessment
Schedule 2: Projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have potential to cause some
significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant a full EIA study
Schedule 3: Projects which would have no impact and do not require an EIA However, projects situated
in an environmentally sensitive area such as land prone to erosion; desertification; areas of historic or
archaeological interest; important landscape; religiously important area, etc. will fall under category 1
irrespective of the nature of the project.

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2.1.4. OromiaRegionalStateEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentProclamationNo.176/2912
The Oromia regional state has adopted the Federal Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment
after it customized it to the regional realities. The Oromia region version of the proclamations is called
Oromia National Regional State Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 176/2912. In
addition to the proclamations, the Land Administration and Environmental Protection Bureau (LAEPB)
of Oromia which is currently named as Oromia(OEFCCA)environment, Protection authority is
preparing detailed regulations on EIA.
The Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation No. 176/2912 of the region clearly stipulates the
requirement for environmental assessment by stating that ―no person shall commence implementation
of a project that requires environmental impact assessment without the authorization from the Bureau.
The enforcement of this requirement for environmental assessment is spearheaded by OEFCCA and its
branch offices at Zonal, City and Woreda levels. According to the regional proclamation, the
environmental impact study report is required to contain sufficient and accurate information that would
enable the bureau to give its decision.
This implies that the EIA report is expected to contain all necessary information that is relevant to the
project site, nature and characteristics of the proposed project, technology and its application process,
direct and indirect impacts, cumulative impacts and etc. The regional proclamation also stipulates that
OEFCCA ―shall ensure the inclusion of the opinion of the public, particularly of the affected
community in environmental impact assessment study and their participation while review of the
ESIA is made‖. The OEFCCA is required by the law to review the ESIA study report submitted to it
within ten days and issue the authorization letter if satisfied with the report within the stated time limit.
2.1.5 Oromia Environmental Pollution Control (Proclamation No. 177/2912)
Environmental Pollution Control in the region should be based on Environmental Pollution Control
laws of the region as indicated in Proclamation No. 177/2912. Some of the mare shown as follows:
 No person can pollute or cause any other person to pollute the environment by violating the
relevant environments.
 Any person engaged in any field of activity which is likely to cause pollution of any other
environmental hazard shall install a sound technology that avoids or reduce to the required
minimum, the generation of waste and when feasible apply methods for recycling of waste.
 Any person who causes any pollution shall be required to clean up the polluted environment
within a limited period of time.
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2.1.6. SolidWasteManagementProclamation513/2907
Municipalities play a central role in solid waste management activities in Ethiopia. Traditionally,
solid waste collection and disposal has been the responsibility of the urban administrations. The
recent Solid Waste Management Proclamations 513/2907 urges urban administrations to establish a
solid waste treatment facility. Article 14 of this proclamation states that urban administrations shall
ensure that:
 Solid waste disposal sites are constructed in conformity with the relevant federal environmental
standard and are properly used.
 Any new solid waste disposal site being constructed or an existing site undergoing any
modification has had an EIA according to the relevant law.
2.1.7. National Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation No. 456/2905)
The Rural Land Administration and Use Proclamation (Proclamation No. 456/2905) defines the state
ownership of rural land and the tenure rights of the land occupant, including rights to "property
produced on his land", rights of inter-generational tenure transfer, and rights of exchange land and
limited leasing rights. Provisions are made for the registration and certification of tenure rights. Part
three of the proclamation presents regulations relating to the use of rural land, particularly as it relates
to soil and water conservation and watershed management. The rural land administration and land use
laws are to be implemented by the regional states.
Land holding right gives the right to use the land for agricultural purposes as well as to lease it and,
while the right remains in effect, bequeath it to family members, as well as the right to acquire property
thereon, by labor or capital, and to sell, exchange and bequeath the same. The proclamation also
addresses environmental concerns, including non-compliance with directives on environmental
protection. An important feature of this proclamation is that it stipulates rural land use and restrictions
based on proper land use planning, providing for the proper use of various types of land, such as slopes,
gullies and wetlands, as well as the utilization of rural land for villages and social services. In addition,
it is envisaged that the proclamation will create a sense of ownership among the vast majority of the
rural population and enable them to take initiatives and collectively engage in environmental
management activities.

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2.1.8. Labor Proclamation (No. 1156/2919)

The proclamation aimed for enabling workers and employers to secure durable industrial peace;
sustainable productivity and competitiveness through cooperative engagement towards the all-round
development of our country;
The proclamation also lay down a working system that guarantees the rights of workers and employers to
freely establish their respective associations and to engage, through their duly authorized
representatives, in social dialogue and collective bargaining, as well as to draw up procedures for the
expeditious settlement of labor disputes, which arise between them;
2.2. Policy Frame Work
2.2.1. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was issued in April 1997. The overall policy goal is to
improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and promote sustainable social and
economic development through sound management and use of natural, human-made and cultural
resources and their environment as a whole, so as to meet the needs of the present generation without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The policy seeks to ensure the
empowerment and participation of the people and their organizations at all levels in environmental
management activities, raise public awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkage
between environment and development. In addition to its guiding principles, the policy addresses
sectoral and cross sectoral environmental issues. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) policies are
included in the cross sectoral environmental policies. The EIA policy emphasizes the early recognition
of environmental issues in project planning at all levels of administration. The policy establishes the
Federal Environmental Protection authority (FEPA) to harmonize Sectoral Development Plans and
implement environmental management programs for the country.
Intergenerational justice and equity have to be addressed by endorsing sustainable development through
appropriate environmental management. The environmental policy of Ethiopia clearly indicates the
relationship between environment and sustainable development. It asserts deterioration in
environmental quality should be kept at minimal level while addressing developmental issues. Expense
for rehabilitation of degraded environment will also be minimal. The policy will also give emphasis on
minimizing environmental hazards as well as creating a compromise between economic growths of the
present without affecting the need for development of feature generation.

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2.2.2. Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE)

Since the early 1990s, the Federal Government of Ethiopia has undertaken a number of initiatives that
aims to develop regional, national and sectoral strategies to conserve and protect the environment.
Paramount amongst these was the conservation strategy of Ethiopia (CSE, 1996). This document
provides a strategic framework for integrating environment into new and existing policies, programs
and projects. It is also an important policy document, which views environmental management as an
important component of development. It recognizes the importance of incorporating environmental
factors into development activities from the outset.
The major environmental and natural resources management issues facing Ethiopia are well
documented in the CSE (FDRE, 1997). The CSE sets out detailed strategies and action plans as well as
the institutional arrangements required for the implementation of sectoral as well as cross-sectoral
interventions for the management of Ethiopia „s natural, man-made and cultural resources. The most
important areas that are addressed by the CSE include the following:
 Management of forest and woodland resources.
 Land resource use policy and strategies; physical land use planning.
 Integration of social, cultural and gender issues in sustainable resources and environmental
management.
 Promotion of participation in sustainable development of natural, artificial and cultural
resources, and environmental protection.
 Development of environmental education, public awareness and human resources
2.2.3. Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI)
The framework economic development strategy of the current Ethiopian Government is the
Agricultural Development-Led Industrialization (ADLI). The strategy envisages agriculture as the
engine of the country‟s economic growth through agricultural intensification and commercialization,
increasing the proportion of marketable output. In line with this strategy, the government has declared
the pursuit of a liberalization policy, including the withdrawal of input subsidies, deregulation of
different markets, tariff reduction, etc. Government efforts have continued to focus on rural
development and measures to improve productivity of smallholder peasant agriculture through
“extension packages” as well as rural credit services, primary education, health care, domestic water
supply and rural road construction.

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2.2.4. Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP)

The long-term objective of the country is elaborated in the document entitled "Sustainable
Development and Poverty Reduction Program (SDPRP)". The program is designed to serve as the
country's strategy to transform agriculture in the shortest time possible (FDRE, 2902). The program
outlines the fundamental development objectives of Government to build a free-market economic
system, which will enable the economy to develop rapidly, the country to extricate itself from
dependence on food aid, and poor people to be the main beneficiaries form economic growth. The
strategy recognizes the importance of the environment and sustainable development and treats it as
crosscutting issue. It points out three priority areas for action including strengthening and expanding
ongoing efforts to address land degradation, deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, loss of soil
structure and the disruption of the hydro-logical cycle, giving special attention to highly degraded,
drought prone and food insecure areas, strengthening regulatory and institutional capacity,
strengthening measures currently under implementation to preserve, develop, manage and sustainable
use biodiversity resources.
In adopting the United Nations Millennium Declaration, Ethiopia agreed to take special measures to
address the challenges of poverty eradication and sustainable development in the country. The country
recognizes that the range of issues necessary to nurture its environmental base and sustainable use of
natural resources is vast and complex and that a systematic combination of initiatives is necessary to
translate into action a coherent environment program. The capacity need assessment to achieve goal 7
of the MDG calls for the development and adoption of a coherent action plan and strategies - to ensure
environmental sustainability while at the same time combating poverty and promoting socio-economic
development. But the MDG ended in 2915 and for the next 15 years that is from 2915-2930 the
Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) is now the global agenda of the world.
2.2.5. National Biodiversity Policy and Strategies (NBP)
The National Biodiversity Policy (NBP) was established in 1998 based on a holistic ecosystem
approach to conserve, develop and utilize the country's biodiversity resources. Integration of
biodiversity conservation and development in federal and regional sectoral development initiatives, and
mobilization of international cooperation and assistance, have been identified as the principal strategies
for implementation of the policy. The policy provides for guidance towards effective conservation,
rational development and sustainable utilization of the country‟s biodiversity, and contains
comprehensive policy provisions for the conservation and sustainable utilization of biodiversity.

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Protection of biodiversity-related traditional indigenous knowledge and communities' benefit sharing

arrangements are not yet effective. Similarly, the potential of biodiversity-related opportunities has not
yet been exploited to enhance sustainable livelihood to the desired level. However, there is a general
understanding with respect to changing the management approach in order to bring about the desired
benefits.
Wetlands are considered among the most productive type of ecosystem in the world, providing benefits
far in excess of those obtained from alternative uses to which they are subjected. Ethiopia is endowed
with vast wetlands, including a tract in the project area; however, efforts towards their conservation and
sustainable utilization are very limited, and no clear policy and legislative framework have been
designed. The MEFCC and Ethiopian Wildlife and Natural History Society, in collaboration with
Ramseur Bureau and other funding organizations, are focusing efforts in this direction, and have
conducted successful workshops and awareness raising programs.
2.2.4. World Bank (WB) Safeguard Policies
Legal and Administrative Framework WB Operational Policy, OP 4.01 is designed to ensure that Bank-
Financed Projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that decision-making is approved
through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely environmental impacts. This policy is
triggered if a project is likely to have potential adverse environmental risks and impacts in its area of
influence. OP 4.01 requires an Environmental Assessment (EA) to be carried out for any project
proposed for bank financing. It outlines an environmental and social screening process which will
enable qualified project personnel to screen sub-projects for potential negative environmental and
social impacts and to identify, implement and monitor appropriate mitigation measures. OP.4. 01
requires these reports to take into account natural environment (air, water and land), human health and
safety and social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property).
2.2.7. Water Resource and Sanitation Policies and Legislatives
Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy (EWRMP),1997 deals with the general water
resources management policy and different sub sectoral issues; Water supply and sanitation
irrigation development, & hydropower. The policy, under section - 2.2.2 discusses the issue of
environment, water shade management and water resources protection and conservation issues.
The policy discusses the sanitation policy under the water supply and sanitation sub sector. The policy
among other issues emphasizes the adoption and promotion of affordable and culturally acceptable low
cost sanitation technology options, setting of frameworks, coordination of efforts and encouraging

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involvement of stakeholders both government and non-government institutions, the integration of water
supply and sanitation, need for setting frame works affirming the inseparable nature of water supply
and sanitation activities and need for decentralized approaches for sanitation projects implementation
and management are some of the guiding principles indicated in the policy.
2.3. Institutional Arrangement
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) has two levels of administrative structures,
Federal level Government and regional governments. There are nine regional governments under the
Federal Government. Roles and responsibilities of governments at different levels (Federal, Regional,
and Zonal &Woreda) have been defined by the constitution and proclamations Nos. 33 of 1992, 41 of
1993 and No. 41 of 1995. Under these proclamations, duties and responsibilities of regional states are
included. The regional states are structured as regional administration, zonal, Woreda and Kebele/
Peasant Associations (PAs) Urban centers have city administrative structure and municipalities. At the
federal level, CEFCC is, by current legislation, the main agency responsible for environmental policy
making, compliance and enforcement. Similarly, at the regional state level, the Regional Environmental
protection, forestry and climate changes is the designated to perform, implement and enforce most
environmental regulatory powers at the regional state level.
2.4. International Agreement
Ethiopia has ratified two international conventions that have relevance with regard to this Specific
project. These conventions include:
1. Basel convention: Ethiopia ratified the Convention in April 2900 by the proclamation No
357/2902.Its amendment was ratified through proclamation No. 356/2902. The objective of the
convention includes ensuring environmentally safe transfer, disposal of hazardous wastes, and limiting
“Toxic trade” in hazardous wastes. This is, therefore, the proponent is responsible to comply with the
proclamation.
2. Stockholm convention (POPs,): Ethiopia ratified the convention in May 22, 2902 by means of
proclamation No.1050/2902. The objective of this convention is to protect human health and the
environment from persistent organic pollutants.
The study team in general has, considered the above policy and legal issues relevant to implement this
environmental and social impact assessment in both the government and proponent side.

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3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 Project Location

The project area is located in Wolensu Kebele, Limu Kosa District, Jimma zone, Oromia regional state,
Ethiopia. Limu Kosa district is located in the North part of Jimma zone at a distance of 75km away
from zonal capital, Jimma City. Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project site is about 55km
south east of Limu Genet.
Limu Kosa district is bordered with Limu Seka district in the north, Nadhi Gibe and Botor Tolay district in the
east, Kersa in the south and Manna district in the south-west, Chora Botor in the North-East and Buno bedele
Zone in the North-west. Astronomically it extends between 7050‟-8036‟N latitudes and 36044‟-37029‟ E
longitudes. Total area of the district is 1462.46 Km2 at actual. Recently the district was divided in 40 rural
kebeles and 3 Urban centers namely Ambuye, Babu, Genet. Limu Genet is the capital town of the district. The
population of peasant associations counted as 175,161 percentages cover 90.48% of the total population and the
rest 18,432 percentages cover 9.52%of the population is urban dwellers
The project will involve the plantation of the high quality and new variety of coffee and will essentially enhance
the provision of high quality Coffee for foreign and domestic markets.
The startup capital budget is 29 million Birr. The project will create job opportunity for people which 1050 on
permanent and temporary bases from the local community. The Proponent also provides an opportunity to
transfer technology that could really the local community of the Limu Kosa District and Jimma Zone in
particular and the country in general.

Figure 2 location Map of project Area

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Figure 3 Satellite Image View of project location

3.2. Project Goal
The proponents proposed this project having an overall goal of taking advantage of opportunities
existing in coffee production and supply of quality coffee products to foreign and domestic markets.
The projects will farm coffee plantation using Major Agronomic practice in proposed coffee plantation
farms like Nursery Activity, Land Preparation, Hole Digging Refilling, Planting, Weeding, pruning,
Shade Tree Management and Harvesting.
The production and productivity of Coffee farms variety and cultivars can be improved by using
improved agronomic and best management practice which is environmentally friendly and contributes
to the socio-economic development of the regional state and /or local communities in sustainable
manner.

3.3 Overall Project Goal

Ethiopia was known to the world for agricultural commodities such as coffee, has immense positional
for the developing of the sector economy, few efforts have been done by business men to promote and
enhance quality and productivity of commodities. However, in recent time, there are some eye breaking
efforts to modernize agricultural commodities including coffee and sesame products. The project is
among few projects which have been trying to improve the productivity and quality of production in
Ethiopia by introducing modern farming technology in the sector economy. To accomplish the process
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assignment, technical support and Coffee farming practitioners with best knowledge can be fetched
from local markets in the country. Most importantly, agro climatic factors such as appropriate
temperature, altitude and moisture are adequately assessed and confirmed their availability in the
country. Therefore, technical advantages the proponent looked into while planning the investment in
Coffee Plantation farm in Jimma zone of Limu Kosa district Wolensu Kebele.
To counter effect of the decline in foreign currency earnings due to the unreliable market situations,
Ethiopia is attempting to diversify its export base with a view to gaining new sources of income and
foreign exchange. Also, the entire dependence on rain fed agriculture and exporting agricultural
commodities produced through rain fed agriculture is low to reach world market competitiveness.
Improving export commodity quality and diversification products are also another option to enhance
competitiveness in global markets. In this line Coffee Plantation farm project is aiming at improving
quality of Ethiopia export products through modernization new technology like the one under
discussion is one which will broaden scope of agricultural commodity exchange and will achieve
objective results in agricultural commodity trading and exporting.
The project herein referred as the proponent develop Coffee Development aimed at undertaking
processing and supplying to local and international markets with quality and standard quality product.

3.4 Project objectives

3.4.1 General objectives
The goal of the project is to produce high standard quality of Coffee thereby generate foreign currency
for the country.
The specific objectives of this project are:
The development objectives of the project are:
To become a major producer of Coffee. Production and operation through highly reliable and of
highest quality standards using best Coffee Development practice together with local contact
farmers.
To maximize the return on invested capital through modern Coffee production and marketing.
To raise the significance and importance of the sector and thereby raising its contribution to the
national economic development.
By raising the quality and quantity of Coffee to generate foreign currency.
To serve a demonstration for the surrounding vast farming population with respect to modern
production technology.

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To provide gainful employment to a large segment of the population of the project area and
augment earning capacity at the grassroots level.
Increase government revenue through the different forms of taxes, which in turn used to
facilitate social and economic development.

3.5 project strategies

The project will pursue the following strategies to promote production and productivity and increase its
revenue and sustainability and profitability of the project.
Introduce and use modern machineries, technologies and management system to improve
cultivation and increase production and productivity.
Produce cost-effectively and profitable Coffee for consumers.
Use own sources to finance the operation and procure goods and service timely and efficiently.
Create good working and partnership with communities, local government bodies and the
private in the project area.
Introduce and apply incentive, bonus and rewarding system to staff and partners.
Establishing effective marketing channels and linkages to the domestic marketing general and
niche market in particular.

3.6. Coffee Development Farm Systems

Ethiopian Coffee is mainly grown in farming systems that incorporate latest and traditional farming
systems. This Coffee Plantation farm project will be proposed modern and technology based farming
system. Coffee Farming process are agro-forestry, diverse ecosystems, and indigenous knowledge
contributes significantly to the rich biodiversity of this coffee-growing region integrates environmental
protection measures, including riparian buffers, proper pulping station management, and respect for
residences and reserved areas, to maintain sustainable coffee farming practices.
Major Agronomic practice in farm is Nursery Activity, Land Preparation, Hole Digging Refilling,
Planting, Weeding, pruning, Shade Tree Management and Harvesting.
The production and productivity of Coffee farms variety and cultivars can be improved by using
improved agronomic and best management practices. the farm are use combination of improved
practice such as compost preparation and application , mulching , intercropping , pit preparation 2
months before transplanting ,correct spacing , row planting , appropriate shade tree planting , stumping
and on time weeding. The farm is works to protect and conserve biodiversity, such as preserving

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natural habitats, maintaining shade trees in coffee plantations, and minimizing the use of
agrochemicals. Promoter undertakes husbandry practices, such as regular mulching with organic
residues like bean haulms, maize stalks, banana leaves, animal manure and coffee husks, proper canopy
management, adequate soil and water conservation measures. In terms of the market chain and delivery
of Coffee to the markets, process in the project can be described in various stages

3.6.1 Production System

The production system is based on sustainability principles for sustainable production through
protection of the farming environment and improving the living and working Conditions of the
employees and produce high quality coffee by implementing Good Agricultural Practices where there
is production homogeneity with diversity, modernity with in originality. All plantations are shade
grown coffee, conserved soil and water and protect pollution of the environment by enriching the soil
with nitrogen fixing plants and left over litters. In order to boost coffee productivity, fertilizers and
pesticides are commonly applied on the farmlands. Although the mode of application determines the
extent of loss of these chemicals into the receiving environments, it is practically possible that these
chemicals could pollute the nearby soil and water bodies especially streams and wetlands. Young
mature seedlings are then planted by removing the bottom of the polythene bag to allow roots to grow
into the surrounding soil. The coffee plant is spaced at least 1-1.5 meters apart according to scientific
farming approach. Coffee plant will grow and reach maturity in about three-five years. The removal of
weeds also eliminates potential habitats for insects and pests. Herbicides and other pesticides are used
and the use is greater in the plantations then for individual farmers

3.6.2 Coffee Farm Establishment and Field Management Practices.

Arabica Coffee farm establishment starts with planning the farm layout where areas for coffee gardens,
road network, drying yard, farm houses for family and workers and a coffee store are properly laid out.
Then land preparation whose objectives are to facilitate maximum water infiltration and minimal soil
movement, safe disposal of surplus water and simplification of irrigation works commences. Land is
cleared and coffee is planted, attention shifts to good management practices. There is good field
management significantly contributes to high productivity in coffee. Farmers should therefore make
appropriate investments in recommended best field management practices for maximum productivity.
The area to be planted with coffee must be prepared at least 1 year before the coffee seedlings are
planted out. There are 10 distinct steps to follow for good coffee establishment:

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 Plan the farm layout

 Clear the site
 Plant windbreakers
 Mark out the rows
 Establish shade trees
 Set up water delivery systems
 Dig holes
 Select planting materials
 Plant seedlings
 10.Water the seedling

3.6.3. Coffee field management practices

Arabica Coffee under recommended management will produce at least 1kg - 2kg clean coffee (FAQ) per tree or
1,680kg - 3,360kg clean coffee (FAQ) per hectare per year. This can be achieved with minimum maintenance
cost, if the promoter undertakes recommended husbandry practices, such as regular mulching with organic
residues like bean haulms, maize stalks, banana leaves, animal manure and coffee husks, proper canopy
management, adequate soil and water conservation measures. The recommended management practices include;

 Weed control
 Mulching
 Water for production and irrigation
 Soil and water conservation
 Use of cover crops
 Nipping/capping
 Pruning and de-suckering
3.6.4. Nursery/Seedlings and Coffee nursery management
Seedlings are propagated from coffee bean and placed in a black nursery bag with soil for individual
sprouting of the new coffee plant. The project has their own nurseries and seedlings can be obtained
from their own nurseries. During this period, it is placed into nursery area, mostly in shade and
adequate water and fertilizer to enhance their growth. When these are grown to a height of 60cms, they
are transferred to prepared areas to be planted. There are a variety of coffee types, and the time period
for their maturity varies, although a figure of three to five years has been stated for maturity

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Coffee nursery management is essential for producing healthy coffee seedlings that will eventually be
planted in coffee farms.
The life cycle of a coffee plant
Germination: The coffee plant cycle starts with the germination of a coffee seed. These seeds are
harvested from ripe coffee cherries, dried, and then planted in a nursery. In the nursery, the seeds find
ideal conditions for germination, including proper moisture and temperature levels. Over the course of
2-4 weeks, the seed transforms into a seedling.
Seedling Growth: Once germinated, the coffee seedling begins to grow. It develops roots that anchor it
into the soil, allowing it to absorb nutrients and water. The seedling also sprouts its first pair of leaves,
known as cotyledons, which provide initial nutrients for growth. Proper sunlight, water, and nutrients
are crucial during this stage to ensure healthy development.
Maturation: After the seedling stage, the coffee plant enters the maturation phase. This stage can last
several years, depending on factors like coffee variety and growing conditions. During maturation, the
plant develops a larger and more robust root system, enhancing nutrient absorption from the soil.
Additional leaves and branches grow, maximizing energy production through photosynthesis.
Providing the right amount of water, nutrients, and shade is essential for optimal growth and health.
Flowering: Once the coffee plant reaches a certain level of maturity, it enters the flowering stage.
Flowering typically occurs during spring and is triggered by changes in daylight hours and temperature.
The coffee plant produces small, fragrant, white flowers that last only a few days. These flowers play a
crucial role in reproduction by attracting pollinators like bees and butterflies.
Fruiting: After successful pollination, the flowers transform into cherries over several months

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Figure 4: Desired Nursery site of Coffee Production

3.6.5. Weed control management

A weed is any undesired plant growing within the coffee field. Control of weeds should be done before
they seed (fourth leaf stage), applying fertilizers or mulching. It is important to keep the young coffee
plantation free of weeds. There are three basic methods of weed control exist. These are cultural,
mechanical and chemical. Weed control in coffee processing is crucial for maintaining the health and
productivity of coffee plants. Sabsib typically use a combination of manual weeding, herbicides,
mulching, and shade management to control weeds. Additionally, implementing good agricultural
practices such as proper spacing between coffee plants can also help suppress weed growth.
Weed Control Methods of Gummer Farm unit
- Herbicides Type
- Labor (for hand weeding)
- Integrated Management

3.6.6. Mulching management practices

Mulching is the covering of the topsoil between crop rows and columns and around coffee trees with
dried or rotten plant residues such as dried grass, maize stalks, bean haulms, coffee husks, straws and

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compost manure. Maize or sorghum stalks are very good for mulch because they contain a lot of
potassium, which is important in coffee crop nourishment.
Advantages of mulching in Coffee Plantation farm

 Improves yield by facilitating better regulation of moisture levels in the soil, thereby increasing soil
moisture
 Retention and improving surface water infiltration into the soil.
 Reduces the watering requirements –thereby minimizing costs of irrigation.
 Protects the soil surface from erosion.
 Encourages more productivity through building the growth of additional surface roots.
 Fertilizers applied to coffee are conserved by mulching due to reduced surface run off and easier access
to roots than on dry land.
 Maintains temperature balance in the soil.
 When used for prolonged periods mulch controls weeds thereby suppressing the cost of labour and
herbicides in managing weeds.
 Builds up topsoil fertility and improves up

3.6.7. Water for production and irrigation management

Water is the backbone of agricultural production. Therefore, all effort must be put in place to ensure
that the planted coffee has access to adequate water to sustain it during establishment and productive
stages.
The main purpose of irrigation, therefore, is to supplement rainfall (in rain fed agriculture) so that the
growing season of the coffee crop can be extended for increased yields. Benefits of irrigation are as
follows:
 Increases production by up to 50% or more, especially when rains are below normal.
 Increases the bean size hence the proportion of premium grades and thus enhances quality.
 Induces flowering.
 Protects the tree from damage arising from overbearing when there is drought.
 Enhances fertilizer application efficiency.
 Enables continuous vegetative growth during drought
 Types of irrigation systems Farmers must be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of each
system since the success of any irrigation system is dependent on its attendant management
costs.

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3.6.8. Soil and Water Conservation management

Soil and water conservation requires the implementation of crop management restrictions and the
adoption of preventive practices and soil degradation controls. This includes: selection and appropriate
location for crops, establishment of soil cover, construction of live carvings for channeling runoff
water, intake maintenance, and integrated weed and bioengineering treatment management.
Soil and water conservation measures are important in minimizing loss of soil fertility through erosion
and the retaining moisture for the coffee, especially in the dry periods. Planet Consultant Team
recommended the following practices have been done at Promoter farm to conserve soil and water in
the coffee garden:
 Rainwater harvesting pits
 Terracing along contours
 Construction of water retention bands
 Planting of cover crops and soil retention grass
 Planting shade trees
 Mulching
3.6.9. Soil Fertility Management in Gummer Coffee Farming
For high coffee yields, there is need for adequate and timely supply of both macro and micronutrients
to the plant. The nutrients can be supplied from various sources such as inorganic fertilizers or organic
fertilizers such as compost manure from plant materials. A fertilization program needs to be developed
based on inherent soil characteristics and expected production level.
In a „closed‟ environment such as a rainforest, nutrients are recycled on their own and plants are more
or less self-sufficient. However, where plants are grown in a commercial environment like Arabic
Coffee growing, it is necessary to replenish the nutrients that are removed from the system through the
harvested crop. Without additional nutrients in some form of fertilizer, coffee yields will continue to
decline as nutrients are removed through the harvested coffee beans.
Soil Analysis
Sampling and analysis of both coffee leaf and soil should be done at least once every year to determine
the current nutrient and pH status of the coffee garden. The results together with expected yield on the
trees are then used to determine the fertilizer quantities required for the next application schedule.
Leaf Analysis

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The objective of leaf sampling is to get a representative sample of coffee trees for macro and micro
nutrient analysis in the plant tissue. Pre-flowering period is preferred sampling time if only one sample
is taken each year. More frequent sampling (every four months) is highly desirable for large
plantations, especially if nutritional problems occur.

3.7 Pest and disease management

Pests and diseases severely affect the health of Arabica Coffee plants, which further leads into quality
deterioration, quantity loss and eventually reduced economic return to the farmer. Successful pest and
disease management supplements all other good agricultural practices aimed at growing a healthy crop
such as irrigation, fertilization, pruning, soil and water conservation, weed control, shade management.
Control strategies against pest and diseases should therefore be based on Integrated Pest Management
(IPM). IPM is a coordinated use of pest and environmental information with available pest control
methods to prevent unacceptable levels of pest damage by the most economical means and with the
least possible hazard to people, property and the environment and the final product (coffee).
More environmentally friendly pesticides from natural extracts, e.g. Neem plant extract is also being
pursued as another alternative. The use of chemical fertilizers on the decline as organic fertilizers such
as composted pulp is being used as a substitute. Vermin-composting is now widespread among coffee
farmers. Furthermore, it is recommended to practice soil and leaf analysis prior to the application of
fertilizer. All these measures together reduce the need for chemical fertilizers. Insect pests lead to losses
either through diminished yield or coffee quality. Integrated pest management can be carried out in
coffee plantations through manual, cultural, and chemical controls. Manual weeding and cultural
management are the most commonly recommended tasks

3.8 Harvesting, Picking and Processing

A couple of stages can be identified in this phase and it is also the most vital stage. This is the Picking,
Processing with minor steps within those different stages. Picking can be done either in strip picking or
selective picking. The second option is the most applicable option here in Ethiopia where only the
matured are harvested and they are picked individually by hand. Pickers rotate among the trees maturity
period follow up in each day, choosing only the coffee which are at the peak of ripeness. Once picked
the beans will need to be processed as if these are left in storage, the coffee production will be designed
to harvest by human power in the system of picking each been.

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4. DESCRIPTION OF BIOPHYSICAL AND SOCIO ECONOMIC

ENVIRONMENT
4.1 Physical Environment
4.1.1 Land Use and Land Cover
The land use and land cover of the Wolensu kebele Limu Kossa district comprises cultivation, patches
of disturbed natural forests, wet lands, degraded lands, woodlands, grasslands and settlement areas. The
cultivated land is confined to well drain loam soil, occurring on somewhat low land. The major crops
are coffee and maize. The land uses are mainly for coffee crop production. According to the data from
the district, the total land cover is 37,408ha. Cultivated land area comprises 34.9%, forest area is
39.7%, grazing land covers 29%, and the remaining 15.4% is degraded area.

Figure 5 Satelite Image of The land use and land cover of coffee plantation area

4.1.2 Climate
Limmu Kossa is, this tropical nature of its climate is rather modified by altitude. Limmu Kossa is
lowland of low altitude (less than 1500m) experiences high temperature and low precipitation. The
central parts of the district do have cool agro-climate with the mean annual temperature ranges between
15-180c. While the vast part of the district classified to sub-tropical with mean annual temperature
ranges between 18-290c.Also, the vast part of the district classified to sub-tropical with mean annual
temperature ranges between 29-25 0c.The average climate of the district is 19.330c. The rainfall of the
district is weakly with spring a small rainy season during the months of September and October. And
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The major factors that control the climatic characteristic of the district include its latitudinal position,
variation in elevation (altitude), prevailing winds and pressure, air circulation and its proximity to the
sea. The main factors that control the temperature distribution pattern in its both spatial and temporal
dimensions are latitude, cloud-cover, altitude and prevailing winds. The classification of climate
condition of the district is cool (Dega), sub-tropical (Weina Dega) and tropical (Kolla). The Low
Landregion covers 10% of the area and Temperateregion covers 65 % of the area as well as 25% are
covered by Dega (High lands) agro-climatic characteristic.
 Dega (High lands)……………………….……25%
 Weina Dega (Temperate)…………….……….65%
 Kolla (Low Land)………………….……….….10

4.1.3 Rainfall
The project area is situated within high rainfall receiving areas of the country. Annual average rainfall
is 1600mm. Most of the rainfall is concentrated through April to October followed by virtual dry
season from November to March.

4.1.4 Soils of the project Area

The type of soil in the project area is loam soil i.e fertile soil which is most intensively used for coffee
farming. The site is used as farm land and has a potential to grow coffee crops. The geology of the
project area is characterized by presence of crystalline rocks. These soils are characterized by well
drainage.

4.1.5 Soil and water Characterization

Some part of the project site is inclined to River. The soils are mainly dominated by dark reddish brown
and silt clay having a good infiltration capacity. It was observed that the soils are well drained and there
is no problem of water logging. Erosion hazard is very minimum in the project area. The stream water
as well as the River is available in around the project site. The discharge rate of the River enough for
this dry coffee processing and the downstream communities.
4.1.6 Erosion hazard and river water pollution
Susceptibility of river water close to the project by water erosion that carries solid and liquid wastes
from the site is affected by interrelated factors such as climate, vegetation cover between the water
body and the project sites and management practices. If proper management is kept in place the erosion
hazard and river water pollution will be minimum.

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4.1.7 Water Resources

Town Water supply is the main surface water resource in the project area. The main water source of the
project for coffee washing is Town Water supply. The total water requirement of the wet coffee
washing is met from Town Water supply. The project uses the river water surface water abstracted by
pumping using external energy. The workforce of the project is using developed spring developed for
the surrounding communities. There will not be any tapping of surface water source for the fresh water
requirement. As a result, there won‟t be a water problem in the area. The water table is close and the
recharging rate is quite high in this project area. The project should use the water resource in efficient
way.

4.2 Biological Environment

4.2.1 Vegetation’s
Limu Kossa District and surrounding areas have been covered with Sami flat lands. The District is
covered with woodlands, coffee trees, bush and trees. The dominant land cover of the project area is
wood and coffee trees. For long years ago, the project area and around the project has been used for
coffee tree. Generally, Out of the total area of the district, some is covered by: annual crops, most by
perennial crops like coffee tree, some with forest, some is grazing land, and others are used for other
uses. Below this project site there are areas covered by scattered bushes and trees.

Figure 6 Satellite image of Vegetation cover of project area

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4.2.2 Wildlife
There are different species of wild animals in the district and so many different types of birds are
commonly observed in the area. No significant large animals are observed in the project area. From its
nature the project has no significant effect on the animals. Major animals occasional seen in the district
are: Hyena, monkeys, Birds and others. Although this is not an immediate concern, the project will
encourage the creation of new habitats through tree planting on the farm.
4.3 The Socio-Economic Environment
There are limited settlements in the far from the project to be negatively affected in the project area by
the odor of waste water released to the constructed lagoons from the project. The livelihood of the
residents around the area is primarily based on agricultural activities. There is no school at less than
500m from the project site and health institutions around the site and this shows that there are no
scrutinized negative impacts by this project on this institutions. Moreover, there is no reported
historical/cultural/religious/ or archeological resource in the project site to be negatively impacted by
the presence of the project in the site. The economy of the study area is mainly based on farming. The
farming system is mixed farming system with special emphasis on cash crop production like coffee
plants.
4.3.1 Communities Attitude and perception
As per the analysis of consultation with local communities living relatively closely to the project site
and group discussion among local administrative bodies, residents of the project area have a need of job
opportunity and want to see investments on these kinds of activities. It is understood that local people
have positive attitudes towards this wet coffee processing project.

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5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION, PREDICTION AND

ANALYSIS

The execution of the farming project will have certain impacts on the natural and socio-economic
environment. The impacts can be categorized into direct, indirect and cumulative impacts. The main
focus of this chapter is to identify the significant impacts of both negative and positive nature and to
analyze it under the scenario where no mitigation and enhancement measures are put in place. For the
purpose of this assessment, impacts and/or benefits that will occur during preconstruction, construction
and operation phases will be considered. The environmental analysis will therefore attempt to screen
out the insignificant impacts and bring the major significant impacts into the attention of decision
makers.
5.1 Impacts categories
The impacts are classified and their range varies both spatially as well as temporally. The intensity of
these impacts is according to the following criteria. The criteria of classification of the impacts as being
important, moderate or weak are according to:

 Size and geographical extent

 Duration and frequency
 Irreversibility
 Ecological context
5.2 Potential Positive Impacts of Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project
Safe and healthy environment has a direct relationship with sustainability of any development
undertaking. As much as possible, all Plantation farm projects should have minimum adverse impacts
on environmental resources and human health. Like any other Plantation farm project, this project has
positive impacts on the environment and nearby community. The potential positive impacts of the
project are explained as follows.
5.2.1 Employment Opportunities and Technology Transfer
Currently, unemployment in Ethiopia is one of the bottle-neck that made the country politically and
economically unstable as there are no as such projects that can create huge job opportunity. Like other
part of the country, the majority of the populations of the project area are falling within the working age
category. Coffee Development is a labor-intensive activity and therefore, an Employment opportunity

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will be created on the farm for the nearby communities and it is expected that the prevailing
unemployment will be reduced. The proposed project will create a job opportunity for 17 workers in
Permanent and Temporary basis. The company will also provide an opportunity to transfer technology
that could really the local community of the, Limu Kosa district and Jimma zone in particular and the
country in general.
BOX -1: Benefit enhancement Measures
 Increase product quality to penetrate the local market and competitive as it ensures
sustainability.
 utilize the maximum capacity of the farm according to the plan to ensure sustenance
of the number of Employees
 Fair salary and other benefits should be in place based the work load and level of
education.
 As much as possible recruit workers from the local market and Employees will be
trained on their job description periodically
 Train Employees about saving and entrepreneurship to motivate them in other
business activities.
 In the process of Employment, the company should respect and abide with the labor
code of the country.

5.2.2 Reduction in rural urban migration

Most young people migrate to urban areas to look for employment opportunities. Setting up of such an
Coffee Plantation farm project stems this outflow and could potentially reverse the trend because of the
attractive farm incomes earned. The Coffee Plantation farm project must be accompanied by
infrastructure development to increase access to factor and product markets. Growth of incomes and
wealth also mean that rural inhabitants can be able to cooperate and provide infrastructure like schools,
health centers, market facilities, etc, particularly in areas where government has not been able to. On
the other hand, increased taxes as a result of high farm incomes mean that government is abler to
provide infrastructure and social services. Over a period of time, the project will offer training,
technology transfer to local framers to assist them involve Coffee Development related investment.
Increased exposure of rural farmers to local and international markets following Coffee Development
enhances their participation and integration in the mainstream economy.

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Box-2. Enhancement Measures

 Train and support local farmers to engage themselves by cooperation or forming farmers‟
association to advance their traditional farming system
 Give priority for the poor and especially women as they are better in saving
 Help local development (safe drinking water, electricity, and road) as CSR which indirectly
helps local people in different business activities.
 Community meeting and consultation with community representatives for any problems and
conflict to create trust ship and harmony for a better planning and implementation.
 Training workers of the company to save money and support them and involve in various
business activities especially relevant to rain fed farming.
 Much of the work will be manual and will not require any specialized training. This will
thus open opportunities for the rural women and youths who comprise the largest proportion
of the rural population. Therefore, gender balance is very important in labor recruitment to
enhance women role.

5.4.3 Adverse Impacts of the Coffee Plantation farm project and its mitigation measures
Solid waste pollution, agrochemicals, water pollution, soil pollution, ecological disturbance, loss of
grazing area, loss of indigenous trees, loss of wild animals and employee health problem are the most
significant environmental and social impact of the Coffee farming.
The sources of impacts and their effects are identified from the activities of the Coffee Development
process. The presence of abundant tree varieties on the project land is one of the priorities that need
attention to be paid for. The other are spray of pesticide, fungicide and other chemicals. The receptor of
impacts (the environmental media) are evident from the baseline information. The significance of the
impacts such as the consequences or severity of any impacts can be measured or assessed against the
criteria set at the regional, national or international levels (the regional, national and international
environmental policies and standards). Finally, after thorough analysis of the sources of the impacts,
the receptors and valuable environmental policies and standards required impact mitigation measures at
different stages have been incorporated into the Coffee Plantation farm project.

5.3.1Adverse Impacts during the pre-construction phase of the Project

Potential negative impacts associated with the pre-construction phase activities of this Coffee
Plantation farm project involves loss of grazing area in the proposed Coffee Development site.

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Coffee Plantation farm project is situated with scattered trees species in which local community uses as
grazing area. Since, site is for grazing of livestock of surrounding communities; livestock of immediate
vicinities will be affected by alteration of land to Coffee Plantation farm project. The Planet Consultant
and Training Service Plc recommended the following mitigation measures for loss of grazing land due
to land acquisition for the Coffee Plantation farm project and infrastructure developments.

BOX 3: Mitigation Measures

 Giving priority for the project affected people for job opportunities available in the project;
 Implementing appropriate technical support including training to ensure that the affected
people would adapt to the new Coffee Development system;
 Utilize the maximum capacity of the Coffee Plantation farm project according to the plan to
ensure sustenance of the number of employees;
 Fair salary and other benefits should be in place based on the work load and level of education
for affected communities;
 In the process of employment, the company should respect and abide with the labor code of the
country.

5.3.2 Construction Phase Impacts

The construction phase of the project involves clearing, land leveling, and transportation of
construction materials and construction of access roads. Potential adverse impacts associated with these
activities of the project are:
 Removal of vegetation, landscape and land use pattern alteration,
 Impact on Air Quality,
 Impact on flora and fauna,
 Nuisance Noise,
 Work place accidents.
4.3.2.1 Removal of vegetation, landscape and land use pattern alteration
Land clearing and removal of the existing vegetation from project development sites can be a cause for
the alteration of landscape integrity, grasses, perennial vegetation and change in land use pattern in the

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project area. Drying floor, office, clinic, store, workers house, garage and cafeteria are types of
construction takes place in the project area.
BOX 4: Mitigation Measures
 Restoration of trees and shrubs in a designated area and other degraded areas outside
the mining site in collaboration with the local community;
 Soil removed from the construction of access roads will be distributed over the land
and;
 Creating awareness on the value of conserving biodiversity in general and indigenous
trees in particular among the workers engaged on the construction activity.

5.3.2.2 Impact on Air Quality

Local land degradation due to earth moving operation during the site preparation and land leveling
frequent movement vehicles fuel to transport machineries for the initial preparation and gas emitted
from the vehicles fuel are the main air quality concern of the project during the construction stage. As
the impact that can arise from the problem is localized, the contribution of the project construction to
air quality degradation is not significant. However, as the dust storm can have visibility impact on site
operation and decrease breathing because of the suspended particles in the air, the problem is an
important issue that requires consideration. To avoid any adverse consequence of visibility loss due to
dust creation during construction the consulting firm proposed the following mitigation measures.

BOX 5: Mitigation Measures

To avoid any adverse consequence of visibility loss due to dust creation during construction:
 Spraying of dry dusty surfaces with water is the main way of controlling dust and should
be undertaken regularly during construction, in line with EHS and OHS guidelines,
applicable for project staff and contractors.
 Dust masks should be issued to workers and enforce workers to use them especially
whenever Suspended particulate matter is very high;

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5.3.2.3 Impact on flora and fauna

Removal of vegetation and cutting trees during land preparation for Coffee Development will affect the
biodiversity of the area. Potential impacts include those associated with the loss of flora and fauna
communities, and increase in natural instability of the communities. As the project covers 58.25 ha, in
order to avoid damages during the construction activities and keep the greenness of the environment,
the following measures are recommended by Planet Consultant and Training Service Plc .
BOX 6: Mitigation Measures
The impact on flora and fauna loss is high as the project covers 58.25 ha, in order to avoid damages
during the construction activities and keep the greenness of the environment, the following
measures are recommended:
 Limit clearing and soil disturbance in the sites in such a way that indigenous trees are
maintained.
 Limit and control movement of trucks and construction machineries during construction in a
manner that trucks will not damage vegetation.
 Record the type and number of trees and shrubs cut in order to replace after construction is
completed.
 Create an awareness for the local people and workers in every opportunity about the
importance of vegetation cover for soil and water conservation
 Grade disturbed areas and restore landscape.

5.3.2.4 Nuisance Noise

Construction involves the operation of machinery and vehicles. As a result, some noise pollution is
expected in and close to the project site. Though the construction doesn't involve the use of explosives
or blasting machines that bring about significant noise effect, due care will be taken to minimize
negative noise effects. Therefore, Planet Consultant and Training Service Plc recommended the
following mitigation measures to reduce the noise problems associated with proposed project during
construction.

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BOX 7: Mitigation Measures

 Conducting construction at the time where most of the people are in the field.
 Using modern machineries that have less nuisance noise effect.
 Providing silencers or enclosures for noise generating machines and compressors, etc.
 Provision of ear protective devices to workers in noise dense areas to prevent high
frequencies noise emitted by the high frequency machines during construction.

5.3.2.5 Work accident

Traffic load in the process of delivering supplies to the construction site coupled with the concentration
of casual labor can potentially increase accident. Moreover, visibility problem that may be caused by
dust storm during clearing and land leveling may create accident problem in the site operation.
However, as the construction in the project cover small land size impact is minimal. The study team of
Planet Consultant and Training Service Plc recommended the following measure as illustrated in the
box below.
BOX 7: Mitigation Measures
The following proposed measures mitigate the impact:
 Train and equip some of the workers to voluntarily serve as a traffic service person
during the beginning and end of daily work.
 Aware and train workforce on the safety issues during site operation and on road safety.
 Put in place necessary signpost on site and near the gate

5.3.3 Adverse Impacts during Coffee Production

5.3.3.1 Impact on surface and ground water
Fresh water resource is essential for the sustenance of life on our planet earth. But this freshwater
which is very vital is reducing both in quality and quantity affecting the living organisms including
human beings as a result of anthropogenic and natural sources. The anthropogenic sources take the lion
share in polluting the fresh water resources. Poor effluent treatment from developing countries and poor
solid waste management are the main causes of water resource pollution both surface and ground water.
The issue may arise during the operation of the proposed Coffee Plantation farm project. Water
pollutants may arise mainly from pesticides, chemical residue slurry and wash off from spray

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equipment and chemical containers as well as solid waste. This may be a threat to both surface and
groundwater

BOX 8: Mitigation Measures

 It is necessary to ensure that water consumption system follows local government
requirements;
 Adhere to Water Resource Management Authority water use permits.
 Developing plant nursery and distributing for local districts for development.
 Distributing indigenous plant seeds for the districts.
 The project should involve in development campaigns in different ways.
 Setup operational procedures for good housekeeping; effective maintenance and efficient
production operation. It will also see to it that the use of water and cleaning chemicals is
optimized and efficiently used during operation. These will result in considerable reduction in
the generation of waste water.
 The other pollutants of concern are oil and lubricants used for agricultural machineries, such
as tractors, etc. Maintenance of agricultural machineries will be undertaken in a designated
area and used oil and lubricants will be effectively managed. The collected used oil will be
appropriately stored in barrels and it will be sold to buyers in line with Performance Standard
 The overall aim of the proposed farm with respect to pesticides should be geared to reduce the
pesticide load on the environment ensuring that pesticides application is safe.
 The spray program will be a supervised exercise that links the levels of pest and disease
monitoring and control through scouting and spot spraying. Once spraying has-been done
adequate warning signs on country will be displayed.
 Efforts to develop and implement an alternative pest and disease control strategy should be in
place such as the use biological, physical and cultural control as an Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) and Integrated Chemical Management (ICM).
 Investigate ways of reducing waste and how to dispose of waste properly to avoid water
pollution
 Organic wastes could be composted and re-used on the Coffee Development as manure
 Hazardous wastes (chemical containers etc.) to be incinerated in local incinerator to be
installed.

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 Wastewater from chemical store and grading halls could be directed into septic tank
 Recycle used water from the farm (contains chemicals) also for agricultural purposes.
 Re-use re-usable wastes e.g. polythene sheets,
5.3.3.2Impacts of Soil Pollution and erosion
The majority of organic solid wastes that are generated in the Coffee Development will be applied to
the soils in the fields. That will be done not only to safely dispose the wastes but to condition and
enrich the soil with additional nutrients. The use of fertilizers and pesticides in the Coffee Development
fields were identified as another source for soil salinity as well as groundwater pollution by Sabsib Aba
Fira Coffee Plantation farm project. Based on this the study team suggested the following
recommendation described in the following table.

BOX -9 Mitigation Measures

 limit the use of agro chemicals usage such as pesticides and fertilizers to avoid soil
pollution
 The farm will implement soil conservation terraces to curb soil erosion.
 After completion or construction, the management should ensure that the aesthetics of
the area is restored. Continual monitoring of the soil components in the farm is advised.
This will ensure that the effectiveness of soil erosion control measures. The proponent
needs to;
 Ensure that the activities of farm do not encroach into riparian reserve
 Plant trees along the perimeter fence and other area within the farm.
 Carry out soil conservation measures
 Implement good agrochemicals management and application practices in its Coffee
Development activities.
 Ensure that pesticide and fertilizer application rates do not exceed those recommended.
 Maintain accurate records of date and conditions of application, rate applied and
effectiveness in order to guide future decisions.
 Apply chemicals only when environmental conditions are such that the risk of movement
into waterways through spray drift is minimal.
 Start to apply an integrated pest management practices that reduce chemical use to a

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PARTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

minimum.
 Select pesticides that are low in human toxicity, known to be effective against the target
species, and have minimal effects on non-target species and the environment.
 The solid waste to be generated by the workforce of the proposed Plantation farm project
should be collected and disposed appropriately.

5.3.3.3 Impacts on terrestrial fauna and flora

5.3.3.3 .1 Impacts on terrestrial fauna and flora
The project area contains number of indigenous trees; there is limited forest as habitat for wild animals.
In all parts of the project footprint there are indigenous trees. On the project site, there are no critical
habitats which include areas with high biodiversity value including habitat required for the survival of
critically endangered species areas having special significance for endemic or restricted-range species.
Sites those are critical for the survival of migratory species; areas supporting globally significant
concentrations or numbers of individuals of congregator species; areas with unique assemblages of
species or which are associated with key evolutionary processes or provide key ecosystem services; and
areas having biodiversity of significant social, economic or cultural importance to local communities;
The project development will not affect areas of wildlife habitats, and not disrupt habitat use patterns of
the wild animals.
The project activities that will affect the vegetation and the terrestrial habitats will include land clearing
and leveling, building access roads and establishment of site facilities. When the project is implemented
there would be a consequent change in the natural vegetation of the area. The present bush and grass
lands will be changed to Coffee Plantation farm project.

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PARTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

BOX -10 Mitigation Measures

 The project will take all necessary measures to control the activities of the project that will
affect trees on the farm. In general, the project will endeavor its level best to protect the
indigenous trees in the project footprint.
 As per guidelines of International Finance Corporation‟s performance standard number six,
mitigation measures will be developed to address the potential impacts on biodiversity
identified. Mitigation measures designed shall achieve no net loss of biodiversity and favor
impact avoidance and prevention over reduction and compensation.
 Efforts will be made to increase habitats through planting trees in appropriate areas throughout
the project footprint.

5.3.3.4 Impacts on Socio Economic Environment

5.3.3.4.1 Impacts on Households

No households are located within the boundary of the Coffee Plantation farm project land. No family
members will be affected as a result of the project. No relocation of households at the beginning is
required. Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project took land already prepared for investment.
5.3.3.4.2 Loss of land under various land use types
The total area of land under the boundary delineated for the Coffee Plantation farm project area is about
58.25 hectares. At the time of the inception of the project, most of the land is covered by scrub land
bushes and indigenous trees; however, livestock grazers have sufficient available land in the rest of the
area to allow them to continue their grazing activities. As the site is about 2900m from village, there is
no any known culturally or historically important site at the project site.
Therefore, changing this area into an intensive Coffee Plantation farm project does not affect the local
communities of the area. The consulting firm recommended the following mitigation measures for loss
of grazing land due to land acquisition and infrastructure development.

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BOX 12: Mitigation Measures

The mitigation measures for loss of grazing land due to land acquisition and infrastructure development
are:
 Giving priority for the project affected people for job opportunities available in the project;
 Implementing appropriate technical support package including training and provision of basic
social services to ensure that the affected people would adapt to the new Coffee Development
system.

5.3.3.5.1 Water related disease

While Plantation farm projects like Coffee Plantation farm project aim to improve socio-economic
conditions and the quality of life of the beneficiaries, in many instances their impact on health is,
inadvertently a negative one. It is argued that, such negative outcomes are expected when Plantation
farm projects are planned and executed on strictly sectoral lines, as a result of which environmental
determinants of health are overlooked. Water -borne/related diseases in Ethiopia are wide spread. These
diseases are mainly spread through contaminated water due to lack of proper sanitary facilities;
moreover, a large majority of the rural population obtain their water supplies from unprotected sources;
such as streams, ponds and wells.
This Coffee Plantation farm project will use water economically. Hence there will no risk of malaria
epidemic as accumulation of water that creates favorable condition for breeding of malaria insect.
BOX -13 Mitigation Measures
 The project will provide adequate clean water and basic sanitation to its workforce and their
families from developed spring.
 In line with International Finance Corporation‟s Performance Standard number four, the
proponent has undertaken a process of consultation in a manner that provided the affected
communities with opportunities to express their views on project risks, impacts, and mitigation
measures.
 The project will minimize the potential for community exposure to water-borne, water based,
water-related, vector-borne disease, and other communicable diseases that could result from
Coffee Plantation farm project activities.
 This Coffee Plantation farm project will provide workers with a safe and healthy work

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environment, taking into account inherent risks in its particular sector and specific classes of
hazards in the project‟s work areas, including physical, chemical, and biological hazards. This
will take steps to prevent accidents, injury, and disease arising from, associated with, or
occurring in the course of work by minimizing, so far as reasonably practicable, the causes of
hazards.
 This project will address areas, including: the identification of potential hazards to workers,
particularly those that may be life-threatening; provision of preventive and protective measures,
including modification, substitution, or elimination of hazardous conditions or substances;
training of workers; documentation and reporting of occupational accidents, diseases, and
incidents; and emergency prevention, preparedness and response arrangements.

5.3.3.5.2 Environmental heath: safe water supply and basic sanitation

The basic sanitary facilities in the project areas are almost none existent and those available may not be
properly used.
BOX -14 Mitigation Measures
 The project sure that there is safe water supply throughout the project premises and basic
sanitation systems are in place.
5.3.3.5.3Human health and occupational safety
Human health and occupational safety may be threatened where adequate facilities and equipment do
not exist to support the population within an area, project or locality. However, the locality of the
proposed project has a number of nearby health facilities that can adequately cater for the anticipated
labor force. The company will engage the services of qualified and licensed consultants to develop an
up-to-date occupational health and safety policy. These will minimize occupational health and safety
hazards associated with this type activity. The presence of large workforce in an area, some of whom
will move away from their families in order to reside near the place of work may ultimately lead to
vices such as prostitution, drug abuse, increased incidence of HIV/AIDS among the workers and
neighboring community. Cases of insecurity may also increase targeting the working class.
Women are negatively impacted by gender norms on access to HIV services as most of them deponent
on their male partners. For fear of rejection and violence by their partners, women are also unable to
discuss their sexual activity and may not make use of health services. According to the (DHS, 2916),

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among all the gender based violence,7% of them are sexual. The study team of PLANET
CONSULTANT AND TRAINING SERVICE PLC suggested the following for intervention.
BOX-15: Mitigation/Reduction Measures
Provision of appropriate protective clothing such as dust masks, gloves, and safety goggles
to workers during farm operations.
Health and safety audits should be carried out every year.
Regular training on pro-active safety attitudes for employees will inspire a sense of
responsibility upon the employees and enhance employee‟s efforts towards avoiding
occurrence of accidents due to negligence, ignorance or carelessness.
There should be adequate medical supervision personnel comprising pre-hiring clinical
screening, periodic medical examination and rehabilitative care for any affected workers.
Toilets should always be clean and drinking water should be free of pathogens. There will
be separate toilet facilities for male and female workers, with those for females being fitted
with disposable sanitary towels receptor bins. In addition, hand washing facilities should be
provided near the toilets to promote personal hygiene.
All personnel should be trained on the basic ergonomics principles. This should cover the
correct lifting, carrying and setting down techniques to prevent incidences of hernias,
sprains, strains, back injuries and other muscular-skeletal disorders due to improper
handling heavy objects.
Training and availing first aid kits is recommended
The company will regularly conduct health, Safety and Environmental audits whose
outcomes will enable the company to fully understand the impacts of its operations and
corrective actions to be put in place.
Aware about HIV/AIDS regularly and other sexually transmitted diseases (STD) with
periodic HIV counseling and testing (HCT) is very important for the labor forces of the
project.
awareness creation via Community conversations/social mobilization to aware the local
community about the HIV/AIDS and other STD
awareness creation in-School HIV/AIDS Intervention
Condom distribution and promotion

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5.3.5.4 Impact on Culture

The project has a positive impact as it creates long-term employment opportunities. However, the
adverse negative impacts cannot be ignored as the project brings changes to social cultures, values and
other associated negative impacts. Movement of new comers into the area will expose the local culture
to integration with cultures of other people leading to gradual cultural change will be expected. The
loss of culture not only eliminates the harmful practices in a community but may also interfere with the
norms and value systems that helps sustain peace and harmony within a community. There may be
changes in traditional livelihood strategies, conflict resolution mechanisms e.g. that may have a
significant impact on development of the community (either negative or positive). The study team
suggested the following to maintain and train cultural change as a result of people migration to the area.
BOX-16: Mitigation/Reduction Measures
The government should aware local community through its structure to learn new
culture that may be important to the local community keeping their culture as it is.
The new comers to the area also should be awarded to keep traditional norms and
cultures of the society in which they work
Cultural exchange among the new comers and the indigenous community should be
in place by the proponent to maintain integrity among themselves especially during
holidays if possible.
Bad practices that can affect local culture and community should be avoided

5.4. Alternative Analysis

The ESIA study team has tried to thoroughly examine the site of the farm identified for this project; by
observing the site repeatedly, and consulting the surrounding communities of Wolensu of Limu Kosa
woreda. The area/ land was already given for the project and no confliction regarding the land from
government and local communities. The ESIA study team carefully examined whether this site which is
being considered in this study, is proved to be environmentally friendly for the Coffee Development in
the area. Factors such as adequate land availability, availability of utilities, adequate transport
infrastructure, availability of skilled and semi-skilled manpower and proximity to the capital can make
the site to be an ideal place for this Coffee Development farm by the Sabsib Aba Fira in Wolensu
kebele Limu Kosa woreda. Furthermore, the study team has obtained adequate data through intensive
and extensive field observation to the project area

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PARTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING

PLAN (ESMMP)

6.1. Introduction

The base line assessment and the nature of proposed project as well as the potential impacts and
mitigation measures proposed have been discussed in detail in the preceding chapters. In this chapter,
where recommended mitigation measures and monitoring measures are translated into specific plan of
actions by means of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP).This ESMP provide a
mechanism for the assessment of potential negative environmental and social impacts and suggest
mitigation measures and define the roles and responsibilities of various stakeholders for ensuring
smooth implementation and monitoring of the Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Development productions.
The primary objective of this ESMP is to:
Provide an implementation mechanism to address the environmental and social impacts arising
from the Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Development and integrate environmental and social
mitigation measures in the project operation to reduce its adverse impacts.
To comply with the National Environmental Laws and Regulations. As such the ESMP will
outline the significant adverse impacts, its recommended mitigation measure, the responsible
organs to implement it, time of implementation, responsible organs to monitor its
implementation as well as resources/budget needed for the implementation of the mitigation
measure all summarized in a tabulated form.
The ESMP should contain commitments that are binding on the Owner. It can be translated into project
documentation and provide the basis for a legal contract that sets out the responsibilities of the
proponent. In turn, the proponent can use the ESMP to establish environmental performance standards
and requirements for those carrying out the works or providing supplies.
In order to be effective, environmental management must be fully integrated with the overall project
management effort at all levels, which itself should be aimed at providing a high level of quality
control, leading to a project which has been properly designed and constructed and functions efficiently
throughout its life. Hence, the overall goal of the Environmental and social Management Plan of this
project is to minimize adverse impacts of the Coffee Development by implementing and monitoring the
proposed mitigation and enhancement measures.

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PARTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

Under this section, the way specific mitigation and enhancement measures implemented and monitored
at the operation phase to overcome possible impacts of the project are outlined.

6.2. Roles of Institutions in the Implementation ESMP

6.2.1. During construction phase
During the construction phase the contractor will be responsible for implementing the proposed
environmental mitigation measures in the ESIA report. The contractor will implement the proposed
mitigation measures and the environmentalist assigned by Environment, Protection authority/ Sabsib
Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project as per its delegation will monitor the proper implementation of
the mitigation measures as per the plan. The contractor has full responsibility for ensuring that all
works are carried out as per the environmental requirement specified in the ESIA study. The
environmentalist is also expected to guide and advise the construction supervisor and the local
authorities as regards to the implementation of the mitigation measures and the monitoring of impacts.
6.2.2. During Operation phase

During the operation period, the environmental parameters indicated in the previous chapter and also
shown below will be monitored by Oromia regional environment, Protection authority, Jimma Zone
environmental, Protection authority as well as Limu Kosa District Land and Agricultural office. These
institutions have regulatory and institutional framework to assure the Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation
farm project compliance with the national and international environment policies. It is the responsibility
of the proponent, Sabsib Aba Fira to implement fully what is suggested for recommendation with
resource/budget allocated by hiring of environmentalist with full pledged responsibility.
Potentially Adverse Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Strategies
The inputs proposed under this Project are in small volumes and most of them are environmentally
Friendly. However, steps will be taken to deal with potentially adverse impacts, though minor in nature.
Some of the potentially adverse impacts, including their mitigation strategies, are listed below:
1) Weed Control: Small amounts of chemicals (Glyphosate) will be used to control weeds in farms
Where sufficient shade cover is lacking. The potentially adverse impact on the environment is
that living things in the river systems will be destroyed if the chemical gets into the waterways.
Another potentially adverse impact is that it is a health hazard to the farmer.
Mitigation Plan

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 About 4-5 meters away from a waterway, weeds /grasses will be slashed. There will be no
spraying of chemicals.
 Protective gear /clothing will be provided to farmers and farmers will be fully trained on the
application of the chemical.
2) Storage, Transportation and Handling of Chemicals: If chemicals are stored in an open space,
That is easily accessible by animals or children or other people, there is a possibility that the
Chemicals will spill and leak. During transportation, chemicals will also spill and leak if they are
not stored or packaged properly prior to transport.
Mitigation Plan
 Build a small storage house for keeping chemicals and always keep it locked, away from
 children (at the village level)
 Put chemicals in a safe container prior to transportation
 Train smallholder farmers on the proper storage, safe handling and transportation of chemicals.
3) Spills, Leaks and Disposal of Container: Generally, if there is a spill or leakage of chemicals and if
the spillage gets in the water ways, the potential impact on the environment is that living things in the
river systems will be destroyed. The burning of containers has the potential to pollute the air.
Mitigation
 Cut used chemical containers and bury them in holes /pits.
 Mixing chemicals and washing of equipment should be done away from the river systems
/water sources
 Regular monitoring of chemical containers in the store room.
4) Nurseries: To minimize any potentially adverse impacts on the environment, nurseries will be
Established in a safe location, some distance away from any river or stream. To promote the growth of
seeds, small amounts of fertilizer will be used.
5) Shade Management: The cutting down of larger branches has the potential to destroy /disrupt the
wildlife in the surrounding area including coffee trees and food gardens,
Mitigation Strategy
 Minimize damage on the environment as much as possible, adopt cutting techniques such as
„cutting and hanging‟ by using ropes.

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6) Drainage: Regular maintenance will be undertaken on the drains. Materials taken from the bottom
of the drains will be spread over the inter-rows of the coffee plot. Materials extracted from any new
drains will be similarly spread in the inter-rows of coffee plots.
7) Pulping: Several potentially adverse impacts are associated with pulping of coffee. First, living
Things in the river systems will be affected by disposing coffee skin & waste water from wet mill.
Second, pile of cherry skin will result in build-up of toxicity that affects micro-organisms in the soil.
Mitigation Strategies:
 Establish a catchment pond to collect waste water (for farmers with more than 1 hectare.)
 Allow waste water to flow into the dry land (for farmers with less than 1 hectare).
 Establish wet mills 29-30 meters away from water ways
8) Pests /Diseases Control: To control pests /diseases associated with coffee, an Integrated Pest
Management Plan (IPM Plan) has been devised.

6.3. Responsibility of the Proponent, Sabsib Aba Fira

6.3.1. Pesticides and Fertilizers Management

The overall aim of the proposed Coffee Development with respect to pesticides is to reduce the
pesticide load on the environment year after year whilst ensuring that pesticides application is safe. The
Farm will maintain a continuous improvement strategy based upon audit and risk analysis using the
following guidelines: -
 A system of ordering, transporting, receiving, storing and applying pesticides.
 Restricted pesticides will not be used.
 Efficient and economical use of pesticides and fertilizers. These will be monitored daily,
monthly, yearly, coffee by Coffee and on a square meter basis.
 Pesticides with least impact on mammalian avian and aquatic life are of first choice.
 The spray program will be a supervised exercise that links the levels of pest and disease
monitoring and control through inspection and spot spraying.
 Efforts to develop and implement an alternative pest and disease control strategy through the
use biological, physical and cultural control will be continually pursued. Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) and Integrated Chemical Management (ICM) will also be encouraged.
 Over- or under-application of pesticides will be avoided and confirmation of this will be done
through analytical examination of tissue samples.

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 Knowledge of the various pesticides and their toxicity by the Technical Manager which ensures
that the right pesticide is applied.
The Proponent of the proposed Coffee Development will promote the rational use of fertilizers so as to
minimize negative environmental impacts while consistently attaining production or high quality
products. The following guidelines will be used: -
Applying fertilizers based on sound principles, leaf tissue: analysis and soil analysis to provide
a guideline to the soil nutrient levels and in particular nitrates, phosphates, potash and
magnesium levels. Leaf samples and soils are tested periodically to check if any compound
build-ups or depletions in the soil fertilizers will then be applied based strictly upon these
results.
Only qualified personnel will have responsibility for fertilizer programs and decisions on their
application
Training of all personnel involved in and the rational use of these fertilizers.
All of the organic waste will be composted to maximize nutrient recycling and maintain soil
fertility.
Fertilization will be tied to soil, tissue and water analysis from the laboratory results
The Farm will recycle waste water
Storage facilities will be constructed to contain any possible spills that could contaminate soil or
water.
6.3.3. Water Quality Monitoring
Water is consumed in this Coffee Development farming. Continuous efforts shall be made to reduce
excessive abstraction of water. To reduce infiltration of water, canals should be constructed prior to
diversion of water. Flow meter shall be installed for all the major water inlets and the flow rates shall
be continuously monitored. Periodic water audits shall be conducted to explore the possibilities for
minimization of water abstraction.
6.3.4. Biological Resources Management
To protect and conserve wildlife, natural habitats, respecting and enhancing the landscape character, the
company will emphasize efficient use of resources including energy, water, land use practices, use of
pesticides, fertilizers, compost, prevention of pollution and conservation of natural flora and fauna and
the landscape is very important.
6.3.5. Health and Safety Management
The Proponent of the Coffee Production, Sabsib Aba Fira will be responsible for the care, health and
safety of all employees within its premises. The company has a responsibility to prevent injuries or
harm to its employees and every reasonable effort will be made to provide safe and healthy working
conditions by: -
 Ensuring management at all levels is aware their responsibilities for health and safety
 Ensuring supervisors and workers are aware of their roles to care for their health and
safety and that of others.

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 Training workers on health and safety techniques and that these are combined with
production techniques in the following areas: -
 The use and handling of chemicals.
 Personnel and home hygiene
6.3.6. Potable Water and sanitary facility provision
Sufficient supply of potable water shall be provided at suitable places for the workers. Within the area
of every work place, toilet facility shall be provided at accessible place. These shall be cleaned at least
twice during working hours and kept in a good sanitary condition.
6.3.7. Solid Waste Management
The project is expected to generate organic and inorganic solid wastes. Wastes can be injurious to the
environment through blockage of drainage systems, unpleasant odor of water bodies and negative
impacts on animal health as they can be potential breeding grounds for disease causing pathogens. This
assessment takes care of organic solid wastes from the operation activities. Organic solid waste is used
as compost for agricultural purposes. The company will ensure efficient collecting schemes for plastics
bottles of pesticides and herbicides containers.
The company will secure Recycling or reusing of most solid wastes. For instance, waste metals
will be sold as scrap metal; biodegradable wastes will be converted into manure for use in
agriculture and plastic bags and containers of agrochemicals and pesticides should be recycled
to be converted plastic products.
Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Development secures Waste collection area to minimize the risk of
invasion by pests and rodents.
The company will Minimize solid waste generated on site
Fertilizer sweepings will be re-used.
Chemical spillage will be soaked in sawdust and disposed in approved disposal site
Plant refuse, the result of pruned, discarded or broken in the field and grading halls will be
composed to provide organic manure.
Biodegradable materials like cartons and other packing materials will be re-used or shredded
and composted.
As they are required and to anticipate possible environmental awards and/or to detract unpredicted
impacts over time. Such monitoring has to be carried out by the company‟s representative
environmental and safety management unit (ESMU) in a regularly bases. The project‟s environmental
manager together with affiliated unit of the Oromia EPA and representatives of the local environmental
protection unit should have to carry out an occasional monitoring on the performance of the
environmental management plan. Random monitoring on sectioned environmental indicators by OEPA
(or its agent also important as it is essential for auditing the environmental protection program of the
company.

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Table 1: Environmental and Social Management Plan

Impact Source Of Mitigation Measures Time Frame Responsibility Monitoring agents Cost (ETB)
Impact
Land  Ensure that land is During construction Sabsib Aba Fira Jimma Zone,EPA 40,000/year
Landscaping preparation for leveled and practice soil Limu Kosa district, Land and
and other civil construction trapping Agricultural Office.
works

Collecting  Only collect materials During shade

Shade /Shelter materials for that will be required for construction
Construction. such as posts, this purpose
bush twines
and kunai
grass.

Soil Mixture Taking top soil  Only collect materials

/Seed bed / Poly & sand for that will be required for During soil mixture
Bed Preparation potting this purpose preparation
mixture

Nursery Grass cutting  Select a site where little During site Sabsib Aba Fira Limu Kosa district, Land and
Establishment and removal of damage will be done to preparation Agricultural Office.;
shrub will the environment, eg, an
disturb natural old garden and
surrounding concentrate within
existing smallholder
coffee blocks

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Weed Control As the  Use protective clothing Before spraying Sabsib Aba Fira Oromia environment, Protection As per project
chemical is when spraying During the authority; Jimma Zone environment, budget
sprayed and If  Slash weeds 4-5 meters time of Protection authority; Limu Kosa
the chemical from a nearby creek spraying district, Land and Agricultural Office.;
gets into the /river local community
water

Land clearing  Greening of the farm During construction . Oromia environment, Protection 29,000/year
Loss of area and operation Sabsib Aba Fira authority; Jimma Zone environment,
vegetation and  plantation of Protection authority; Limu Kosa
biodiversity indigenous trees district, Land and Agricultural Office.;
 Develop nursery site local community
Shade Mgt, and provide for local
community and districts
Fencing

Shade Mgt Selected shade trees are cut During Sabsib Aba Fira environment, Protection authority As per project
Rehabilitation down rehabilitation period budget
period Cutting Timber for Fencing – Avoid cutting (big
affects living things in the leafy) trees that are
surrounding environment close to key
establishments such
as food gardens, and
coffee tree
-Construction Sprinkling of During construction Sabsib Aba Fira Oromia environment, Protection 29,000ETB
Air pollution and water on soil and operation authority; Jimma Zone environment,
landscaping surface to Protection authority Limu Kosa district,
-transport of minimize the Land and Agricultural Office.; local
the product generation of community
and farm input dust
& -Emphasize on
-pesticide use switching off of
engine when
not in use
-use IPM

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Pollution from -Continuous monitoring of Sabsib Aba Fira Oromia environment,To Protection
prevent water 40,000/year
Water pollution agrochemicals water. authority; Jimma Zonepollution
environment,
-Ensure incorporation of Always Protection authority; Limu Kosa
environmental issues in activity district, Land and Agricultural Office.;
calendar. local community
-Proper records should be kept
on waste analysis;
Ensure annual environmental
audit is carried out

Soil pollution and Soil quality -Ensure good soil conservation always Sabsib Aba Fira Oromia environment, Protection 29,000/year
erosion monitoring measures authority; Jimma Zone environment,
-Safe water disposal to discharge Protection authority; Limu Kosa
points district, Land and Agricultural Office.
local community

Water misuse Water storage -Installation of storage. during all project Sabsib Aba Fira Oromia environment, Protection 30,000/year
facilities -Encourage roof harvesting of phase authority; Jimma Zone environment,
the commodity Protection authority Limu Kosa district,
Land and Agricultural Office.; local
community

Occupational Coffee Have a Safety and Health Work During construction Sabsib Aba Fira Oromia environment, Protection 25,000/year
Health and Production , Plan. and operation authority; Jimma Zone environment,
safety production and Provision of PPE. Protection authority; Limu Kosa
handling district, Land and Agricultural Office.;
local community

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6.4. Environmental and social Monitoring plan

Environmental and social monitoring will be required both during the construction and operation phases of the project in order to
check whether the proposed mitigation measures are properly implemented and the performance of the implemented measures, as well
as the occurrence of any unforeseen impacts Monitoring a project or a program and its surrounding is a tool for decision making not
an end product. Pertaining to Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project the monitoring will involve both quantitative and
qualitative data, as appropriate to the nature of the information. Environmental monitoring is very essential part of the project
implementation. It helps to follow up the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures, will involve both quantitative and
qualitative data, as appropriate to the nature of the information.
To enhance the benefit of the project to the surrounding community any action of the Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project
during construction and operation has to be managed. This is the responsibility of the contractor, the project proponent, Limu Kosa
District Land and Agricultural Office.

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Table 2. Environmental and social Monitoring plan

Adverse Mitigation Measures Indicators to be Monitored Time Frame Responsibility costs

Impact
Number of unauthorized Spoil During EPA 13000
Improper
-Proper disposal of construction spoil and waste in disposal sites; construction
disposal of
an authorized disposal sites Visual observations; Site
Construction
-Waste collection pit should be inspection; secures Waste
spoils and waste
collection area
Impact on Flora Restrict clearing or removal of trees to the Visual observations, surface area During EPA, kebele 16000
and Fauna imperative area needed for the project activities, measurement & recording of trees construction
Where feasible, preserve indigenous trees found affected & animal fatalities and operation
within the impact zone and its periphery.
Replant trees to compensate for the vegetation or
trees lost due to the project activities.
Loss of -The project will consider forest rehabilitation where Length/ area of exposed surfaces During EPA, 15000
vegetation and necessary, shrubs and grasses will be planted in other properly refilled, and replanted construction
biodiversity places to compensate the lost forest with appropriate plant species and operation
-Greening of the farm area following completion of woks to
-plantation of indigenous trees minimize soil erosion; Visual
-Develop nursery site and provide for local observations,
community and districts
-Encourage the development of ecological habitats
while monitoring ecological patterns to detect any
changes which may indicate impact from project
activitie
-Use of local material such as wood to build the base
camp
Air pollution -Sprinkling of water on soil surface to minimize the Parameters to monitor includes: During WEPA, As
generation of dust Particulate Matters . construction required
-Emphasize on switching off of engine when not in Visual observations & recording of and operation
use; cases
-use IPM
- Use of Personal Protective Equipment

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PARTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL & SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT

Adverse Mitigation Measures Indicators to be Monitored Time Frame Responsibility costs

Impact
Water pollution -Ensure incorporation of environmental issues in Visual observations, Site WEPA, 20000
activity calendar. inspection and consultation with kebele
-Proper records should be kept on waste analysis; the adjacent Community; Three times administraion
Ensure annual environmental audit is carried out Water quality parameters such as (Before,
- Prohibit clearing of vegetation cover at least from EC, pH, TDS, Turbidity, nutrients, during and
100-50 m buffer zone centered on river channel oil, grease and diesel leakages after the
-Servicing of machineries, equipments and vehicles concentrations completion
should be carried out at a workshop area of construct
- Apply integrated land treatment measures (e.g.: ion)
terracing, contour farming, tree planting and crop
residue management) at degraded parts of the area.

Soil pollution -Ensure good soil conservation measures Evolution of erosion signs (sheet always WEPA,kebele 17000
and erosion -Safe water disposal to discharge points erosion, gully formation, siltation
-Access roads and the plant periphery will be left in nearby water courses or drains).
with trees and this will protect soil erosion Length/ area of trenches and other
- Fresh and used oil will be stored in separate and exposed surfaces properly refilled,
lockable shades whose floors shall be concreted and replanted with appropriate
plant species following completion
of woks to minimize soil erosion,
Visual observations,
occupational Have a Safety and Health Work Plan; provision of -Number of patients; During WEPA , Health 16000
Health and PPE. -Site inspection and consultation construction worker of the
safety -Use mosquito nets and insect repellents in times of with workers; and operation project in
malaria out break and provide a clinic or medical -Reported cases of incidences and collaboration
facilities at the temporary and permanent camps; accidents with nearby
-Handle pesticides and herbicides with care as to the health center,
prescription of the manufacturer
-Handle pesticides and herbicides with care as to the
prescription of the manufacturer
-Improving overall health condition of the project
area and preventing the expansion of HIV/AIDS in
the camps and residential areas;
-Incorporate health facilities in the project area
-Distribute chemically treated mosquito nets to
people who are exposed to mosquito

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Adverse Mitigation Measures Indicators to be Monitored Time Frame Responsibility costs

Impact
-Use mosquito nets and insect repellents in times of Site inspection and consultation During EPA, DA 12000
malaria out break and provide a clinic or medical with workers; operation
facilities at the temporary and permanent camps: Visual observations Kebele
-Recycle crop residues and other organic materials administration
by leaving the materials in the fields; plowing, and
Impact from
/or composting
crop residue,
-Manage expired and unwanted pesticides as
solid waste and
hazardous wastes in accordance with the general
pesticides
Environmental health safety guidelines
-Clean and dispose of (through crushing, shredding,
or return to suppliers) pesticide packaging and
containers to ensure that they are not subsequently
used as containers for food or drinking water
-Provide health education mainly focusing on the -Number of patients; During Health worker of 5000
HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention. -Site inspection and consultation construction the project in
Impact on
-Avoid discrimination in the work place with workers; and operation collaboration
HIV/AID
- Provide counseling service & distribute condoms -Reported cases of incidences and with nearby
freely accidents health center,
-Regular community consultations and community -Number of patients; During EFCCA , Health 16000
health and safety sensitization will be conducted -Site inspection and consultation construction worker of the
periodically throughout the life of the project with community; and operation project in
Community
-Increased cases of malaria and collaboration
Health and
bilharzias among other waterborne with nearby
Safety
diseases; health center, ,
-Reported cases of incidences and kebele
accidents administration
TOTAL 130,000

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6.5. Environmental and social auditing
6.5.1. Environmental auditing
Environmental auditing is defined, by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC), as a
“management tool comprising systematic, documented, periodic and objective evaluation of how
well environmental organization, management and equipment are performing with the aim of
helping to safeguard the environment”. Environmental auditing is carried out when development
is already in place, and is used to check on existing practices, assessing the environmental effects
of current activities. Environmental auditing can produce a range of benefits for an organization,
including cost savings and increased management effectiveness.
For this particular project, Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project should strictly follow
what is written above for the environmental protection to realize sustainable development.
Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project should provide the environmental audit study to
an independent body to undertake environmental audit. The audit includes water quality audit,
waste management audit, chemical use and management audit.
6.5.2. Social Auditing
Social Audit may be defined as an in-depth examination and analysis of the working of any
public utility in its social relevance. It is a way of measuring the extent to which an organization
lives up to the shared values and objectives it has committed itself to. Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee
Plantation farm project should undertake the following social audit study by an independent
body such as;
Employment opportunities for the local community, equal employment opportunities, improving
employability, reducing skill gaps, improving quality and productivity of work, fighting poverty,
facilitate participation in employment, facilitate access by all to resources, rights, goods and
services, prevent the risk of exclusion, amongst others elder people, handicapped, foreigners,
promoting gender equality, environmental and health safety audit are area to be audited during
social audit. It is studied by independent consulting firm auditor by the Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee
Plantation farm project to evaluate the company‟s performance against set criteria in the ESIA
study document.
The environmental audit is a systematic assessment of whether the Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee
Plantation actual environmental management plan and system and environmental work match the

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plans set for them. The audit also evaluates whether the system contributes to fulfilling the
environmental policy and objectives

Table 3 environmental audit program

AUDIT SCOPE PERFORMED BY FREQUEN
CY
Environment and Safety Departmental Operations Department
Monthly
inspection personnel‟s, Environment
personnel, HR personnel,
Inspection of waste handling, storage, Responsible mine operation
air emission from the mine operation personnel‟s and Environment
and from movable machineries
Environmental “walk Monthly
exhausts, and other significant aspects
around“

Environmental management Environmental management systemand Internal environmental audit group

system audit (internal) inspection of the entire site (Environmental section - co-
Annually
coordinates), planners, operation
personnel, HR managers…)

Surveillance audit Environmental management system Internal environmental audit group

(Environmental section - co-
Twice a
coordinates), planners, operation years
personnel, HR managers…)

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7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The project has clear social and economic benefits and will contribute to the improvement of the quality
of life for the people associated with it and the neighbors and the society in general. The project will not
be ill any serious conflict with any major national physical or environmental protection policies. The on-
site or off-site anticipated impacts identified are or varying significance and these could be adequately
mitigated to reduce any threat to the environment. When the environmental management plan developed
in the assessment is fully implemented and the health and safety and environment policy is set up. Then
this will result in an overall improvement in the environmental quality or the project area and its
surrounding.
From the foregoing discussions, it is recommended that;
 All activities concerning construction and maintenance such as work execution, site inspection
and material testing shall be strictly monitored by a contractor or a designated official who shall
be trained and experienced enough to judge the appropriateness of the works being carried out.
 Implementation of an environmental management system is an integral part of growth and
development of any company and makes employees and contractors aware of the need to take a
responsible approach to the management of the environment in their operations. This overall
objective is to achieve continual improvement through monitoring and measuring performance.
 Waste management strategy is critical to such a facility‟s operations.
 Sabsib Aba Fira Coffee Plantation farm project complies with the relevant principle laws,
guidelines issued for the development of such projects.
 Annual environmental audits should be carried out on the project in order to ensure the
compliance of the project with mitigation measures outlined in the Environmental Management
Plan (EMP).
 To promote ownership and sustainability of the project, encourage maximum participation of the
community in all stages of project planning, implementation and operation.
 During the life of operation or implementation of a project there is always the possibility that
some issues will change through time, this environmental management plan (EMP) should
therefore be revised where necessary to mitigate the unanticipated impacts and changes in the
future and the company should work on environmental management system (EMS) to be certified
to be more competent in the international market and also a role model for other agricultural
investment sector and others in the country.

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References
1. Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Proclamation No 1/1995. Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
2. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1996), Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia, Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
3. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (1997), Environmental Policy of Ethiopia: Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia
4. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (2900), Guideline Document Environmental
Assessment and Management: EPA, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
5. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2902), Environmental Pollution Control
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 300/2902, Addis Ababa Ethiopia
6. Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (2902), Environmental Impact Assessment
Proclamation. Proclamation No. 299/2902. Addis Ababa.
7. FDRE EPA, 2903. Guideline for Reviewing Environmental Impact Study Reports (Final
Drafts), Addis Ababa.
8. MEDAC/EPA (1997). The Conservation Strategies of Ethiopia, Volume 1. The Resource
Base. Its Utilization and Planning for Sustainability, Addis Ababa.
9. Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document, EPA July 2900
10. Proclamation provided for the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organ, Proclamation
No. 295/2900
11. Proclamation No. 455/2905, A Proclamation to provide for the Expropriation of Landholdings
for Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation
12. Council of Ministers Regulation No. 135/2907.
13. Ethiopia, (2916) Demographic and Health Survey Key Findings
14. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), (2910.): Provisional Guidelines and Standards
for Industrial Pollution Control in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

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ANNEX

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