The document is a review guide for a final exam in a chemistry course covering topics such as heat and entropy, kinetics, equilibrium, organic chemistry, and intermolecular forces. It includes practice questions and calculations related to calorimetry, reaction rates, pH, functional groups, isomers, hybridization, and the properties of organic compounds. The guide emphasizes key concepts and problem-solving techniques essential for understanding the material.
The document is a review guide for a final exam in a chemistry course covering topics such as heat and entropy, kinetics, equilibrium, organic chemistry, and intermolecular forces. It includes practice questions and calculations related to calorimetry, reaction rates, pH, functional groups, isomers, hybridization, and the properties of organic compounds. The guide emphasizes key concepts and problem-solving techniques essential for understanding the material.
The document is a review guide for a final exam in a chemistry course covering topics such as heat and entropy, kinetics, equilibrium, organic chemistry, and intermolecular forces. It includes practice questions and calculations related to calorimetry, reaction rates, pH, functional groups, isomers, hybridization, and the properties of organic compounds. The guide emphasizes key concepts and problem-solving techniques essential for understanding the material.
The document is a review guide for a final exam in a chemistry course covering topics such as heat and entropy, kinetics, equilibrium, organic chemistry, and intermolecular forces. It includes practice questions and calculations related to calorimetry, reaction rates, pH, functional groups, isomers, hybridization, and the properties of organic compounds. The guide emphasizes key concepts and problem-solving techniques essential for understanding the material.
1. Coffee Cup Calorimetry (three questions to practice – one on the final)
a. Diamond has a heat capacity of 0.71 J/goC. Calculate the final
temperature of the water when 78 g of diamond at 90oC was added to 250 ml of water at 20oC.
b. I heat a rock (mass = 100 g) to a temperature of 120 oC. I throw it into my
coffee cup calorimeter that has 200 g of water at 5oC. The final temperature of both the rock and the water is 35 oC. Calculate the heat capacity of the rock.
c. A piece of iron (C = 0.4498 J/goC) with a mass of 18.5 g at a temperature
of 100oC is dropped into a calorimeter with 132 ml of 20oC water. Calculate the final temp of the system.
Unit 2 – Kinetics (10 questions to practice – 2 or 3 on the final)
1. Another name for the transition state is a) products b) reactants c) activation energy d) activated complex 2. Why does a catalyst speed up the rate of the reaction? a) it makes the reactants move faster. b) it makes the reactants collide with the right approach c) it lowers the activation energy d) it raises the average energy of the system
3. What happens to the catalyst in a chemical reaction?
a) it is unchanged b) it is incorporated into the reactants c) it precipitates out d) it bubbles away 4. The minimum amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur is called the a) enthalpy of reaction b) activation energy c) potential energy d) kinetic energy
5. An endothermic reaction ____. The products have ___ energy than the reactants. a) requires heat energy; more b) gives off heat energy; more c) requires heat energy; less d) gives off heat energy; less
b a e c
6. Is this reaction endothermic or exothermic?
7. Which letter corresponds to the ΔH reaction (forward)? 8. Which letter corresponds to the ΔH reaction (backwards)? 9. Which letter corresponds to the activation energy (forward)? 10. Which letter corresponds to the activation energy (backward)? 2
Unit 3 – Equilibrium
1. Equilibrium and pH (three questions to practice – one on the final)
a. Fill in the ICE box for this weak acid. Calculate the pH, pOH, and [OH-] at equilibrium.
C6H5COOH ⇌ H+ + C6H5COO - I 0.30 M
b. If you look at the solubility table, calcium hydroxide has low solubility. The Ksp value for calcium hydroxide is 5.02 x 10-6. If 10 grams of calcium hydroxide is added to 100 mL of water, then calculate … a) [Ca2+ ], [OH-] and pOH. b) [H+ ] and pH.
c. Suppose you measured a 0.30 M carbonic acid (H2CO3) with pH =2.25.
Calculate the Ka for carbonic acid. L)
H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO 3-(aq) (a
I
1. Le Chatelier (five problems to practice – 2 or 3 on the final)
For the use this equation: 2C (s) + O2(g) ⇌ 2CO (g) ΔHrxn = -283 kJ/mol
1. Addition of carbon monoxide
a) Equilibrium will shift to the left. b) Equilibrium will shift to the right. c) No effect on the equilibrium.
2. Addition of oxygen a. Equilibrium will shift to the left. b. Equilibrium will shift to the right. c. No effect on the equilibrium.
3. Addition of solid carbon
a. Equilibrium will shift to the left. b. Equilibrium will shift to the right. c. No effect on the equilibrium.
4. Decreasing the volume of the container
a. Equilibrium will shift to the left. b. Equilibrium will shift to the right. c. No effect on the equilibrium.
5. Addition of heat to the system
a. Equilibrium will shift to the left. b. Equilibrium will shift to the right. c. No effect on the equilibrium. 3
Unit 5 - Organic Chemistry
1. Draw the general form of each functional group. Use R and R’ for the carbon chains. Then, for the molecules on the right, match the functional groups 1-8 by writing the correct number next to the functional group in the molecule. There may be more than one molecule with that functional group.
Function Group Molecules with Functional Groups
1. Alcohol 1.
2. Ether
3. Ester
4. Amide
5. Ketone
6. Carboxylic Acid
7. Aldehyde
8. Amine
2. Name/Draw (there will be 10 molecules to draw and 10 to name)
Name Draw 4,6-diisopropyldecane
3,4-diethyl-4,5-dimethyl-cis-1,5- heptadiene
5-isobutyl-3,7-decadiyne 4
Name Draw 6-ethyl-3-pentyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene
5-propyl-4-nonanol
2,5-dimethyl-1,5-hexadien-3-yne
tert-butanol
ethyl butanoate
diethylamine
trans-1,3-pentadiene 5
3. Isomers (three questions to practice – one on the final)
a. Draw all possible isomers with the formula C5H12 b. Draw all possible isomers with the formula C4H8 c. Draw all possible isomers with the formula C5H10OH
4. Hybridization (five questions to practice – two on the final)
a. Draw circles around all sp3 hybridized carbons, squares around all sp2 hybridized carbons, and triangles around all sp hybridized carbons.
b. Draw circles around all sp3-sp3 sigma bonds. Draw an arrow pointing at all sp3-sp2 sigma bonds. Draw a box around each bond that involves atomic p orbitals. Identify the number of each type of carbon for each molecule.
#sp3 C = #sp3 C = #sp3 C =
#sp2 C = #sp2 C = #sp2 C = #sp C = #sp C = #sp C =
c. Identify and explain the reason for the bond angles at each carbon atom in the molecules in part b.
d. Complete this table.
Bond type How many σ How many π Orbitals in this Orbitals in this bonds? bonds? σ bond? π bond? Single (C-C) Double (C=C) Triple (C≡C)
e. Explain why bonding in organic molecules can not be described by atomic
orbitals alone. Why do atomic orbitals combine to make hybrid orbitals? 6
5. Reaction (three questions to practice – one on the final)
Acid Alcohol Ester
Name Propanoic Acid Butanol Name: _____________________
Drawings
Name Butanoic Acid n-Pentanol Name: _____________________
Drawings
Name Octanoic Acid Ethanol Name: _____________________
Drawings
4. Intermolecular Forces/Energy of Organic Systems (five questions to practice – one
on the final) a. Explain why the boiling points of alkanes are different to those of alcohols (given the same numbers of carbon atoms). Be sure to discuss intra and intermolecular bonds as needed. Be sure to include a graph showing the two different slopes. Label axes and slopes. b. What is resonance? Give two examples from class. Be sure to include topics like bond length and strength, stability, and how/why the O-H in alcohols and carboxylic acids differ. c. At room temperature, bacon grease solidifies. Bacon grease is composed of a number of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The two most abundant unsaturated fats are palmitic acid and stearic acid.
To clean fats like bacon grease from surfaces, water alone will not work. Soap and water are needed. The structure of soap is below.
For all parts of this question, be sure to discuss all intra and intermolecular forces. (i) Explain why the bacon grease is solid at room temperature. (ii) Explain why hot water melts the bacon grease, and (iii) Explain why soap with hot water helps remove bacon grease from the surface. d. Define ring strain. Explain the reason for ring strain and its impact on the total energy and stability of a molecule using cyclopropane, cyclobutene, cyclopentane, and cyclohexane as examples. e. Explain why molecules like penicillin and amoxicillin are effective antibiotics from a chemistry perspective. What part of the molecules results in the death of the bacteria and how does that happen? Be sure to describe both the chemistry and biology mechanisms in your answer.
