Mole Concept
Atom
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a
chemical reaction.
Just as bricks are the building
blocks of all the houses, atoms
are the building blocks of all
matter.
Laws of chemical combination
● Law of conservation of mass
● Law of definite proportions
● Law of multiple proportions
● Gay Lussac’s Law of gaseous volume
● Avogadro Law
Laws of chemical combination
Laws of conservation of mass Laws of definite proportions
In a chemical substance, the
elements are always present in
” During any physical or chemical definite proportions by mass.
change, the total mass of products
remains equal to the total mass of Example: Pure water obtained
the reactants”. from river, sea, well, etc.
always contains hydrogen
“ Matter can neither be created nor and oxygen together in the
be destroyed” ratio of 1:8 by mass.
Laws of multiple proportions
When two elements combine to form two or more compounds, the
different masses of one element which combine with a fixed mass
of the other element, bear a simple ratio to one another.
Example:
Carbon and Oxygen when combine, can form two oxides. CO (carbon
monoxide), CO2 (Carbon dioxides).
CO2 : 32 g of oxygen (w1)
w1 2
C + O2 – =
w2 1
CO : 16 g of oxygen (w2)
Laws of chemical combination
Gay Lussac’s Law Avogadro Law
“ In a chemical reaction Gases combine in
“ Equal volume of all gases under
a simple ratio by volume provided all gases
similar conditions of temperature
are at same temperature and pressure”.
and pressure contain equal
H2 (g)+ ½ O2(g) ⟶ H2O(g) number of molecules”.
V𝛂 n
V = Kn
V1 V
= 2
n1 n2
● Ratio by volume of H2 ,O2 and H2O is 1 : 1/2 : 1
Relative atomic mass
It is expressed as mass of one atom with respect to the mass of one carbon-12 atom.
Atom of Element Atoms of C
Atomic mass unit (amu)
For example:
● Note: Now a days amu is
replaced by u ie. Unified
mass.
AVERAGE/MEAN ATOMIC MASS
The weighted average of the isotopic masses of the element’s naturally occurring
isotopes.
Mathematically, average atomic mass of
Where: a1, a2, a3 ……. Atomic mass of isotopes and x1, x2, x3 …….. Mole % of isotopes.
Example : Chlorine has two isotopes Cl35 and Cl37 with % Abundance of 75% and 25 %
respectively
Mole
A mole is the amount of substance that contains as
many species(atoms, molecules, ions or other particles)
as there are atoms in exactly 12 gm of C-12
1 mole = 6.022 × 1023 particles
Mole
👉1 mole of any particle = 6.022 X 1023 in numbers
Same as,
👉1 dozen = 12 numbers, 1 gross = 144 numbers
1 dozen of egg 1 gross of smiley
Method to calculate mole
×N It
Number 22.4 Volume at STP
A ×
It
÷N
22.4
A ÷
Mole
÷ mol. Wt. × mol. Wt.
÷ At. wt × At. wt
Mass
Example
What is the number of moles present in 52 g of He?
Example
What is the number atoms present in 52 g of He?
Example
Calculate the mass of 1 molecule of H2SO4 in amu and Gram?
Empirical and molecular Formula
Molecular formula Empirical formula
Empirical formula represents the
Molecular formula tells us the exact
simplest whole number ratio of various
number of atoms of each element in
atoms present in a compound.
a molecule.
Example:
Example:
In Glucose, the ratio of number of
6, 12 & 6 atoms of C, H & O are present
atoms of C, H & O is respectively
in a molecule of Glucose (C6H12O6).
6 : 12 : 6 ⟹ 1 : 2 : 1
Its empirical formula is CH2O
Empirical and molecular Formula
Molecular formula and Empirical formula are related as,
Molecular Formula = n × Empirical Formula
Where, ‘n’ is the factor by which empirical and molecular
formulas differ
Example An organic substance containing hydrogen, carbon and chlorine gave
the following percentage composition.
H - 4.0% , C - 24.2% and Cl - 71.7%. The molecular weight of the compound
is 99. Calculate the molecular formula of the compound.
Solution:
Stoichiometry
Definition : It is the quantitative analysis (calculation of quantities)
of reactant and product involved in chemical reactions
Stoichiometry
Example
How many moles of CH4 are required to produce 22g CO2 after combustion
?
Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Solution
Solute Solvent
Less amount More amount
Solven t Solute
Concentration
Terms
Definition:Amount of solute present in specified amount of
solution/solvent.
Concentration
Terms
Concentration of solution can be expressed in various ways:
Temperature independent Temperature dependent
Mass percentage (%w/w) Volume percentage (%v/v)
Mass by volume Percentage
Mole fraction
(%w/v)
Molality (m) Molarity (M)
Parts per million (ppm)
Mass Percentage Mass of solute in grams present in 100 grams of solution.
Mass of solute
%w/w = × 100
Mass of solution
Mass by Volume
Mass of solute in grams present in 100 ml of solution.
Percentage
Mass of solute
%w/v = × 100
Volume of solution
Volume
Percentage Volume of solute in ml present in 100 ml of solution.
Volume of solute
%v/v = × 100
Volume of solution
Molarity Molality
Mole Fraction
It is the ratio of number of moles of a particular component to the total
number of moles of the solution.
It is represented by
Mole of component
Total number of moles present in solution
Sum of mole fractions of all components in a mixture is unity.
Some important relations
% w/v = % w/w × d
