Board of secondary Education 2025-2026
Curriculum for Class-X
Geography (Contemporary India – II)
1. Resources and Development:
Detailed study of the classification of resources: natural, human-
made, and human. Analysis of resource planning in India with
examples, sustainable development practices, land resources, and
their utilization. Emphasis on soil types, their formation,
characteristics, distribution, degradation, and conservation
strategies. Examination of global and national perspectives on
resource conservation, integrating case studies of resource conflicts
and management.
2. Forest and Wildlife Resources:
Exploration of biodiversity, types of vegetation in India, and their
ecological significance. Analysis of the depletion of forests and its
impact on climate, tribal life, and biodiversity. Study of conservation
efforts like protected areas (national parks, wildlife sanctuaries),
biosphere reserves, and joint forest management programs. Focus
on the conflict between development and conservation, including
people’s participation in conservation movements (e.g., Chipko
Movement)
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3. Water Resources:
Examination of India's water resources, including rivers, lakes,
groundwater, and reservoirs. Issues of overutilization and pollution,
the need for water conservation, and the concept of watershed
management. Study of multi-purpose river valley projects and their
socio-economic and environmental impacts. Special focus on
interlinking of rivers, water-sharing disputes, and water harvesting
methods, with examples of traditional water conservation
techniques.
4. Agriculture:
Study of the types of farming in India, cropping patterns, and the
importance of food crops and cash crops. Analysis of agricultural
challenges, including dependence on monsoons, small
landholdings, and declining soil fertility. Examination of technological
and institutional reforms in agriculture, including green and white
revolutions. Exploration of organic farming practices, government
initiatives for agricultural development, and the impact of
globalization on agriculture.
5. Minerals and Energy Resources:
Detailed study of the types of minerals (metallic and non-metallic),
their distribution, uses, and conservation. Analysis of energy
resources, including conventional (coal, petroleum, natural gas) and
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non-conventional sources (solar, wind, hydel, and nuclear energy).
Focus on energy crises, the need for sustainable energy practices,
and the role of renewable energy in addressing environmental and
economic concerns.
6. Manufacturing Industries:
Study of the classification of industries based on size, raw materials,
and ownership. Analysis of the role of industries in the economy, the
locational factors influencing industrial development, and major
industrial belts in India. Examination of pollution caused by
industries and measures for controlling it. Special focus on small-
scale and cottage industries and their role in rural development and
employment.
7. Lifelines of National Economy:
Analysis of the transport systems in India, including roadways,
railways, waterways, airways, and pipelines, and their role in
economic growth. Study of international and domestic trade, ports,
and their significance. Examination of the role of communication
systems in the digital age and their impact on urbanization and
globalization. Exploration of tourism as a trade, its contribution to the
economy, and challenges in developing tourism sustainably.
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Activities in Geography (Excluding Theory)
1. Map Work:
Resources and Development: Mark major soil types in India,
areas prone to soil erosion, and locations of significant land-use
patterns.
Forest and Wildlife Resources: Identify biodiversity hotspots,
national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves.
Water Resources: Plot major rivers, dams, and water-sharing
disputes, along with rainfall distribution maps.
Agriculture: Highlight regions of specific crops (wheat, rice,
cotton, etc.) and different types of farming in India.
Minerals and Energy Resources: Map locations of coalfields, oil
refineries, nuclear power plants, and renewable energy hubs.
Manufacturing Industries: Mark major industrial regions and
specific industries like textiles, iron, and steel.
Lifelines of National Economy: Trace important transport
corridors, major ports, airports, and pipelines.
2. Field Visits and Reports:
Visit local agricultural areas to study farming methods and irrigation
techniques.
Tour nearby industries or mineral extraction sites to understand
industrial and mineral development.
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Conduct surveys on water conservation practices in urban and
rural areas.
3. Data Analysis Activities:
Analyze rainfall patterns using rainfall data charts.
Study cropping patterns using government agricultural statistics.
Evaluate water usage trends with available groundwater depletion
data.
4. Role Plays and Simulations:
Simulate a debate on water-sharing disputes between states.
Role-play as environmentalists and industrialists discussing land-
use and conservation.
Simulate planning of a sustainable tourism project in a biodiverse
region.
5. Model Creation:
Create models of multi-purpose river valley projects or renewable
energy systems like solar farms or wind turbines.
Build 3D models of landforms, drainage patterns, or industrial
setups.
6. Creative Writing:
Write articles or essays imagining the future of sustainable
agriculture or renewable energy in India.
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Draft case studies on successful conservation efforts, such as the
Chipko Movement or watershed management initiatives.
7. Geographical Experiments:
Conduct experiments to demonstrate soil erosion and its
prevention. Create water filtration models to understand
groundwater recharge.
8. Quizzes and Crosswords:
Organize geography-based quizzes on topics like minerals,
industries, or transport. Use crossword puzzles to reinforce
geographical terminologies.
9. Poster Making and Infographics:
Design posters promoting water conservation or afforestation.
Create infographics on energy consumption trends or agricultural
challenges.
10. Projects:
Resource Utilization Project: Document the use and misuse of
natural resources in the local area.
Sustainable Energy Project: Propose a renewable energy model
for a specific region.
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11. Virtual Tours and Case Studies:
Explore virtual tours of industrial areas, hydropower plants, and
biodiversity hotspots.
Analyze case studies of successful resource conservation or
industrial growth policies.
12. Community-Based Activities:
Conduct awareness campaigns on water harvesting and waste
management in local communities.
Organize tree-planting drives and document their impact over time.
13. Graph Plotting and Interpretation:
Plot graphs of population density, rainfall patterns, or crop
production trends and interpret findings.
14. Documentary Viewing and Discussions:
Watch documentaries on climate change, deforestation, and the
energy crisis, followed by discussions on possible solutions.
15. Interactive Games and Simulations:
Play games like “Build a Sustainable City” to understand urban
planning challenges.
Use simulation tools to visualize the effects of climate change on
different geographical regions.
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16. Comparative Studies:
Compare the geographical features of two regions in India (e.g.,
Western Ghats vs. Deccan Plateau).
Study the agricultural practices of India and another country to
understand the global context.
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