Pr
e-LabAssi
gnment
1.Howi
sapendul
um set
?
2.Whatar
ether
equi
redappar
atuses?
3.Whati
stheknownandst
andar
daccel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
ty?
4.Whatar
ethef
act
orsaf
fect
ingt
heaccel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
ty
Answert
opr
e-Labquest
ions
1,Tosetupapendul um,youwillneedtosuspendamass(t
hependul
um bob)fr
om a
fi
xedpointusingastri
ngorrod.Thelengt
hoft hest
ri
ngorr
odwil
ldet
erminetheper
iod
ofthependulum’sswing.
2,
Ther equi
redapparat
usforsett
ingupapendul
um i
ncludesapendul
um bob(amass)
,
astr
ingorrodforsuspensi
on,andafixedpoi
ntf
rom whicht
ohangthependul
um
3,Theknownstandar
daccel
erat
ionduetogr
avi
tyi
sappr
oxi
mat
ely9.
81met
erper
secondsquar
eneartheear
th’
ssurface.
4,
Thef
act
orsaf
fect
ingt
heaccel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
tyi
ncl
ude
1.Vari
ati
onint
heeart
h’sgr
avi
tat
ional
fiel
dduet
odi
ff
erencesi
nal
ti
tude,
lat
it
ude,
andlocal
geol
ogy.
2.Addit
ionall
y,f
actorssuchasai
rresi
stance&therotati
onoftheear
thcanal
so
havemi noref
fectsonthemeasuredvalueofaccel
erati
onduetograv
ity
.
Abst
ract
Theai m ofthisexper i
mentwast odeterminethel ocalaccel
erationduet ogravit
yusing
asi mplependul um.Apendul um wassetintomot i
on,anditsper i
odofosci l
lati
onwas
measur ed.Byanal yzingtherel
ati
onshipbetweent heper i
odoft hependulum andt he
gravit
ati
onal accelerati
on,t
helocalval
uef orgravit
ywascal culated.Theexper i
mental
valueobtainedwascompar edwit
htheaccept edst andardval
ueofgr avi
ty.Theresult
s
showedt hatt heexper i
mentalmethody i
eldedav alueconsist
entwi ththeaccept ed
standard.Potent i
alsourcesoferr
orandl i
mi t
ationsoftheexper i
mentwer ealso
discussed.
1.I
ntr
oduct
ion
Theaccelerati
onduet ogravit
y,denotedas"g,"i
saf undamentalconstantinphy sics.I
t
i
sameasur eoftheaccelerati
onthatanobjectexperiencesduetothegr avi
tati
onal
force.Theperi
odofosci l
l
ationofasimplependul um isdir
ectl
yrel
atedt ot
hel ocal
gravit
ati
onalacceler
ati
on.AccordingtotheformulaT=2π√( L/g)
,whereTi stheper i
od
ofthependulum, Listhelengthofthependulum,andgi sthelocalacceler
ationduet o
gravit
y,i
tisevi
dentthatbymeasur ingtheperiodTandt helengthLoft hependul um, t
he
v
alueofgcanbedet
ermi
ned.
2.Theor
y
Thesimplependulum consist
sofasmal l
bob(inatheorya‘par
ti
cle’)ofmassm
suspendedbyalighti
nextensiblethr
eadoflengthlfr
om thefi
xed-pointB.I
fthebobi
s
drawnasidesl
ightl
yandr el
eased, i
tosci
ll
atesto-
and-f
roinavert
icalplanealongt
hearc
ofacircl
e.Weshallshowt hatitdescr
ibesS.H.
M.aboutitsequil
i
br i
um posi
tionO.
Supposeatsomeinst
antt
hebobisatAwher
ear
cOA=Randangl
e∠OBA=θ.The
for
cesacti
ngonthebobinthi
sposi
ti
onar
e
(
i) Thet
ensi
onTal
ongt
hest
ri
ng,
and
(
ii
) (i
i)Thewei
ghtmgact i
ngv
ert
ical
l
ydownward.Resol
vi
ngmgi
ntoi
tsr
ect
angul
ar
component
s,radi
all
yandt
angenti
all
yatA
Thecomponentmgcosθact i
ngper
pendiculart
othetangentisbal
ancedbyt
het
ensi
on
T,whereasmgsinθact
ingal
ongthetangentistheonl
yunbalancedfor
cewhi
cht
ends
torest
orethebobbacktoit
snormalposit
ion.
Hencet
heequat
ionofmot
ionoft
hebobi
s
ma=-
mgsi
nθ
wher
eai
stheaccel
erat
ionoft
hebobal
ongt
hear
catAduet
othef
orcemgsi
nθ.
Thenegati
vesignindi
cat
esthatt
heforceist
owardsOwhi l
ethedi
spl
acementRi
s
measuredalongthearcf
rom Ointheopposi
tedi
rect
ion.
Whenθi
ssmal
l,si
nθ≈θi nradi
ans(
eg.I
fθ=50;
sinθ=0.
0872t
henθ0.
0873r
ad)so
t
hatt
her
est
ori
ngforcebecomesmgθ.
Mor
eov
er,
R/
l=θ (
OA=R)
,Ther
efor
e,R=l
θ,Hence
ma=−mgθ=−mgR/
l
accel
erat
ion=a=−g/
l−ω2R
eω2=g/
Wher l=const
antandω=2π/
T=V/
R
Astheacceler
ati
onisdi
rect
lyproport
ionalt
othedisplacement,
themot
ionofthebob
(orsi
mplependulum)i
ssimpleharmoni ci
ftheosci
ll
ationsar
eofsmall
amplit
udei.e.
,θ
0
doesnotexceed10.Hencet heperi
odToft hesimplependulum;
T=2π l
/g
f
rom whi
cht
heaccel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
ty,
g,canbeobt
ainedas
g=4π2l
/T2
3.Appar
atus
Equi
pmentNeeded Quant
it
y.
Mass(
bobofdi
ff
erentsi
ze).
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.2
St
ri
ngwi
thmanageabl
elengt
h
Suppor
t(st
andandcei
l
ing).
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1
Di
git
al/
anal
ogst
opwat
ch.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2
Met
erst
ick.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.1
4.Pr
ocedur
e
Theexperi
ment alsetupconsi
stedofsuspendingt hebobf rom af
ixedpoi
ntand
measuri
ngt heperiodofthependulum'soscil
l
ation.Thel engt
hofthependul
um was
measuredfrom thepointofsuspensiontothecent erofthebob.Thependul
um was
di
spl
acedbyasmal l
angleandreleased,
andt hetimet akenforacert
ainnumberof
completeoscil
l
ationswasmeasur edusingthest opwatch
1.Connectt
hebobt
othest
ri
ngwhi
chi
ssuspendedf
rom somehei
ght(
cei
l
ing)
.
2.Maket
heinit
ial
lengthoft
hependul
um 55cm.
,andconsecut
ivel
yincr
easet
hel
engt
h
by5cm i
nter
valfi
vetimes.
3.Foreachoft
hei
ncr
ementgi
vet
hependul
um asmal
ldi
spl
acement
.
4.Al
l
oweachpendul
um t
omaket
encompl
etecy
cles.Recor
dthet
imet
aken.
5.Di
vi
det
het
otal
timei
ntot
ent
ogetav
erageper
iodT(
ti
mef
oreachosci
l
lat
ion)
.
6.Repeatt
heexper
imentbychangi
ngthebobofsmall
/l
argemass.(
Duet
olackoft
ime,
wecouldn’
tdothesecondexper
imentwi
ththel
argemassedbob)
5.Dat
a
Number Time(t
) Lengt
h Time( T) T2 g g-
ğ (
g- 2
ğ)
of of (
L) foreach
act
ivi
ty osci
l
lat
io oscil
lati
o
n n
1 15.
20 55 1.
520 2.
3104 9.
81 -
0.412 0.
170
2 15.
81 60 1.
581 2.
4996 9.
81 -
0.333 0.
111
3 16.
29 65 1.
629 2.
6536 9.
81 -
0.140 0.
020
4 17.
15 70 1.
715 2.
9412 9.
81 -
0.414 0.
171
5 17.
72 75 1.
772 3.
1400 9.
81 -
0.380 0.
144
6.Dat
aAnal
ysi
s
accel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
tyusi
ngt
heav
erageper
iod.
Fort
ri
als1
2
T2 2
ğ=4(
π) L/ g=4(
π) x0.
55/2.
3104
g=9. s2
398m/
Fort
ri
al2
2
ğ=4(
π) T2
L/ π)2x0.
g=4( 6/2.
4995
g=9. s2
477m/
Fort
ri
al3
2
ğ=4(
π) T2
L/ π)2x0.
g=4( 65/
2.6536
g=9. s2
670m/
Fort
ri
al4
2
ğ=4(
π) T2
L/ π)2x0.
g=4( 7/2.
9412
g=9. s2
396m/
Fort
ri
al5
2
ğ=4(
π) T2
L/ π)2x0.
g=4( 75/
3.1400
g=9. s2
430m/
Theav
erage(
ğ).
ğave=(
9.398+9.
477+9.
670+9.
396+9.
430)
/5
ğave=9. s2
4752m/
Thest
andar
ddev
iat
ion(
Sx)
2
N
(
g-ğ)
Sx=√∑
i=1
N-
1
Sx= (
0.170 +0.
111 +0.
020 +0.
171 +0.
144)
/4
Sx= 0.
616/
4
Sx= 0.
154
Sx=0.
392
TheSt
andar
der
ror
St
andar
dEr
ror(
uncer
tai
nt)=Sx/
y √N
392 /
=0. √5
=0.
175
%Er
ror=|
Measur
edv
alue–Tr
uev
alue|
*100%
Tr
uthv
alue
=|
9.430–9.
810|
*100%
9.
810
=0.
0387*100%
=3.
87%
7.Resul
tanddi
scussi
on
Theexper
iment
alv
alueobt
ainedf
ort
hel
ocal
accel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
ty(
9. s2)
4752m/
wascompar edwi ththeacceptedstandardv al
ueof9. 81m/ s2.Thepr oximi
tyofthese
val
uessuggest sthattheexperi
ment aldeterminati
onofgr avi
tywassomewhataccur ate.
Sourcesofer ror,
includingai
rresi
stance,measur ementuncer tainti
es,andthefi
nit
e
angulardispl
acementoft hependulum, werediscussed.Whi l
et heexperimentyi
eldeda
val
ueconsi stentwiththeacceptedst andard,t
hesesour cesofer rorcouldhave
contri
butedtoanydev iati
onsobser
v ed.
8.Concl
usi
on
Thedet erminationofthelocalaccel erat
ionduet ograv i
tyusi ngasimpl ependulum
provedt obeasuccessf ulendeav or.Theexper imental v
al ueobt ai
nedwasi nclose
agreementwi ththeacceptedstandar dv al
ueofgr avi
ty.Thi sexperimentservedasa
practical demonst r
ati
onoft herel
at ionshipbetweent heper i
odofasi mplependulum
andt hegr av
itati
onalaccel
erati
on.I talsopr ovi
dedinsighti nt
ot hesourcesoferror
i
nherenti ntheexper i
mentandpot entialareasforimprov ement .
Answert
opost
-Labquest
ions
1.Whatisther
elat
ionbet
weenper
iodandt
heampl
i
tudeoft
he
osci
l
lati
ons?
Therelationshi
pbetweent heper i
odandt heamplit
udeofoscil
lat
ionsdependsont he
speci
fict ypeofosci
l
latorymot i
on.Forsimpleharmonicmotion,whichisexhi
bitedbya
pendulum oramass- springsystem, t
heperiodofosci
ll
ati
onisindependentofthe
amplitude.Thismeanst hatthetimeittakesforonecomplet
ecy cleofosci
ll
ati
on( the
peri
od)r emainsconstantregardlessofhowf art
heobjectmovesf r
om it
sequil
ibrium
posit
ion.
Incont
rast
,formor
ecomplextypesofosci
l
lat
ions,suchasthoseinvol
vi
ngnon-l
i
near
syst
emsorst r
ongdampi
ng,theperi
odcanbeaffectedbytheamplit
ude.I
nthesecases,
theper
iodmaychangeastheamplit
udeoftheoscil
lat
ion’
schanges.
I
t'simportanttonotethattherel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenperiodandampli
tudecanvary
dependingont hespecifi
ccharact
eri
sti
csoft
heoscil
l
atorysy
stem,anditmayrequi
re
detai
ledmat hemati
cal anal
ysi
sorexperi
mentat
iont
odeterminet
heexactnat
ureofthi
s
rel
ationshi
p.
2.Doest
hechangeofmassaf
fectt
heaccel
erat
ionduet
ogr
avi
ty?
Thechangei nmassdoesnotaf fecttheaccel
erat
ionduetograv
ity.Theacceler
ation
duet ogravityi
spri
mar i
lydeter
minedbyt hemassoftheEarthandt hedi
stancefrom its
center.I
tisindependentofthemassofanobj ectinfr
eefal
l.Thi
spr i
nci
pleisfamousl y
demonst ratedbyGalil
eo'
sexperimentattheLeaningTowerofPisa,whereheobser ved
thatobjectsofdif
ferentmassesf al
latthesamerateint
heabsenceofairresist
ance.
Ref
erence
1.Phys1011Labf
inal
.pdfwhi
chwaspr
ovi
dedbyDr
.GeneneShef
eraw,
Physi
cs
Depart
ment ,
AAU
2.K.
K.Mohindr
oo,1999.Basi
cPr
inci
plesofPhysi
cs,
3rded.Vol
.1.
,Pi
tambar
Publ
ishi
ngCompany,New
Del
hi.
3.SearsandZimansky,
Univer
sit
yPhysi
cswi
thmoder
nPhysi
cs,
Yaoungand
Freedman,13t
hediti
on,2012.
