PROJECT
FILE
NAME: AADIT K. SHAH SUBJECT: PHYSICS STD: 12-E
TOPIC: NYLON POLYMER SCHOOL: THE NEW TULIP INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
BOARD ROLL NO:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is my privilege to express my sincerest regards to all who
directly or indirectly helped me complete my project in
Physics under the curriculum of Class XII as per the CBSE
pattern.
I, deeply express my sincere thanks to Principal Mrs. Anjali
Kwatra Madam, for her notable guidance and caring during
my school life and for providing sufficient facilities which
have contributed to the successful completion of this work.
I, hereby acknowledge my heartiest gratitude to our Physics
teacher Mr. Bhagwat Singh Rawat sir for his valuable
inputs, able guidance, encouragement, whole-hearted
cooperation, and constructive criticism throughout the
duration of our project work/studies, which inspired me to
the very height of sincerity that led me all the way to
accomplish the work.
I also thank all my teachers, who have directly or indirectly
helped me in this work. I pay my respects and love to my
parents and all other family members for their
encouragement throughout my work.
THE NEW TULIP INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL
BOPAL
Aadit
INTRODUCTION
Many electronic circuits require a rectified DC power supply
to power various electronic basic components from the
available AC supply.
A rectifier is an electrical device that converts Alternating
Current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to Direct
Current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process
is known as Rectification.
Rectifiers have many uses but are often found serving as
components of DC power supplies and high-voltage Direct
Current power transmission systems. The current flows
uninterrupted in one direction and no current is allowed to
flow in the opposite direction.
Rectifier circuits may be single-phased or multi-phased.
Most low-power rectifiers for domestic equipment are
single-phased but for industrial applications. Three-phased
rectification is very important for the transmission of energy
as DC.
Physically, rectifiers take several forms including Vacuum
tube diodes, Mercury-arc valves, Copper and Selenium
Oxide rectifiers, Semiconductor diodes, Silicon-controlled
rectifiers, and other silicon-based Semi-Conductor switches.
INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. INTRODUCTION
4. AIM
5. MATERIALS REQUIRED
6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
7. PROCEDURE
8. WORKING
9. OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
10. USES
11. PRECAUTIONS
12.PHOTOS OF EXPERIMENT CONDUCTED
13. BIBILIOGRAPHY
AIM
To Construct a Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier and show that the
Alternating Current (AC) is rectified into a
Direct Current (DC).
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1. CONNECTING WIRES (JUMPER WIRES)
2. A PLUG
3. BREAD BOARD
4. TRANSFORMER (12 V)
5. RESISTOR
6. P-N JUNCTION DIODES (4 NO)
7. LED
8. CAPACITOR
9. SEMI-CONDUCTOR
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
Take the transformer and attach it to one end of the
Breadboard. Attach the plug with the wire of the desired
length and connect it to the Anode of Diode D1 to the
anode of D2. Connect the Cathode of D2 to the Anode of D3,
connect the Cathode of D3 to the Anode of D4 and connect
the Anode of D4 to the Cathode of D1. The output of
transformers should be connected to A and C. Now, take 2
Capacitors and connect their negative terminals to negative
and positive to positive. And connect both the capacitors to
B & D. Connect a Resistor and a LED to the capacitor. Attach
the wire from the Capacitors in series and connected to the
output device.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF BRIDGE
RECTIFIER - THEORY
When the AC is supplied to the Transformer, it steps down
the 240V main supply to 12V. It has a capability of delivering
700mA. The 12 volts AC appearing across the secondary is
the RMS value. The 4 diodes labelled DI to D4 are arranged
in "series pairs" with only 2 diodes conducting current
during each half-cycle. During the positive half-cycle of the
supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series, while diodes D3
and D4 are reverse biased and the current, flows through
the load as shown below:
THE POSITIVE HALF CYCLE
During the negative half-cycle of the AC input voltage,
terminal-2 of the transformer secondary winding is positive
(+) with respect to terminal-1 (Ground). In this condition,
diodes D2 and D4 are forward-biased. So, the current flows
through diode D2 (CB arm), enters into the load resistance
(RL), then it flows through diode D4 (arm DA) and returns to
terminal-1 (ground). But diodes D1 and D3 are reverse
biased that block the current to flow through diodes D1 and
D3 (AB and DC arm). In this case, again the positive voltage
appears across the load resistor as before.
The following figure shows the output of the Full-Wave
Bridge Rectifier during the Negative Half Cycle. The diodes
D1 and D3 are reverse biased, therefore we will omit the
diodes D1 and D3 from the rectifier circuit, which helps us to
better understand the direction of current flow in the
circuit.
THE NEGATIVE HALF CYCLE
In subsequent half-cycles of the AC Current, the above
processes are repeated. In both half cycles, it is clear the
current flows through the Resistor in only one direction.
Even though the voltage across the load is unidirectional, it
will still contain a few AC components. This is filtered and
made smooth using a Capacitor, which filters 99% of the AC
current. A Resistor is then used to adjust the output voltage.
Capacitor also nearly filters all AC components from the
supply and resistance is adjusted for the required output. As
this is a simple circuit, 2 Capacitors and 1 Resistor are being
used. The output Direct Current and voltage light up the LED
and other sources connected with it.
BRIDGE RECTIFIER
OBSERVATION AND CONCLUSION
On Connecting a Voltmeter to the output of the bridge
circuit, 12v current is received.
RECTIFIED DC VOLTAGE
With a full-wave rectifier, we get power in both the positive
and the negative half-wave for our DC circuit. The load on
the AC source is evenly distributed and not just on one half-
wave. We still need to stabilize the rectified signal to get a
constant DC voltage. However, for the same load and
capacitance, the full-wave rectifier produces less ripple than
a half-wave rectifier. If the ripple is still too big for the DC
circuit, a voltage regulator can be used to produce a fixed
and more stable voltage for it. Compared with a half-wave
rectifier the full-wave rectifier is the better choice in most
cases. The drawbacks compared to the half-wave rectifier
are a higher component count and twice the diode losses.
USES
The important uses of the bridge rectifier are given below.
• Mobile phones, laptops, charger circuits.
• Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) circuits to convert
AC to DC.
• Our home inverters convert AC to DC.
• LCD, LED TVs.
• Car Alternator to charge the batteries during the
running of the car.
• LED Driver Circuits
• Audio Amplifier
• Radios
Most electronic devices cannot withstand very high voltage
or terminate current due to their intense high power. The
use of batteries in all devices is not practical as their
replacement and stability are huge problems as the device
has to be dismantled each time for such replacement
So, these rectifiers are used in most of the electronic devices
like TVS, Radios, Chargers, and Light fittings etc.
The common use of Rectifiers is to supply polarized voltage
for welding, and detection of amplitude-
modulated radio signals.
PRECAUTIONS
Do’s
• Familiarize yourself with any possible hazard points within the rectifier unit by
reviewing the electrical schematic and the physical layout of the rectifier prior to
any maintenance.
• Set the AC utility disconnect to the “OFF” position prior to servicing the rectifier
unit.
• Tag and lock out the disconnect to ensure others do not energize power while you
are servicing the rectifier unit.
• Inspect and tighten any connections on the rectifier that may have become loose
during shipment.
• Make sure that the wall, pole, frame, or mounting pad is designed to hold the full
weight of the rectifier.
• Install the rectifier so as not to obstruct any of the enclosure venting and to allow
for proper cooling.
• For oil-cooled types, ensure to fill the oil compartment to the fill line with suitable
insulating oil.
• Ensure that the available AC voltage is suitable for the rectifier, that the AC input
wiring is connected to the correct terminals, and that the rectifier input is properly
configured for the AC voltage available.
• Supply the rectifier with a proper ground connection.
• Connect the cable(s) from the anode bed to the rectifier DC positive terminal(s) and
the cable(s) from the structure to the rectifier DC negative terminal(s).
• Prior to energizing the rectifier, make sure that the rectifier is at its lowest output
setting. For three-phase rectifiers, always set the secondary taps equally for all
phases.
Don’ts
• Energize the rectifier if you are NOT 100% sure of the above steps.
• Start the rectifier at any tap or control setting other than minimum.
• Overload the rectifier under any circumstances.
• Mount any additional equipment within the rectifier without prior approval from
the factory.
PHOTOS OF THE EXPERIMENT
CONDUCTED
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
www.electroduino.com
www.irtrectifier.com
www.elprocus.com
THANK YOU
