AKCNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to

my physics teacher (Mr. N.K. Gupta) as well as our
principal (Mrs. Sutapa Bhattachariya) who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the
topic (Full wave rectifier), which also helped me in doing a
lot of research and I came to know about so many new
things, I am really thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and

friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.

……………………...

Teacher’s signature.
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Puskar kr. Bedia student of class XII,

Central Academy School has completed the project
titled “Full Wave Rectifier” during the academic year
2024-25,
Under the guidance of Mr. N.K. Gupta, (physics
teacher).

..…………………..

Teacher’s signature.
 Index

S no. Contents Page no.

1. Aim 1
2. Introduction 2
3. Theory 3
4. Advantages 4
5. Disadvantages 5
6. Materials required 6
7. Circuit diagram 7
8. Procedure 8
9. Working 9-10
10. Observation 11
11. Conclusion 12
12. Precautions 13
13. Uses 14
14. Bibliography 15
 AIM

 To construct a Full Wave

Bridge rectifier and show that
the (AC) alternating current is
rectified into a direct current
(DC).

Page no. 1
 INTRODUCTION

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating

current (AC), which periodically reverses direction, to direct
current (DC), which flows in only one direction. The process
is known as rectification. Rectification produces a type of
DC that encompasses active voltages and currents, which
are then adjusted into a type of constant voltage DC,
although this varies depending on the current's end-use.
The current is allowed to flow uninterrupted in one direction,
and no current is allowed to flow in the opposite direction.

Physically, rectifiers take a number of forms, including

vacuum tube diodes, mercury-arc valves, copper and
selenium oxide rectifiers, semiconductor diodes, silicon-
controlled rectifiers and other silicon-based semiconductor
switches.

Rectifier circuits may be single-phase or multi-phase. Most

low power rectifiers for domestic equipment are single-
phase, but three-phase rectification is very important for
industrial applications and for the transmission of energy as
DC.

Page no. 2
 THEORY

 Full Wave Rectifier Circuit

The full wave rectifier circuit consists of two power

diodes connected to a single load resistance (RL) with
each diode taking it in turn to supply current to the
load. When point A of the transformer is positive with
respect to point C, diode D1 conducts in the forward
direction as indicated by the arrows.

When point B is positive (in the negative half of the

cycle) with respect to point C, diode D2 conducts in the
forward direction and the current flowing through
resistor R is in the same direction for both half-cycles.
As the output voltage across the resistor R is the
phasor sum of the two waveforms combined, this type
of full wave rectifier circuit is also known as a "bi-
phase" circuit.

As the spaces between each half-wave developed by

each diode is now being filled in by the other diode the
average DC output voltage across the load resistor is
now double that of the single half-wave rectifier circuit.

Page no. 3
 ADVANTAGES

 The rectification efficiency of full-wave rectifier is

double of that of a half-wave rectifier.

 The ripple voltage is low and of higher frequency

in case of full-wave rectifier so simple filtering
circuit is required.

 Higher output voltage, higher output power and

higher Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF) in
case of a full-wave rectifier.

 In a full-wave rectifier, there is no problem due to

dc saturation of the core because the dc current
in the two halves of the two halves of the
transformer secondary flow in opposite
directions.

Page no. 4
 DISADVANTAGES

 For a bridge, three additional POWER

components to fail, uses four rather than one
diode.

 For center tapped plus two rectifier FW circuit,

requires CT transformer, and one additional
POWER diode to reduce reliability.

 Any diode going short-circuited, places

remaining diodes across the circuit AC supply,
leading to very high damaging current which
MUST be protected against.

Page no. 5
MATERIALS REQUIRED

• Connecting Wires
• A Plug
• Single lead wire - 2m
• Three Nuts & Bolts 2-3 cm length
• Circuit board
• A Transformer (12 V)
• A Resistor
• p-n junction diode (4 nos)
• A LED
• Insulation Tape
• Blades
• Soldering Wax
• Soldering Iron
• Soldering Lead
• Sand Paper

Page no. 6
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Full Wave Rectifier

Page no. 7
 PROCEDURE

Take the transformer and attach it to one end of

the circuit board. Attach the plug with the wire of
desired length and connect it to the transformer
AC In now, take four diodes and connect the 4
diodes into a loop. Connect the anode of diode
D1 to the anode of D2.

Connect the cathode of D2 to anode of

D3.connect the cathode of D3 to anode of D4 and
connect the anode of D4 to cathode of D1. The
output of transformers should be connected to A
and C. Now, take two capacitor and connect its -
ve terminal to -ve and +ve terminal to +ve. And
connect both the capacitors to B and D. Connect
a resistor and a LED to the capacitor. Attach wire
from the capacitor and connect it to the output
device.

Page no. 8
 WORKING
When the AC is supplied to the transformer, it step
down the 240V main supply to 12V. It has a capability of
delivering 700mA. The 12 volts AC appearing across
the secondary is the RMS value. The four diodes
labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in "series pairs" with only
two diodes conducting current during each half cycle.
The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in
"series pairs" with only two diodes conducting current
during each half cycle. During the positive half cycle of
the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while
diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current
flows through the load as shown below.

The Positive Half-cycle

Page no. 9
 During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4
conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch "OFF" as they
are now reverse biased. The current flowing through the load is
the same direction as before.

The Negative Half-cycle

In subsequent Half cycles of the AC Current the above process are

repeated. In both the half cycles it is clear that current flows through
the resistor in only one direction. Even though the voltage across
load is unidirectional it will still contains a few AC components. This
is filtered and made smooth using a capacitor, which filters 99% of
the AC current. A resistor is then used to adjust the output voltage.
Capacitor also nearly filters all AC components from supply and
resistance is adjusted for the required output. As this is a simple
circuit, two capacitors and one resistor are being used. The output
Direct Current and voltage light up the LED and other source
connected with it.

Page no. 10
 OBSERVATION

On connecting a voltmeter to the output of bridge circuit

12V current is coming.

Rectified D.C. Voltage

Page no. 11
 CONCLUSION

Rectifiers are found in all power supplies that

operate from an ac voltage source. Also the
rectifier is used as a power supply unit. The
rectifier converts the ac input voltage to a
pulsating de voltage. The filter eliminates the
fluctuations in the rectified voltage and
produces a relatively smooth de voltage. The
regulator is a circuit that maintains a constant
voltage for variations in the input line voltage
or in the load.

Working of A Rectifier :-

Page no. 12
 PRECAUTIONS

 Keep safe yourself from high voltage.

 Solder the wire safely.
 While soldering don't touch the soldering tip.
 Solder under adult supervision.

Page no. 13
 USES

Most electronic device cannot withstand very

high voltage or alternating current due to its
intense high power. The use of batteries in all
devices is not practical as their replacement
and durability is a huge problem as the devise
has to be dismantled each time for such
replacement. So these rectifiers are used in
most of the electronic devices like TV's,
Radios, Chargers and Lightings etc.

The common uses of rectifiers are to supply

polarized voltage for welding, detection of
amplitude modulated radio signals.

Page no. 14
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 Help from teachers

 Help from internet

 NCERT textbook

Websites:-

www.google.co.in
www.wikipedia.com
www.scribd.com
www.yahoo.com

Page no. 15