th
Class 10
Social Science
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
Crafted with love
By Digraj Singh Rajput
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
Manufacturing Industries
Main theory part Classification of industry [on different basis]
Importance of manufacturing ● Agro based industries [Cotton textile, Jute
textiles, Sugar industry]
● Mineral - based industries [Iron and steel
Industrial pollution and environmental degradation
industry, Aluminum smelting, chemical
industries, Fertilizer industry, Cement industry,
Control of environmental degradation Automobile industry, Information
communication]
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
1. Modernise agriculture and reduces dependence of people.
2. Eradicates unemployment and reduces regional disparities.
Manufacturing & it’s importance 3. Export brings foreign exchange.
4. Encourages prosperity of country through higher value of finished goods.
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
➔ Agriculture and industry goes hand in hand because.
➔ Agriculture gives raw materials to industries. While industry
gives tools, fertilizers etc and buy products from farmers.
In the present day world of globalisation, our industry needs to be more efficient and competitive.
Self-sufficiency + goods must be at par in quality with those in the international market
Classification of Industries On the basis of
● Raw material based: Agro based, mineral based.
● According to their main role: Basic or key industries, consumer industries
● Capital investment based: Small scale, large scale.
● Ownership: Public sector, private sector, joint sector, cooperative sector
● Bulk and weight of raw material and finished goods: Heavy industries, light industries
Geography|Minerals and Energy Resources
There are two statements given as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read both the statements and choose the
correct option. 1
Assertion (A): Agriculture and industry move hand in hand.
Reason (R): Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of unemployment and poverty from the
country.
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/2/1]
a. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of
the Assertion (A).
b. Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation
of the Assertion (A).
c. Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false.
d. Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true.
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
Agro based Industries Textile Industries (cotton textile & jute)
● It contributes significantly to industrial production,
Occupies unique position → employment generation and foreign exchange earnings.
● Self-reliant and complete in the value chain.
Cotton textiles 1. Localisation in Maharashtra and Gujarat?
2. Challenges faced.
➔ World class production in spinning, but weaving supplies low quality of fabric as it cannot
use much of the high quality yarn produced in the country.
➔ Spinning concentrated in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu while weaving is
decentralized to incorporate traditional skills.
Jute textiles 1. Localisation in West Bengal
2. Challenges faced. → Partition → Mills = India, Production Area = Bangladesh
➔ The first jute mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855 at Rishra.
Sugar Industry 1. Localisation/Shifting in southern states
2. Challenges faced.
➔ Seasonal in nature, produces variety of products. (Sugar, Gur, Khandsari)
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
Mineral based Industries Iron and steel is major industry, rest you can have an overview
1. Localisation near chota Nagpur plateau?
Iron and steel 2. Challenges faced.
➔ Basic Industries, Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of goods, regarded as the index of a
country’s development, Iron ore, coking coal and limestone are required in the ratio of
approximately 4 : 2 : 1.
Aluminum Smelting It is light, resistant to corrosion, a good conductor of heat, malleable.
Used to manufacture aircraft, utensils & wires.
Chemical Industry India produces organic & inorganic chemicals. The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
Centered around production of nitrogenous phosphate and ammonium phosphate
Fertilizer Industry
fertilizers. India lack potash reserves. After green revolution, the industry expanded.
Essential for construction activity and requires bulky and heavy raw materials. Industry has
Cement Industry
strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to the market in the Gulf countries.
Automobile Industry After liberalisation, demand of new contemporary models has increased. FDI brought new technology.
Bangalore has emerged as electronic capital.Major impact of
Information Technology and Electronics this industry is on the employment generation.
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
Industrial pollution and Environmental Degradation
Caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as SO2, CO2.
Air Pollution
Airborne particulate materials.
Caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into
Water Pollution
rivers by paper, pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum refineries, etc.
Thermal Pollution Occurs when hot water from factories and thermal plants are drained into rivers and
ponds before cooling. Wastes from nuclear power plants.
Noise Pollution Caused due to industrial and construction activities.
Machinery saws, electric drills make a lot of noise.
Control of Environmental Degradation
Water Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and recycling,
harvesting of rainwater, treating hot water and effluents before releasing, etc.
Air Reducing particulate matter through fitting smoke stacks, electrostatic precipitators,
fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators. Use oil/gas instead of coal.
Noise Fitting silencers in machinery using noise absorbing material.
Equipment adopting latest techniques, Minimising waste generation, Providing green belts, ash pond
NTPC shows the way management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste management, Ecological monitoring.
Key Words Geography|Manufacturing Industries
Agro-based industries: These industries use agricultural Small-scale industry: This industry is defined by a maximum
products like cotton, wool, and sugar to make goods like investment of one crore rupees on assets, and typically
textiles, rubber, and edible oil. involves fewer resources and smaller production scales.
Public sector: These industries are owned and operated by
Mineral-based industries: These industries use minerals like government agencies, such as BHEL and SAIL.
iron, coal, and limestone to produce products such as cement,
aluminum, and steel.
Private sector:These industries are owned and operated by
individuals or private companies, such as TISCO and Bajaj
Auto.
Basic or Key industries: These industries supply raw materials
(e.g., iron, steel, aluminum) for other industries to produce Joint Sector Venture : Which are jointly run by the state and
goods. individuals or a group of individuals, e.g. Oil India Ltd.
Consumer industries: These industries produce goods that are Cooperative sector industries: These industries are owned
used directly by consumers, such as sugar, toothpaste, and and managed by a group of people or workers who pool their
sewing machines. resources together, like the sugar industry in Maharashtra.
Key Words Geography|Manufacturing Industries
Ore : An ore is a natural material that contains a valuable Fabric Filter : An air pollution control device that removes
mineral mixed with other substances. The mineral is present particulates out of air by using woven or felted fabric as a filter
in a high enough amount that it is worth extracting for medium.
commercial use. How easy or difficult it is to mine depends on
the structure of the ore and how it was formed.
Scrubber : Pollution control device which uses liquid spray to
Aluminum smelting: Aluminum smelting is the process of wash out particulate matter and neutralises gaseous
extracting aluminum metal from its ore, bauxite, through pollutants.
electrolysis. It involves heating the bauxite in a solution to
separate aluminum from impurities.
Inertial Separator: A device that uses centrifugal force to
Particulate Matter : Solid or liquid matter that remains separate waste particles.
dispersed in gas or liquid emission and creates pollution.
Electrostatic Precipitator : An air pollution control device which
works on electricity for removing the solid particles from
emitted smoke.
MuST Know Question Geography|Manufacturing Industries
What is the meaning of manufacturing industry? Why is it considered the
backbone of economic development?
Production of good in the factories in large quantities after processing from raw
materials to move valuable products is called manufacturing industry.
● It helps in modernizing agriculture and reduces heavy dependence of people on
agriculture.
● Industries eradicate the problem of unemployment and poverty reducing regional
disparities.
● Brings the much needed foreign exchange.
● Diversifying industries helps in adding prosperity.
MuST Know Question Geography|Manufacturing Industries
Agriculture and industries are complementary to each other? Explain
1. Agro industries in India have given a major boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
2. Industries depend on agriculture for their raw material.
3. Industries sell that products such as irrigation pumps, fertilisers, etc. to the farmers.
4. Industries have made the production processes of agriculture very efficient.
5. Agriculture provides a huge market and consumer base for the industrial products.
MuST Know Question Geography|Manufacturing Industries
Classify industries on the basis of source of raw material. How are they
different from each other.
● Industries can be classified into agro-based industries and mineral based industries.
● Agro-based industries derive their raw material from an agriculture crop. E.g.
Cotton, tea, coffee, etc.
● Mineral-based industries derive their raw material from a mineral or a metal. E.g.
Iron and steel, machine tools.
MuST Know Question Geography|Manufacturing Industries
Explain any three factors responsible for the location of the cotton textile
industry in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
I. Availability of raw cotton, market, transport including accessible port facilities.
II. Cheap labour from the adjoining states.
III. The moist climate has caused the concentration of cotton textile industries in
Maharashtra and Gujarat regions.
MuST Know Question Geography|Manufacturing Industries
Analyse any three major challenges faced by the sugar industry in India.
● Old and inefficient methods of production.
● Delay in canes reaching factories for crushing due to inadequate network of
roads which leads to decrease the sucrose content in the sugarcane.
● We are still unable to maximise the use of bagasse.
MuST Know Question Geography|Manufacturing Industries
What are the mineral based industries? Give four examples.
➔ Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials are called mineral
based industries.
I. Iron and Steel industry - All other industries depend on it for their machinery.
II. Chemical industry - It contributes approximately 3 per cent of India’s GDP.
III. Fertiliser industry - It is centered around the production of nitrogenous,
phosphatic, ammonium phosphate and complex fertiliser.
IV. Cement industry - This requires limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum as raw
materials.
MuST Know Question Geography|Manufacturing Industries
What are the challenges faced by iron and steel industry in India.
i) High Transportation Costs: The iron and steel industry requires transporting heavy raw
materials (iron ore, coal, and limestone) as well as bulky finished goods, leading to
significant transportation expenses.
ii) Dependence on Raw Material Proximity: The industry needs to be close to high-grade raw
materials and resources like iron ore, which limits the location choices for steel plants.
iii) Efficient Network is a challenge: Distribution of finished products requires a strong
transport network for efficient access to markets, making logistics challenging if the
infrastructure is inadequate.
MuST Know Question Geography|Manufacturing Industries
What are the various types of pollution caused by industries? Suggest some measures to
prevent environmental degradation caused by them?
The types of pollution caused by industries are :
● Air Pollution: Industries emit harmful gases like sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide, along with particulate matter
from burning fossil fuels and industrial processes, which can have severe health impacts.
● Water Pollution: Organic and inorganic wastes from industries like textiles, chemicals, and paper are discharged into
water bodies, contaminating them with toxic substances such as heavy metals and chemicals.
● Thermal Pollution: Hot water discharged from thermal plants into rivers can harm aquatic life and disrupt ecosystems.
● Noise Pollution: Industrial activities generate loud noises from machinery, which can cause stress, irritation, and health
issues like hearing impairment and increased blood pressure.
The measures to prevent environmental degradation caused by them are :
● Water Management and Treatment: Industries should minimize water usage by recycling it, implement rainwater
harvesting, and treat effluents through multi-phase processes before discharging them into water bodies.
● Pollution Control Technologies: Electrostatic precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial separators can be used
to reduce Particulate matter in the air.
MuST Know Question Geography|Manufacturing Industries
Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the National Thermal Power
Corporation (NTPC) for preserving the natural environment and resources.
● Optimum utilization of equipment adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing
equipment.
● Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilization.
● Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balances and encouraging afforestation.
● Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system
and liquid waste management.
● Ecological monitoring reviews and online database management for all its power stations.
Previous year questions 2019
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/3/1]
Describe the importance of manufacturing industries as a backbone of economic development of
the country. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/3/1]
Describe the role of industries in the development of agriculture. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/2/1]
How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Explain various ways. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/5/1]
Why does the textile industry occupy an important position in the Indian economy? Explain. 5
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/4/1]
Explain the reasons for concentration of iron and steel industries in and around Chotanagpur
region. 5
CBSE Board Paper 2019 - Set [32/1/1]
How are industries responsible for environmental degradation in India? Explain with examples. 5
Previous year questions 2020
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
CBSE Board Paper 32/2/1 (2020)
Describe any three major problems faced by the Jute industry in India. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/2/1]
Suggest any three measures to improve environmental degradation. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2020 - Set [32/3/1]
Explain the ways through which the industrial pollution of fresh water can be reduced. 5
Previous year questions 2022
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/4/1]
Classify industries on the basis of source of raw materials. 2
CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/2/1]
Classify industries on the basis of raw materials. 2
CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/2/1]
How is chemical industry in India diversified? Explain. 2
Previous year questions 2022
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/3/1]
Read the case given below carefully and answer the questions that follow : 4
National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) shows the way
NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO certification for EMS (Environment Management
System) 14001. The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural environment and resources like
water, oil, gas and fuels in places where it is setting up power plants.
This has been possible through:
(a) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques and
upgrading existing equipment.
(b) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
(c) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of special purpose vehicles for
afforestation.
(d) Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling system and liquid waste
management.
(e) Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.
1) Define the term 'sustainable development'. 1
2) What is the idea behind ISO certification? 1
3) Examine the proactive approach of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC). 2
Previous year questions 2022
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
CBSE Board Paper 2022 - Set [32/1/1]
Study the given flowchart and answer the questions that follow :
1. Which is the basic material required for garment manufacturing?
2. Give one example of value addition in the textile industry.
Previous year questions 2023
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/4/1]
"Agriculture and industry move hand in hand." Support the statement with examples. 2
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/1/1]
How has Information Technology affected Electronic Industry? Explain. 3
Previous year questions 2023
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/6/1]
"The economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing
industries." Explain with examples. 5
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]
Explain the importance of manufacturing industries. 5
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/6/1]
How can the industrial pollution of fresh water be reduced? Explain with examples. 5
CBSE Board Paper 2023 - Set [32/5/1]
Explain any five ways to reduce industrial pollution. 5
Previous year questions 2024
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/2/2]
Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of an economic development.' Justify the
statement. 3
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/1/1]
Suggest any three ways to protect fresh water from industrial pollution. 3
Previous year questions 2024
Geography|Manufacturing Industries
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/2]
"Manufacturing sector is considered the backbone of development of the country." Justify the
statement. 5
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]
Describe the role of manufacturing industries in the economic development of a country. 5
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/5/2]
"Agriculture and Industry move hand in hand." Justify the statement. 5
CBSE Board Paper 2024 - Set [32/4/1]
Describe any five steps taken to save fresh water from industrial pollution. 5
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