Geo-Ch-5-Industries

There are so many different types of materials that we use from time to time in our daily lives.
All these materials have been provided to us through a huge process of manufacturing. The entire
process starts at one point and ends with the finished products. The entire process of
manufacturing is done so that the raw materials can be transformed into finished products for the
people. These products are manufactured in different industries.
The industry is an economic activity responsible for delivering us valuable finished goods that
we use in our daily lives. For example, even the smallest of things, a pencil or paper has to go
through more than one type of industry to develop into a finished product.

1. Importance of Manufacturing
[a] Industries add value to raw materials and turn them into usable finished products.
[b] Industries help to modernize the primary sector as it assists in creating jobs in the secondary
and tertiary sectors.
[c] It reduces poverty and unemployment rates.

[d] Manufacturing industries boost trade and commerce, which brings in foreign exchange.
[e] It contributes to the progress of the country by improving the economy.
2. Location
The location of an industry is affected by the availability of several things—
a. Capital: How much capital can be gained after investment and how much capital will be
required to sustain the business in the location - all of these factors determine the location which
will require the least capital, most favourable for industrial development.
b. Raw material: If the location has raw materials easily available, it is ideal for the industries as
raw materials form the backbone of any industry.
c. Market: The location should have a booming market nearby so the industries can sell their
products easily. These markets should have both national and international connections.
d. Government policies: The government-made rules and regulations regarding imports,
exports, and other traffic also determine the location of an industry.
e. Power: This refers to the availability of electricity in that location. Power is essential for
industrial machinery to function and produce goods. Uninterrupted power increases the
productivity of the factory.

f. Labour: Cheap labour should be readily available to work in the industry. The workforce is
necessary to operate its machines and also to oversee the administrative work.

3. Classification of Industries
i. There are several grounds on which industries are classified.
ii. Based on raw materials, industries can be classified into the following types:
a. Agro-based industries: Here plant and animal-based products serve as raw materials to
produce finished products. For instance, food processing, dairy products, vegetable oil, cotton
textile industries, etc.
b. Mineral-based industries: These primary industries involve the usage of ores of various
minerals as their raw materials. Finished goods from these industries are used as raw materials
for other industries. For instance, iron, an outcome of mineral-based industry, is used to make
heavy machinery, tools, etc.
c. Marine based industries: These industries use products obtained from the oceans and seas as
raw materials. For instance, industries that process seafood or manufacture fish oil.
d. Forest-based industries: These are industries employing forest produce as raw material. For
instance, pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture industries.
iii. Based on capital investment, industries are of the following types:
a. Small scale industries: These are industries using a lesser amount of capital and technology.
For example, silk weaving and food processing industries.
b. Large scale industries: These are industries involved in the production of large volumes of
products as the investment of capital is higher and the technology used is superior. For example,
automobiles production and heavy machinery industries.
iv. Based on ownership, industries are of the following types:
a. Public sector industries: These are industries that are owned as well as operated by the
government. For example, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited.
b. Private sector industries: These are industries that have individuals or a group of individuals
owning and operating them. For example, ITC Limited and Reliance Industries Limited.
c. Joint sector industries: These are industries owned and operated both by the state and
individuals or a group of individuals. For example, Maruti Udyog Limited.
d. Cooperative sector industries: These are industries that are under the ownership and
operation of producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both. For example, AMUL,
Sudha Dairy, etc.
4. Agro-based Industries
i. Textile industry: It is the only industry in India, which is both self-reliant and thorough in the
value chain. It generates employment, industrial production, and foreign exchange.
a. Cotton textiles: It links workers who work in weaving, designing, ginning, packaging,
spinning, sewing, tailoring, and cotton ball plucking and agriculture. Until the industrial
revolution took place, cotton cloth was made from looms or hand spinning wheels. The USA,
China, India, and Japan are the most crucial cotton-producing countries. It was the year 1854
when in Mumbai the first successful mechanized cotton mill was established.
b. Jute textiles: The largest manufacturer of jute goods and raw jute is none other than our
country India. Several mills are located in West Bengal, mainly along the banks of the Hugli
river. Most importantly, jute was employed for making textiles in the Indus valley civilization
since the third millennium BC.
ii. Sugar industry: India is the world's second producer of sugar. The sugar industry includes
certain stages like the production of sugars, their processing, and finally marketing. This industry
is seasonal in nature.
5. Mineral-based industry
i. Iron and steel industry: Heavy, medium, and light industries depend on the iron and steel
industry for primary machinery. Bhilai ( Chhattisgarh), Jamshedpur ( Jharkhand), Burnpur (West
Bengal) are some hotspots locations for the iron and steel industry. TISCO or Tata Steel
Company Limited is an important example of such an industry.
ii. Aluminum: Smelting Bauxite is the raw material employed in this industry. It is the second-
most crucial metallurgical industry in India and has immensely gained popularity.
iii. Chemical industry: It includes both small-scale and large-scale manufacturing industries in
both organic and inorganic sectors. For example, Tata chemicals Limited, UPL Limited, Atul
Limited, and so on.
iv. Fertilizer industry: These industries focus on phosphate production, nitrogenous,
ammonium phosphate, and other types of fertilizers.
v. Cement industry: The cement industry forms the backbone of the construction sector. It is
required for the construction of bridges, factories, houses, and other buildings. The cement
industry contributes to the urbanisation process. This industry consumes heavy raw materials,
limestone, gypsum, and silica.
vi. Automobile industry: It deals with the manufacturing of buses, cars, trucks, scooters, multi-
utility, and three-wheelers. The transportation sector heavily depends upon this industry. The
automobile industry is located in Bangalore, Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, and other cities. Information
Technology and Electronic Industry This industry covers a broad range of products ranging from
televisions, cellular telecom, radars, computers, etc. It also supports the needs of the
telecommunication sector. It has several employment opportunities in India. Bangalore is India’s
electronic capital.

vii. Information technology and electronic industry: This industry covers a broad range of
products ranging from televisions, cellular telecom, radars, computers, etc. It also supports the
needs of the telecommunication sector. It has several employment opportunities in India.
Bangalore is India’s electronic capital.
6. Industrial pollution and environmental degradation
Industries cause four types of pollution. Those are as follows:
i. Air pollution
ii. Water pollution
iii. Land pollution
iv. Noise pollution
7. Control of Environmental Degradation
Following are the ways through which industrial pollution can be decreased—
i. Minimizing water usage by reusing and recycling.
ii. Practicing rainwater harvesting
iii. Treating effluents and hot water before discharging them in ponds and rivers.
iv. Installation of smokestacks with fabric filters, electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, etc.
v. Reduction of smoke with the use of gas and oil.
vi. Machinery can be substantially designed and updated to enhance energy efficiency and curtail
noise.
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