Symmetrical Components Explained by Example

Symmetrical components is the name given to a methodology discovered by Charles Legeyt Fortescue in 1913.
Fortescue demonstrated that any set of unbalanced three-phase quantities could be expressed as the sum of three
symmetrical sets of balanced phasors.
Using this method, unbalanced system conditions, like those caused by common fault types may be analyzed with a
"Per Phase" approach.

According to Fortescue’s methodology, there are three sets of independent phasors (components) in a three-phase system:
Positive Sequence:
• Supplied by the "Generator " or "Source" and are always present.
• Equal in Magnitude.
• Rotate counter-clockwise with the "Sequence" A-B-C-A ....etc.
• First A, then B, then C, then A again, etc.
• In other words: B Lags A, C Lags B, A Lags C (by 120 Degrees.... or 5.56 sec in a 60Hz system).
Positive Sequence Phasors
Negative Sequence:
• Negative Sequence "Generator " or "Source" Voltages will only exist if the "Source" is unbalanced.
• Negative Sequence System Voltages and Currents will exist during unbalanced fault conditions.
• Equal in magnitude.
• Rotate counter-clockwise with the "Sequence" A-C-B-A ....etc.
• First A, then C , then B, then A again, etc.
• In other words: C Lags A, B Lags C, A Lags B (by 120 Degrees.... or 5.56 sec in a 60Hz system).

Zero Sequence:
• Zero Sequence "Generator " or "Source" Voltages will not exist in a "Normal" 3-Phase Source.
• Zero Sequence System Voltages and Currents will exist during unbalanced fault conditions when "Ground" Currents Negative Sequence Phasors
flow.
• Equal in magnitude.
• Rotate counter-clockwise with no "Sequence" .
• In other words: A and B and C then 360 Degrees later... A and B and C again ....etc.

Question Is .....
How to "Decompose" an Unbalance set of 3-Phase Phasors into their Positive, Negative, and Zero Sequence Components
Or .....
How to "Compose" a set of 3-Phase Vectors Given Phase "A" Positive, Negative, and Zero Sequence Vectors
Note: The A, B, and C Phase Vectors could be Voltage or Current
 Symmetrical Components Explained by Example (cont.)
A,B,C Phasors each have 3 components (positive, negative, zero)

start: then: in matrix form:

0
𝐴 = 𝐴+ + 𝐴− + 𝐴0 𝐴 = 𝐴0 + 𝐴+ + 𝐴− 𝐴 1 𝐴 1 12 1
𝐵 = 𝐵+ + 𝐵− + 𝐵0 𝐵 = 𝐴0 + 𝛼 2 𝐴+ + 𝛼𝐴− 𝐵 = 𝐴+ 1 𝛼 𝛼
3 −
𝐶 = 𝐶+ + 𝐶− + 𝐶0 𝐶 = 𝐴0 + 𝛼𝐴+ + 𝛼 2 𝐴− 𝐶 𝐴 1 𝛼 𝛼2

where: solving for A+, A-, A0

𝐵+ = 𝐴+ ∠240 1 𝐴0 1 𝐴 1 1 1
𝐴0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + = 𝐵 1 𝛼 𝛼2
𝐵− = 𝐴− ∠120 3 𝐴
1 3
𝐵0 = 𝐴0 𝐴− 𝐶 1 𝛼2 𝛼
𝐴+ = 𝐴 + 𝛼𝐵 + 𝛼 2 𝐶
𝐶 + = 𝐴+ ∠120 3
1
𝐶 − = 𝐴− ∠240 𝐴− = 𝐴 + 𝛼 2 𝐵 + 𝛼𝐶
𝐶 0 = 𝐴0 3

let:
𝛼 = 1∠120°
𝛼 2 = 1∠240
 Symmetrical Components Explained by Example (cont.)

Now ... How to Apply Symmetrical Components to Faults in Three-Phase Power Systems:
• First .... important to realize that the source or generator voltage is balanced (in three-phase power systems)
• Phase A source voltage is chosen for the reference angle (0)
|𝑉𝐿𝐿 |
|𝑉∅ | = 𝑉𝐴 = |𝑉∅ |∠0° 𝑉𝐵 = |𝑉∅ |∠240° 𝑉𝐶 = |𝑉∅ |∠120°
3

Because the source or generator voltage is balanced .....

negative and zero sequence source voltages are zero (do not exist)
𝑉𝐴− = 𝑉𝐵− = 𝑉𝐶 − = 0∠0
𝑉𝐴0 = 𝑉𝐵𝑜 = 𝑉𝐶 𝑜 = 0∠0
𝑉𝐴+ = |𝑉∅ |∠0
𝑉𝐵+ = |𝑉∅ |∠240°
𝑉𝐶 + = |𝑉∅ | ∠120°

In other words ....

• The source voltages are nothing new ... the same per-phase voltages used in normal circuit analysis.
 Symmetrical Components Explained by Example (cont.)

Now that a per-phase fault analysis is possible ... How to model phase impedances?
• First .... A,B,C phase impedances are assumed equal (in three-phase power systems)
• Next... Draw the Circuit to be Analyzed .... Using only Phase A.

𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋
Z

𝑉𝐴+ = |𝑉∅ |∠0° Load = 0

This circuit represents the source voltage and Thevenin impedance looking into some fault on the system
• the Thevenin impedance consists of positive, negative, and zero sequence components
• notice that loads are not considered in fault analysis.
• important to realize that all values are phasor quantities
• next… draw the three sequence networks

Z+ Z- Zo

𝑉𝐴+ 𝑉𝐴− = 0 𝑉𝐴0 = 0

 Symmetrical Components Explained by Example (cont.)
Next... The Trick is how to Connect the Sequence Networks for Different Fault Conditions.
Although it may not be Intuitive ..... This is how it works:
Three-Phase to Ground Fault (3LG):
• this is a balanced fault... no ground current will flow
• since this is a balanced Fault..... no negative sequence current will flow
• since there is no ground current... no zero sequence current will flow
• the three sequence networks are not connected
• this means that you only have to deal with the positive sequence network
• the currents in the negative and zero sequence networks are zero… (no voltage to source them)
• analyze the positive sequence network to obtain the A phase current or voltages
• B and C phase current will have the same magnitude as A… but shifted by +/- 120
Single Line to Ground Fault (1LG):
• this is an unbalanced fault.... ground Current will Flow
• since this is an unbalanced fault..... negative sequence current will flow
• since there is ground current..... zero sequence current will flow
• the positive, negative, and zero sequence networks are connected in series
• analyze this connection to obtain the A phase currents or voltages
• you will find that the three sequence currents in phase A are equal
• use the phase A currents to calculate the B and C phases (using the transformations described above)
Line-to-Line Fault (LL):
• this is an unbalanced fault.... but ground current will not Flow
• since this is an unbalanced fault..... negative sequence current will flow
• since there is no ground current..... zero sequence current will not flow
• the positive and negative sequence networks are connected in parallel
• analyze this connection to obtain the A phase currents or voltages
• you will find that the positive and negative sequence currents are equal but shifted by 180
• use the phase A currents to calculate the B and C phases (using the transformations described above)
Line-to-Line to Ground Fault (2LG):
• this is an unbalanced fault.... ground current will flow
• Since this is an Unbalanced Fault..... Negative Sequence Current will Flow
• Since there is Ground Current..... Zero Sequence Current will Flow
• the positive, negative and zero sequence networks are connected in parallel
• analyze this connection to obtain the A phase currents or voltages
• you will find that the positive sequence current is equal to the sum of the negative and zero sequence currents shifted by 180
• use the phase A currents to calculate the B and C phases (using the transformations described above)
 3L or 3LG Fault
Example
Three-Phase Fault (3L) -or- Three-Phase to Ground Fault (3LG):

Z+ Z- Zo

𝑉𝐴+ 𝐼𝐴+ 𝐼𝐴− = 0 𝐼𝐴𝑜 = 0

𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝑉𝐴+ 79674∠0°

𝐼𝐴+ = = = 7811∠281.3°
𝑍+ = 2 + 𝑗10 = 10.2∠78.7° Ω 𝑍 + 10.2∠78.7°
𝑍− = 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑛 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵+ and 𝐶 + Values:
𝑍0 = 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝐵+ = 𝐼𝐴+ 1∠240° = 7811∠281.3° 1∠240° = 7811∠161.3°
𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑉𝐿𝐿 = 138𝑘𝑉 𝐼𝐶 + = 𝐼𝐴+ 1∠120° = 7811∠281.3° 1∠120° = 7811∠41.3°
𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 "Total" 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 Values:
|𝑉∅ | = = 79674 𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴+ + 𝐼𝐴− + 𝐼𝐴𝑜 = 𝐼𝐴+ + 0 + 0 = 𝐼𝐴+ = 7811∠281.3° 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠
3
𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝐵+ + 𝐼𝐵− + 𝐼𝐵𝑜 = 𝐼𝐵+ + 0 + 0 = 𝐼𝐵+ = 7811∠161.3° 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠
𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼𝐶 + + 𝐼𝐶 − + 𝐼𝐶 𝑜 = 𝐼𝐶 + + 0 + 0 = 𝐼𝐶 + = 7811∠41.3° 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠

𝐼𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝐼𝐴+ + 𝐼𝐵+ + 𝐼𝐶 + = 0 𝐼𝐴− = 𝐼𝐵− = 𝐼𝐶 − = 0 𝐼𝐴0 = 𝐼𝐵0 = 𝐼𝐶 0 = 0

 1LG Fault
Example
Single Line-to-Ground Fault (1LG) on Phase "A":

Z+
𝐿𝑒𝑡:
𝐼𝐴+ 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 69𝑘𝑉
𝑉𝐴+ 𝑉𝐿𝐿 69𝑘𝑉
|𝑉∅ | = = = 39837 𝑉
3 3
𝑉𝐴+ = 39837∠0° = 39837 + 𝑗0 𝑉
Z- 𝑍+ = 9 + 𝑗20 = 21.93Ω∠65.77° Ω
𝑍− = 9 + 𝑗20 = 21.93Ω∠65.77° Ω
𝐼𝐴− 𝑍0 = 16 + 𝑗39 = 42.15Ω∠67.69° Ω

𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒: 𝐼𝐴+ = 𝐼𝐴− = 𝐼𝐴𝑜

𝑍𝐸𝑄 = 𝑍+ + 𝑍− + 𝑍𝑜
Zo 𝑍𝐸𝑄 = 9 + 𝑗20 + 9 + 𝑗20 + 16 + 𝑗39 = 34 + 𝑗79 = 86.0∠66.71°
𝐼𝐴𝑜 𝑉𝐴+ 39837∠0°
𝐼𝐴+ = 𝐼𝐴− = 𝐼𝐴𝑜 = = = 463.2∠293.3°
𝑍𝐸𝑄 86.0∠66.71°
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑎𝑡:
𝐼𝐴𝑜 = 𝐼𝐵𝑜 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑜 = 463.2∠293.3° = 183.2 − 𝑗425.4
 1LG Fault (cont.)
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵+ and 𝐶 + Values:
𝐼𝐵+ = 𝐼𝐴+ 1∠ − 120° = 463.2∠ − 66.71 ° 1∠240° = 463.2∠173.3° = −460.0 + 𝑗54.0
𝐼𝐶 + = 𝐼𝐴+ 1∠120° = 463.2∠ − 66.71 ° 1∠120° = 463.2∠53.3° = 276.9 + 𝑗371.3
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵− and 𝐶 − Values:
𝐼𝐵− = 𝐼𝐴− 1∠120° = 463.2∠ − 66.71 ° 1∠120° = 463.2∠53.3° = 276.9 + 𝑗371.3
𝐼𝐶 − = 𝐼𝐴− 1∠ − 120° = 463.2∠ − 66.71 ° 1∠240° = 463.2∠173.3° = −460.0 + 𝑗54.0
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 "Total" 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 Values:
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴+ + 𝐼𝐴− + 𝐼𝐴𝑜 = 3𝐼𝐴𝑜 = 3 463.2∠293.3° = 1389.6∠293.3°
𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝐵+ + 𝐼𝐵− + 𝐼𝐵𝑜 = −460.0 + 𝑗54.0 + 276.9 + 𝑗371.3 + 183.1 − 𝑗425.5 = 0 + 𝑗0 = 0
𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼𝐶 + + 𝐼𝐶 − + 𝐼𝐶 𝑜 = 276.9 + 𝑗371.3 − 460.0 + 𝑗54.0 + 183.1 − 𝑗425.5 = 0 + 𝑗0 = 0
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 … . 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒

𝐼𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝐶
𝐼𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1389.6∠293.3°
𝑙𝑒𝑡:
𝐼𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝐼𝐴+ = 463.2
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 1389.6∠293.3°
𝐼𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = =
𝐼𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 463.2
𝑝𝑢
𝐼𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 3.0∠293.3° = 3.0∠ − 66.7
 LL Fault
Example
Line-to-Line Fault (LL) on Phases B to C:

-Z
Z+ Zo
𝐼𝐴+ 𝐼𝐴− 𝐼𝐴𝑜 = 0
𝑉𝐴+

𝐿𝑒𝑡: 𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒: 𝐼𝐴+ = −𝐼𝐴− 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼𝐴𝑜 = 0

𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 138𝑘𝑉 𝑍𝐸𝑄 = 𝑍+ + 𝑍− = 1 + 𝑗8 + 1 + 𝑗8 = 2 + 𝑗16 = 16.1245∠82.87°
𝑍+ = 1Ω + 𝑗8Ω = 8.06Ω∠82.87° 𝑉𝐴+ 79674∠0°
𝐼𝐴+ = −𝐼𝐴− = = = 4941.18 ∠277.13°
𝑍− = 1Ω + 𝑗8Ω = 8.06Ω∠82.87° 𝑍𝐸𝑄 16.1245∠82.87°
𝑍0 = 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑁𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝐴+ = 4941.18 ∠277.13° = 613.30 − 𝑗4903.0
𝑉𝐿𝐿 138𝑘𝑉 𝐼𝐴− = 4941.18 ∠97.13° = −613.30 + 𝑗4903.0
|𝑉∅ | = = = 79674
3 3
𝑉𝐴+ = 79674∠0° = 79674 + 𝑗0 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑆𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒:
𝐼𝐴𝑜 = 𝐼𝐵𝑜 = 𝐼𝐶 𝑜 = 0

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵+ and 𝐶 + Values:

𝐼𝐵+ = 𝐼𝐴+ 1∠240° = 4941.18∠277.13° 1∠240° = 4941.18∠157.13° = −4552.75 + 𝑗1920.35
𝐼𝐶 + = 𝐼𝐴+ 1∠120° = 4941.18∠277.13° 1∠120° = 4941.18∠37.13° = 3939.44 + 𝑗2982.62
 LL Fault (cont.)

𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵− and 𝐶 − Values:

𝐼𝐵− = 𝐼𝐴− 1∠120° = 4941.18∠97.13° 1∠120° = 4941.18∠217.13° = −3939.44 − 𝑗2982.62
𝐼𝐶 − = 𝐼𝐴− 1∠240° = 4941.18∠97.13° 1∠240° = 4941.18∠337.13° = 4552.75 − 𝑗1920.35
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 "Total" 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 Values:
𝐼𝐴 = 𝐼𝐴+ + 𝐼𝐴− + 𝐼𝐴𝑜 = 613.30 − 𝑗4903.0 − 613.30 + 𝑗4903.0 + 0 = 0
𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝐵+ + 𝐼𝐵− + 𝐼𝐵𝑜 = −4552.75 + 𝑗1920.35 − 3939.44 − 𝑗2982.6 + 0 = −8492.2 + 𝑗1062.25 = 8558.19∠187.1°
𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼𝐶 + + 𝐼𝐶 − + 𝐼𝐶 𝑜 = 3939.44 + 𝑗2982.62 + 4552.75 − 𝑗1920.35 + 0 = 8492.2 − 𝑗1062.25 = 8558.19∠7.1

𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡:

𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒…
𝑜𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑑.
𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒…
𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑏𝑢𝑡…
𝐵 𝑡𝑜 𝐶 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑏𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠𝑙𝑦 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜, ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟…
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝐶 "𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡" 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑖𝑠 1/2 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

𝑙𝑒𝑡:
𝐼𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝐼𝐴+ = 4941.18
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝐵 8558.19∠187.1°
𝐼𝐵 = = = 1.732∠187.1°
𝐼𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 4941.18
𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝐶 8558.19∠7.1°
𝐼𝐶 = = = 1.732∠7.1°
𝐼𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 4941.18
 2LG Fault

Example
Line-to-Line-to-Ground Fault (2LG) on Phases B to C to Ground:

Z+ 𝐿𝑒𝑡:
𝑍 + = 0.6 + 𝑗4 = 4.0447∠81.469° Ω
𝐼𝐴+ 𝑍 − = 0.6 + 𝑗4 = 4.0447∠81.469° Ω
𝑉𝐴+ 𝑍 0 = 1.4 + 𝑗6 = 6.161∠76.866° Ω
𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 69𝑘𝑉
𝑉𝐿𝐿 69𝑘𝑉
|𝑉∅ | = = = 39837.2
3 3
𝑉𝐴+ = 39837∠0° = 39837 + 𝑗0

𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑒: 𝐼𝐴+ + 𝐼𝐴− + 𝐼𝐴𝑜 = 0

𝑍𝐸𝑄 = 𝑍 + + 𝑍 − ∥ 𝑍 0
𝑍 −𝑍 0 (4.0447∠81.47°)(6.161∠76.87° ) 24.919∠158.34°
𝑍− ∥ 𝑍0 = = = = 2.4436∠79.645° = 0.4392 + 𝑗2.4038
𝑍− + 𝑍0 0.6 + 𝑗4 + (1.4 + 𝑗6) 10.198∠78.69°
𝑍𝐸𝑄 = 0.6 + 𝑗4 + 0.4392 + 𝑗2.4038 = 1.03923 + 𝑗6.40385 = 6.487623∠80.782°
𝑉𝐴+ 39837∠0°
𝐼𝐴+ = = = 6140.46 ∠279.218° = 983.62 − 𝑗6061.19
𝑍𝐸𝑄 6.487623∠80.782°
−𝐼𝐴+ 𝑍0
𝐼𝐴− =
𝑍− + 𝑍0
−𝐼𝐴+ 𝑍−
𝐼𝐴0 =
𝑍− + 𝑍0
2LG Fault (cont.)
 2LG Fault (cont.)
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡:
𝐼𝐺 = 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐼𝐵 + 𝐼𝐶 = 0 + 𝑗0 − 9194.4 + 𝑗2308.1 + 7675.7 + 𝑗4838.8 = −1518.3 + 𝑗7146.9 = 7306.4∠102.0°
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴 … 𝑜𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐴 𝑝h𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑑.
𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 … . 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑡 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 3𝐼𝐴0

𝑙𝑒𝑡: 𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝐺 7306.4∠102.0°
𝐼𝐺 = = = 1.190∠102.0°
𝐼𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝐼𝐴+ = 6140.46 𝐼𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 6140.46
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛:
𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝐵 9479.7∠165.9°
𝐼𝐵 = = = 1.544∠165.9°
𝐼𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 6140.46
𝑝𝑢 𝐼𝐶 9073.6∠32.23°
𝐼𝐶 = = = 1.478∠32.23°
𝐼𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 6140.46
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