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Basic

SECONDTERME-LEARNINGNOTE

SUBJECT:BASICSCIENCE CLASS:JS3

SCHEMEOFWORKW

EEK TOPIC
1. ElectricalEnergy
2. SkillAcquisition
3. TeenagePregnancyandAbortion
4. Elements,CompoundandAtomicStructure
5. Radioactivity
6. ChemicalFormula
7. WritingandBalancingChemicalEquations.
8. SimpleMachines
9. DigestiveSystem
10. Circulatory System

REFRENCES
 BasisScienceMadeEasy forJSSThreebyF.IKehindeetal
 BasisScienceMadeEasyforJSSTwobyF.IKehindeetal
 STANIntegratedScienceforJSSThree
 PreciousSeedsBasicScienceforJSSThreebyJ.OOtugboyegaetal.

WEEKONE
TOPIC:ELECTRICALENERGY
CONTENT
 Introduction.
 ConceptofElectronFlow.
 ConceptofCurrent,ResistanceandPotentialDifference.
 SeriesandParallelArrangementinElectricCircuit.
 HouseCircuit:FuseandCircuitBreaker.
 ElectricMeterReadingandBilling.

INTRODUCTION
Electricity is the flow of electric current. Electric Current is the continuous flow of charges (electrons). It
isalso the rate of flow of charges. Electricity has several applications in the modern day society.
Electricalenergyisneededbyindustries,hospitals,offices,homes,schools,researchinstitutesandsoon.Power

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generationinNigeriaisbyelectricityDistributionCompanyofNigeria(EDCN),whichissaddledwithresponsibilityofgen
eratingpower, distributionofpowerandbillingofpowerconsumption.
Conceptof ElectronFlow
Whencurrentisflowinginawire,electronsaremovingrapidly.Electronshavenegativecharges.Negativechargeisusu
allyshownwith a minussign.Electronsflow roundapathcalled circuit.

ConceptofCurrent,ResistanceandPotentialDifference
Current: current is the continuous flow of electrons. It is also defined as the rate of flow of charges. It
isrepresented as I. It measured in ampere (A). It is measured using an instrument called ammeter.
Dependonthesourceofgeneration,therearetwotypesofcurrent:Directcurrent(DC)andalternatingcurrent

(AC). Direct current is gotten from small generators, batteries and inverters while the alternating
currentcomesfrom the transmission linesandtransformers.

Resistance:thisistheoppositiontotheflowifelectriccurrentinacircuit.IsrepresentedasR.Itis

measured in ohms with an instrument called ohmmeter. An electrical component designed to introduce
aknownvalueofresistance intoacircuit iscalledaresistor.
Potential difference (P.D): This is the energy required to move charges from the positive terminal to
thenegativeterminal.P.disrepresentedasV andmeasuredinvoltusinganinstrumentcalledVoltmeter.

SeriesandParallelArrangementinElectricCircuit.Ser
iesArrangementof Resistors.
Seriesconnectionistheconnectionofresistorsfromoneendtoanother.RT= R1+
R2+R3
RTmeanstotaloreffectiveresistance.

ParallelArrangementofResistors.
Thisisthearrangementinwhichresistorsarearrangedsidebysidesuchtheircorrespondingendsjointogetherat
twocommon junctions.
1/RT= 1/R1 +1/R2 +1/R3

EVALUATION
1. Differentiatebetweenparallelandseriesarrangement.
2. Definethefollowing(a)current(b)potentialdifference(c)Resistance.
3. Whatiselectricity?

HOUSECIRCUIT:FUSEANDCIRCUITBREAKER.
220Vofelectricityentersourhomesfromthetransformeranditussentintothemeter.

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In order to prevent power surges or electrical problems, fuses and circuit breakers are used. A fuse is
asafety device in an electric circuit. It consists of a thin resistance wire that will permit only a certain
amountof electric current to pass through it, otherwise it will melt. Fuses are placed in the main electrical
supply toprotect wiring in the house. A circuit breaker has a switch that automatically goes off when there is
anelectricalproblemit canbeturnedon later.

BillingofElectricMeterReading
Athome,electricalpowerismeasuredandbilled.Poweristherateatwhichworkisdone.Electricalpower
=current×voltage

Electricalpowerismeasuredin wattusinganinstrumentknownaswattmeter.
One watt is the power consumed in an electric circuit when one joule of work is done in one second.
Largerunitsof power are thekilowatt (kW) andmegawatts(MW).
1KW= 1000watts=103W
1MW=1000000watts=106W=103 KW.

InordertobillanelectricMeter,electricenergyconsumptionismeasuredandsoldbytheElectricityDistributionCompan
yof Nigeria (EDCN)in unitsof kilowatt-hour.

Example:Aradiosetisusedfor12hours perday for65days.Findthequalityofenergyconsumedandthecost,if theradio

setisrated35W. Assumethat thecostof 1kWh is50kobo.

Solution
Quantity of energy consumed = power ×
timeEnergy consumed= 35W × 12hours ×
65daysEnergyconsumed=27300Wh
Dividingby1000tomakeitKWh=27300Wh
1000
Therefore,thequantityofenergyconsumed=27.3kWh
Cost=quantityofenergyconsumed×thecostof1unitofenergyCostof
1 unitofenergy=50kobo
Costofenergyconsumed=27.3kWh×50kobo=1365kobo=13.65

Electricmeterreading
Electric meter is a device installed in homes, industries, schools and offices to read the quantity of
electricalenergy used by local consumers of electricity. To read the meter, the previous unit is subtracted
from thecurrentunit, whichwillgive the actualmeter readingofthe meter.

Forexample,ifthepreviousunitorreadingonthemeteris48,626.8unitsandthecurrentreadingis59,014.1units,
theactualmeterreadingforthe monthwillbegivenasfollows:
Currentreading -Previousreading=Actualreading
50,014 -48,626.8=1,387.3
Therefore,themeterreadingforthemonthis1387.3

EVALUATION
1. Statethedifferencebetweenfuseandcircuitbreaker.
2. Whatdeviceisusedtomeasureelectricalpower?

GENERALEVALUATION/REVISIONALQUESTIONS
1. Whatiselectricalpower?
2. Statetheuseof:(a)ohmmeter(b)ammeter(c)wattmeter

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3. Whatiswork?
4. Statethefeaturesthatadapt(a)birds(b)fishestotheirhabitat
5. Whatisgeneticcounselling?

READINGASSIGNMENT
PreciousSeedsBasicScienceforJSSthreebyJ.Ootugboyegaetal.Chapter16.Pg99-101

WEEKENDASSIGNMENT
1. Theinstrumentusedfor measuringelectriccurrentisA.AmmeterB.WattmeterC.VoltmeterD.Ohmmeter
2. ThekindofcurrentgeneratedbyEDCNis current
A.ParallelB.SeriesC.DirectD.alternating
3. istheoppositiontoelectriccurrentA.PotentialdifferenceB.ElectricalpowerC.Resistance
D.Fuse.
4. AdevicewhichisusedtopreventpowersurgesfromdamagingappliancesiscalledA.MeterB.FuseC.CoilD.
Wattmeter
5. Thetypeofconnectioncommonlyusedathomeis
A.ParallelB.SeriesC.DirectD.alternating

THEORY
1. Whatiselectricity?
2. Explainelectronflow.

WEEKTWO
TOPIC: SKILL
ACQUISITIONSCONTENT
 MeaningSkillAcquisition
 ReasonsforSkillAcquisition
 TypesofSkill
 ImportanceofSkillAcquisition

MeaningofSkillAcquisition
A skill is a special ability acquired through training in order to do something in a better way. Skill is
alsodefined as the ability to bring about some end result with maximum certainty an minimum outlay of time
andenergy. There is a different between talent and skill. Skill is usually acquired through training from either
aformal or an informal setting. Talent is an inborn ability to do certain things. It is possible to be talented
butnot skilled. The training acquired will help the talented individual to improve on his/her ability. An
acquiredskill is perfected through constant practice and training. Psychologists believe that when you
practice a skillcontinuous for seven years or 10,000 hours it becomes part of you. Someone who has
undergone trainingtoacquire askill is called a professional or an expert whilesomeone who knows littleor
nothing aboutaskill is called a novice. The process of moving from being a novice or unskilled person to a
skilled person
oraprofessionaliscalledskillacquisition.Skillacquisitionistheprocessoflearningandmasteringaparticularskill.

ReasonsforSkill Acquisition
1. To earn a living: Skill could be acquired in order provide a means of livelihood for the
individual.The individualusesthemoneyearnedfromusinghisskillsto meetbasicneeds.
2. Foremployment:Acquiringaskillprovidesanindividualwiththeopportunityofbeingself-employed. Skill
acquisition reduces the stress of seeking for a job all over the place. The
moreengagedapersonisinaprofession,themoreskillfulhe/shebecomes.Suchapersoncaneven

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earnmoremoneybytrainingothers.Thepersonbecomesadecisionmakerandamanagerofemergencies
3. Forindependence:skillacquisitionenablesonetobeindependent,notrelyingonfriendsandfamilyfor
survival

Otherreasonsforskillacquisitioninclude:
1. Risktaking
2. Decisionmaking
3. Managingemergencysituation
4. Survivalstrategy
5. Learningtolivetogether
6. Improvementofqualityoflife.
7. Appreciatinghumancapacity

EVALUATION
1. Whatisskill?
2. Whatarethereasonsforskillacquisition?

TypesofSkills
Therearedifferentskillsthatcanbeacquiredandtheyinclude:
1. Automobilerepairs(mechanicalworks)
2. Painting
3. Hairdressing/barber'swork
4. Photography
5. Publishing
6. Catering
7. Panelbeating
8. Bookbinding
9. Farming
10. Computer literacy
11. Fineart
12. Welding
13. Bricklaying
14. Plumbing
15. ICT
16. Metalwork
17. Electricalinstallation
18. Videocoverage
19. Fishfarming
20. Trading
21. Shoemaking
22. Fashiondesigning
23. Upholstery/carpentry
24. Hat/beadmaking
25. Desktoppublishing

ImportanceofSkillAcquisition
1. Improvementinskillsandknowledge.
2. Improvementincommunication.
3. Improvementonthequalityoflife.
4. Survivalstrategy.

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5. Meansoflivelihood.
6. Self-gratificationandindependence.
7. Meaningfulcontributiontothesociety.

Evaluation
1. Statefiveimportanceofacquiringskills.
2. Statetenskillsthatcanbeacquired.

GENERALEVALUATION
1. Statetentypesofskills.
2. Whatarethereasonsforacquiringskills?
3. Statefourcauseofflooding.
4. Whatislightenergy?
5. Statethelawsofrefraction.

READINGASSIGNMENT
BasisScienceMadeEasyforJSSThreebyF.IKehindeetal.Chapter14.Page61-64

WEEKENDASSIGNMENT
1. AspecialabilityacquiredthroughtrainingiscalledA.Method.B.Process.C.Entertainment.D.Skill.
2. Oneofthefollowingisnotanacquiredskill A.Photography B.Sleeping C.Catering
D.Weaving
3. Someonewhohasacquiredaskilliscalleda
A.ProfessorB.CohesionC.ProfessionD.Professional
4. Whichofthefollowingisnotareasonforacquiringskills?
A.SurvivalstrategyB.DependencyonfriendsC.Self-employmentD. Trainingothers
5. Apersonwhohaslittleornoknowledgeabout aparticularskilliscalledA.ProfessionalB.Expert
C.GuruD.Novice

THEORY
1. Defineskillacquisition.
2. Mentionfivetypesofskills.
3. Statefourreasonsforacquiringskills.
4. Statefourimportanceofskillacquisition.

WEEKTHREE
TOPIC:TEENAGEPREGNANCYANDABORTION
CONTENT
 MeaningofTeenagePregnancy
 ConsequencesofTeenagePregnancyandDelivery
 MythsandFactsAboutPregnancy

Teenage pregnancy refers to pregnancy in a girl between the ages of 10-19. Teenage pregnancy is
usuallyunintended and unwanted. The fact that you are at pubertal age and can get pregnant physically
does notmeanthatyouarereallymaturetobepregnantsocially,emotionally,educationallyevenfinancially.
Teenage pregnancy can be dangerous for both the mother and the unborn child. Complication at child
birth,andunsafeabortion,usuallyresultfrom teenagepregnancy.

CONSEQUENCESOFTEENAGEPREGNANCYANDDELIVERY

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Thefollowingaresomeoftheconsequencesofagirlwho gotpregnantattheunripeageofteens.
1. Health Risks: Pregnancy induced hypertension, which can cause heart failure and death of
bothmother and the child. This type of pregnancy can lead to a condition whereby the girl’s
pelvicopening is too small to allow the infants head to pass during delivery. This may cause tear
betweenthe vagina and the urinary tract (vesico vagina fistula) or rectum(recto vagina fistula).
Caesariansection (C.S) may result because the hips are not widened enough for the baby to come
throughthepelvis.
2. Unsafe Abortion:Since teenage pregnancy is unwanted, they are likely to seek abortion
fromuntrainedhealthcareproviders orcangoonself-medicationfor self-inducedabortion.
3. Socio-economic:
i. Terminationofeducation.
ii. Stigmatization
iii. Lifespanandcareergoalsaredisrupted
iv. Earlymarriageduetopregnancy
v. Isolationfrompeersandlowselfesteem
vi. Lowincomeandeconomicdependence
vii. Forcemarriage
viii. Poverty
ix. Emotionalfeelingofguiltandfear
x. Looseofchildhoodandadoptingtoadulthood.

MYTHSANDFACTSABOUTPREGNANCY
1. Myth:Girlsshouldnotusecontraceptives.
Fact:Girlsshouldabstainfromsexualintercoursesoastopreventthemselvesusingcontraceptives but if
they have sexual intercourse and use contraceptive, it is safe and can
preventteenagepregnancy.Thuscontraceptivesarenotforbadgirls.

2. Myth:Thecontraceptivescausesthefollowing:
a. Itdestroysthewomb.
b. Itmakesoneinfertilefor life.
c. Itmakesonethin.
d. Itreducesone’sbreastsize.
Fact:Onlyafewcontraceptivemaycausedelayinfertility.Contraceptivesdonotdamagethewomb butdrug
overdoseorabuseandunsafe abortionmaydamagethewomb.

3. Myth:Thecondomreducessensitivityduringsexualintercourse.
Fact:Thereareverythinlatexcondomsandtexturedcondomsthatfavoursensitivityinsexualrelation.

4. Myth:Awomancangetpregnantasaresultofkiss.
Fact:Spermatozoamustpenetratethevaginaforfertilizationtotakeplacesomewhereinfallopiantube.

5. Myth:Itisbetterforawomantohavechildrenwhilestillyoungasshecanseethemgrow.
Fact:Theidealageforpregnancyisbetween25and35.

6. Myth:Forawomantoobtaintheloveofaman,shemusthavechildforhim.
Fact:Pregnancydoesnotguaranteeagoodrelationship.Apartnercanleaveevenafterthereisachildin the
relationship.

EVALUATION

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1. MentionfivereasonswhyyouwillnotengageinsexualintercoursenowasaJSS3student.
2. Mentionfivewaysteenagepregnancycanbeprevented

CONTENT
 MeaningofAbortion
 TypesofAbortion
 ReasonsforAbortion
 Unsafeabortionandit Consequences
 WaystoPreventAbortion
 Wheretogethelp

Meaningofabortion
Abortion is the deliberate termination of a human pregnancy, most often performed during the first
28weeks. It is the ending of pregnancy by removing a foetus or embryo before it can survive outside
theuterus. An abortion that occurs spontaneously is also known as a miscarriage. An abortion may be
causedpurposelyand isthen calledan induced abortion.

TYPESOFABORTION
Therearetwomaintypesofabortion andtheyare;
(i)SpontaneousAbortion(ii)InducedAbortion

Spontaneous Abortionis an unintentional abortion caused as a result of faulty development of

embryo,abnormality of placenta, hormonal disturbances, acute infection, severe trauma or shock. It is
commonlycalledmiscarriage.

InducedAbortionistheintentionalremovaloffoetus.Inducedabortioncaneitherbesurgicalormedical.
(a) MedicalAbortion:Thisistheabortiondoneorinducedwiththeuseifoneormorepills
(b) SurgicalAbortion:Thisforminvolvesminorsurgicaloperationtoinduceabortion.

REASONSFORABORTION
Thefollowingaresomeofthereasonswhypeopleengageinabortion:
1. Teenagepregnancyorunwantedpregnancy.
2. Pregnancyasaresultofrape.
3. Povertyandlackoffinancialcapacitytocarefortheunbornchild.
4. Medicalcomplicationattheonsetofthepregnancythatmayendangerthelifeifthemotherorthefoetus.
5. Lackofreadiness.

UNSAFEABORTIONANDITSCONSEQUENCES
Anunsafeabortionistheabortiondonewithoutpropermedicalsupervision.Unsafeabortionisusuallybyusingover-the-
counter drugsor carried outbyquackmedicalpractitioners.
Teenagersareluredtounsafeabortionforthefollowingreasons:
1. Thefearsoflettingsomeoneknowabouttheirpregnancy.
2. Toavoidsocialstigma.
3. Toprotecttheireducationandfuture.

Asconvincingastheysound,thesereasonsdon'tweighuptotheconsequencesthatcomeswithunsafeabortion.The
followingare the consequencesofunsafeabortion:
1. Unsafeabortionmayleadtothedamageofinternalorganslikethewomb.
2. Itispainfulandhorrible.

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3. Teenagercangetinfectedfromtheunsafeprocessofabortionwhichmaycausemoreseverediseaselike
uterine fibroid.
4. Itleadstothedeathoftheteenagers.
5. Itendangerstheteenagerasthequackdoctormayfurthermolesther.
6. Thereisapsychologicalbreakdowniftheteenagercannotenduregoingthroughtheabortion.

EVALUATION
1. Whatisabortion?
2. Statefourconsequencesofunsafeabortion.

WAYSTOPREVENTABORTION
Thefollowingcanhelppreventabortionorreasonstoabortion:
1. Abstinence:Teenagersshouldavoidhavinganyuntiltheyarephysicallyandpsychologicallymaturedtotak
e responsibility.
2. Avoidunsafeandunprotectedbyusingcondoms.
3. Womenshouldgoformedicalcheckuptopreventmedicalcomplicationduringpregnancy.
4. Keepresponsiblefriendsandpartner.
5. Createamindsetagainstabortion.
6. Meetyourschoolcounselorforadviceonabstinence.
7. Avoidsexpromoting/pornographiccontent.
8. Alwaysrememberthatthenegativeconsequencesofabortionoutweighthebenefits.

WHERETO GETHELP
Teenagersneedhelponwhattodowhenfacedwithabortionrelatedchallenges.Herearesomeofthethingsyou cando
whenfaced witha challenge:
1. Talktoyourparentsabouttheaboutthesituation
2. Meetacounselorforanadviceonwhattodo.
3. Therearealsoteenagers-supportNGOs thatcanhelp.
4. Joinaschoolsocialclubagainstteenagepregnancyandabortion.E.g.antiAIDSclub.
5. Joinatruereligiousorsocialbodythatcanhelpwithteenagepregnancyandabortionrelatedissues.

EVALUATION/REVISIONALQUESTIONS
1. Mentionsevenimplicationsofteenagepregnancy
2. Whatarehormones?
3. Whatisabortion?
4. Mentionfourreasonsforengaginginabortion.
5. Explainwhylighteningisseenbeforethunder.
6. Whatisamachine?

READINGASSIGNMENT
BasicScienceforJuniorSecondarySchoolbyJ.O.Otugboyegaetal.Page127-130

WEEKENDASSIGNMENT
1. Thetypeofabortionthatinvolvestakingover-the-
counterdrugsis(a)Traditional(b)Medical(c)Surgical(d)Noneof theabove
2. Adevelopingchildinthewombiscalleda(a)Baby(b)Foetus(c)Zygote(d)Noneoftheabove
3. Whichofthefollowingisnotawayofpreventingabortion(a)livingrecklesslife(b)Abstinence
(c) safe sex(d) Noneoftheabove
4. Wheredoesthefoetusdevelop(a)fallopiantube(b)uterus(c)vagina (d)Noneoftheabove

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5. Apersonwhoconstantlyperformsillegalabortioniscalled(a)Oncologist(b)Therapist(c)Abortionist(d)Non
e of theabove

THEORY
1. ExplainwithreasonwhyabortionshouldorshouldnotbelegalizedinNigeria.
2. Whatadvicewillyougivetoapregnantteenagerbasedonyourknowledgeofthetopic?

WEEKFOUR
TOPIC:ELEMENTS,COMPOUNDANDATOMICSTRUCTUREC
ONTENT
 Element
 Compound
 FormulaofBinaryCompound
 FundamentalParticlesofAtom

Element
Anelementisasubstancewhichcannotbefurtherdividedintosimplersubstances.Over100chemicalelementsarekno
wn.Theyfallintotwomaincategories,namely:MetalsandNon-metals.
Metallic elements have their ending with letter M while non-metal element may not have named ending
withletterMbut withother alphabetsexceptvery few.

Compound
Chemical compounds are formed when two or more elements combine together.On this basis, two
majorcategoriesofchemicalcompoundsareknown:(a)BinaryCompound (b)Non-BinaryCompounds.

BINARYCOMPOUNDS NON-BINARYCOMPOUNDS
Theirnamesendwith-ide Theirnamesoftenendwith-ate
Theyaremadeofonlytwoelements Theyaremadeof3 or moreelements

EXAMPLESOFELEMENTSANDSYMBOLS
HydrogenH Sodium,Na
Helium, He Magnesium,Mg
Lithium,Li Aluminium,Al
Berilium,Be Silicon,Si
Boron,B Phosphorous,P
Carbon, C Sulphur,S
Nitrogen, N Chlorine,Cl
Oxygen,O Argon,Ar
Flourine,F Potassium,K
Neon,Ne Calcium, Ca

EXAMPLESOFCOMPOUNDSANDFORMULA:
Water H 20
Sand Si02
Chalk CaC03
Lime CaO

Theelementsinachemicalcompoundscannoteasilybeseparatedfortheyarechemicalcombined.Theratiosofco
mbinationofatomsoftheseelementsincompoundsarefixedunlikeinmeremixture.

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EVALUATION
1. Define (a)element(b)Compound.
2. Whatarebinarycompounds?
3. Statefiveexampleseachofmetalsandnon-metals.

FORMULAEOFBINARYCOMPOUNDS
Binary Compounds are compounds of elements only and names ending with-ide.E.g.
Magnesiumchloride.MagnesiumChloride =Magnesium+ Chlorine.
Elements Atomic GroupConfig Valency Oxidationnumber
ElectronicNumbe uration
r
H 1 1 1 +1
He 2 2 0 0
Li 3 2,1 1 +1
Be 4 2,2 2 +2
B 5 2,3 3 +3
C 6 2,4 4 +4
N 7 2,5 3 -3
O 8 2,6 2 -2
F 9 2,7 1 -1
N 10 2,8 0 0

Combinations of elements are made on the basis of their combining Capacities called valencies.
Besides,everyatomofelementcontainelectronsbywhichdistributioninagivenordertermedELECTRONIC

CONFIGURATION, the group and hence valency of each element in combination is decided.For
example,Magnesiumnitride.
Mg=12=2,8,2= Group= 2, valency=+2
N=7=2,5=Group =5,valency=-3

Mg N=Mg3N2=Magnesiumnitride.2

EVALUATION
1. Whatiselectronicconfiguration?
2. DefinethetermValency.
3. Whatisthevalencyofanelementfoundingroup6?
4. WorkouttheformulaeofAluminumoxideand carbondioxide.

FundamentalparticlesofAtom
The atom is made up of a number of different
particles.Therearethreefundamentalunitsnamely;
1. Theelectron(discovered1897)
2. Theproton(discovered1920)
3. Theneutron(discovered1932)

THEELECTRON
Theelectroncarriesanegativeelectricchargeandindeedaverysmallfunctionofthemassofeventhesmallestatom,hyd
rogen.

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They are at a comparatively great distance from the centre of the atom and travel rapidly and
continuouslyin orbits around its centreknownasthe nucleus.

Theelectronswerediscoveredfirstin1897bySirJ.J.Thomson.
THE PROTON
The proton is a positively charged particle found in the nucleus of an atom although the positive charge
onthe proton has same magnitude charge on the electron mass of the proton which is about 1800 times
largerthanthat of the electros.

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called atomic number. All atoms of the same
elementhave the same atomic number but those of different elements have a different number of protons in
theirnuclei.

The sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is called the mass number with the
symbol.The protonwasdiscoveredbySir, Ernest Rutherfordin1920.

THENEUTRON
Theneutronwas discoveredin 1932by aBritishScientist,James Chadwick. Ithas almost thesamecharge.

Whenever the neutron number in the nucleus of an atom of the same element varies, its mass number
alsovariesand hencewe have ‘Isotopes’.

Isotopesareatomsofelementsofthesameatomicnumberbutdifferentmassnumberbecauseofthedifferenceintheirn
eutronsnumber. Thethree commonisotopesofhydrogenare:
a) Proton–1 proton
b) Deuterium–1Proton+1neutron
c) Tritium– 1Proton+2neutrons
Theparticlesprotonandneutronswhichmakeupthenucleusare–calledNucleons

EVALUATION/REVISIONALQUESTIONS
1. Whatareisotopes?Namethethreeisotopesofhydrogen.
2. Howmanyneuronsarepresentinthefollowingatoms?
(a)23Na, (b) 31P,(c)39K (d)35Cl.
3. Namethethreefundamentalparticlesofanatom.
4. Whatislightenergy?
1) Statethedifferencebetweenechoandreverberation.

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READINGASSIGNMENT
BasisScienceMadeEasyforJSSThreebyF.IKehindeetal.Chapter12.PageA43-44.

WEEKENDASSIGNMENT
1. Asubstancewhichcannotbefurtherdividedintosimplersubstancesis…………(a)Elements
(b) Compound(c)Radical (d)Mixture
2. OneoftheseisNOTabinarycompound……..(a)Sodiumchloride (b)Magnesiumnitride
(c) Aluminiumoxide (d)CalciumPhosphate
3. Thepositivelychargedsubatomicparticleis(a)element(b)electron(c)neutron(d)proton
4. discoveredtheelectron(a)JamesChadwick(b)Sir,ErnestRutherford(c)SirJ.J.Thomson(d)
IssacNewton
5. Thesubatomicparticleinvolvedinchemicalreactionis(a)electron(b)neutron(c)shell
(d) proton

THEORY
1. Explaintheterm‘atom’.
2. Differentiatebetweenabinarycompoundand non-binarycompound.

WEEKFIVE
TOPIC:
RADIOACTIVITYCONTE
NT
 MeaningofRadioactivity
 DiscoveryofRadioactivity
 TypesofRadioactivity
 RadioactiveElements
 TypesofRadiationandTheirProperties
 NuclearTransmutation
 UsesofRadioactivity

MeaningofRadioactivity
Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration or breaking down of the nucleus of an atom which makes
itgive out or emit radiation. Any element that disintegrates spontaneously and release rays us called
aradioactiveelement

DiscoveryofRadioactivity
Radioactivity was discovered by a French physicist called Henri Becquerel in 1896. He discovered
thatatoms of someelements gave out somekinds of ray whichpenetratedathick black paper. He
useduraniumforhisstudy.Hisdiscoverywasconfirmedbythe couple,MerieandPierreCurie.

TypesofRadioactivity
Therearetwotypesofradioactivity.i.Naturalradioactivityii.Artificialradioactivity.
Naturalradioactivityoccursonitsownwithoutman'sinfluence.
Artificialradioactivityiscausedbyman'sactivity.

RadioactiveElements
Radioactive elements are elements that give out rays from the nuclei of their atoms. Natural
radioactiveelementsincludeuranium,radium,plutonium,radon,thoriumetc.Artificialradioactiveelementsareprod
ucedbybombardingnonradioactiveelements(likesulphur-35,iodine-137,cobalt-
60etc.)withradioactiveparticlestoformradioactiveisotopes.

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EVALUATION
1. Whatisradioactivity?
2. Whatarethetypesofradioactivity?
3. Whatareradioactiveelements?

TypesofRadiationandTheirProperties
Therearethreetypesofrays,theyare;i.Alphaparticlesii.Betaparticlesiii.Gammarays

Alphaparticles(α-rays)
Alphaparticlesorraysareheliumnucleusconsistingoftwoprotonsandtwoneutrons(I.e.atomicnumberandatomicmas
sare 2and4respectively).
1. Alphaparticlesarepositivelycharged.
2. Theyhavetheheaviestradiation.
3. Theyhavethelowestpenetratingpowerandcanbestoppedbyathinsheetofpaper.
4. Theyhavethehighestionizationpower.

Betaparticles(β-rays)
Betaparticlesorraysconsistofastreamoffastmovingelectrons.
1. Theyareheavierthangammarays.
2. Theyarenegativelycharged.
3. Theyhavehigherpenetratingpowerthanalpharays.Theycanbestoppedbyaluminumfoil.

Gammarays(ϒ-rays)
Gammaraysareelectromagnetic radiation.
1. Theydonotcarryanycharge.
2. Theyhavenegligiblemass.
3. Theyhavethehighestpenetratingpowerandcanonlybestoppedbyleadblock.
4. Theyhavethelowestionizationpower.

NuclearTransmutation
Thechangesinthenucleusoftheatomofanelementcausedbyradioactiveemissionarecallednucleartransmutation.F
or instance,Radium-226 emits -rays andturnsto radon-222.
226 Ra--->4 He+222 Rn
88 2 86
Ifthechangesinthenucleusarecausedbyman,itiscalledartificialnuclear transmutation.

EVALUATION
1. Differentiatebetweenalpha,betaandgammaradiations.
2. Whatisnucleartransmutation?

UsesofRadioactivity
Radioactivityhasapplicationinthefollowingfields;
1. The medicalfield.
2. Agriculturalandscientificresearch.
3. Theindustrialfield.

Inmedicalfield
Radioactivityisusedin;
1. Sterilizationofsyringesandmedicalequipment.
2. Treatmentofcancer.
3. Sterilizationofbottleddrinksandcannedfood.

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Inagriculturalandscientificresearch
Radioactivityisusedas;
1. Radioactivetracers.
2. Radioactiveorcarbondating.

Inindustrialfield
Radioactivityisusedto;
1. Studydefectsinmetalsandweldedjoints.
2. Checkmetalweaknesses.
3. Traceundergroundpipeleakages.

Effectordangers ofusingradiation
1. Longexposuretoradiationcandestroybodycells.
2. Exposuretoradiationcanleadtogenemutation.
3. Itcancausedeformitiestofoetusinthewomb.
4. Radiationfromnuclearweaponscankill.
5. Radioactivewastespolluteanddestroytheenvironment.

EVALUATION
1. Statetheuses ofradioactivityin(a)medicalfield(b)industries(c)agriculturalandscientificresearch.
2. Listthehazardsofradioactivity.

EVALUATION/REVISIONALQUESTIONS
1. Whatisradioactivity?
2. Whatisreproduction?
3. Mentionthreebenefitsofacquiringskills.
4. Whatisozonelayerdepletion?
5. Whatisreflection?

READINGASSIGNMENT
BasicScienceforJuniorSecondarySchoolbyJ.O.Otugboyegaetal.Page102-103

WEEKENDASSIGNMENT
1. isreferredtoasthefatherofradioactivity.(a)Henriford(b) PierreCurrie(c)MarieCurie(d)AlbertEinstein
2. Positivelychargedradiationthatcanbestoppedbyathingsheetofpaperis(a)X-
ray(b)Betaparticles(c)Alphaparticles (d) Gamma rays
3. Bloodmovesoutofthehearttothelungsthrough
(a)Aorta(b)Pulmonaryartery(c)VenaCava(d)hepaticartery
4. Whichoftheflowingisanelectronegativeelement?(a)Na(b)F(c)Hg(d)Au
5. Whichofthefollowingisnotaresultofexcessexposuretoradiation?(a)HPV(b)cancer(c)Mutationin foetus
(d)Radioactivepoisoning

THEORY
1. Statefivebenefitsofradioactivity.
2. Should Nigeria embark on nuclear power as alternative source of electricity?Give reasons for
youranswer.

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WEEKSIX
TOPIC:
CHEMICALSYMBOLSANDFORMULAECONTE
NT
 SymbolsofElements.
 ElectronicConfiguration.
 GroupandValencyofCompounds.
 FormulasofCompounds.
 IUPACNomenclature.
 FundamentalParticlesof Atom.

SYMBOLSOFELEMENT
AnelementisasubstancewhichconsistsofonlyonekindofmatterOver100elementsareknown,theseelementsareusu
allyrepresentedbysymbolsinsteadofwritingtheirnamesinfull.
TheabbreviationforeachelementiscalledSymbolforthatelement.Thebriefnameofthatelementitrepresentsalsoone
atomoftheelementitstandsfor.(Element1–20)Thereare4groupsofsymbols:

Symbolsformedfromthefirstletterofelement
Element Symbols
Hydrogen H
Carbon C
Nitrogen N
Oxygen O
Sulphur S
Phosphorus P
Iodine I
Fluorine F

(b) Symbolsformedfromthefirsttwoletteroftheelement.
Elements Symbols
Helium He
Lithium Li
Beryllium Be
Neon Ne
Aluminum Al
Calcium Ca
Barium Ba
Bromine Br

(c) Symbolsformedfromthefirstandanyletterinthenameoftheelements
Elements Symbols
Magnesium Mg
Chlorine Cl
Manganese Mn
Zinc Zn
Cadmium Cd
Platinum Pt

(d) Symbolsderivedfromlatinnameoftheelements
Element Latin Name Symbols
Sodium Natrium Na

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Iron Ferrum Fe
Copper Cuprum Cu
Gold Aurum Au
Potassium Kalium K
Silver Argentun Ag
Lead Plumbum Pb
Mercury Hydragyrum Hg

EVALUATION
1. Definethetermsymbolofanelement.
2. Mentionthefourgroupsofsymbolthatwehave.

ELECTRONICCONFIGURATION
ElectronicConfigurationistherepresentationofhowelectronsarearranged
ontheshellsofanelement.Thepatternofhowelectronsarearrangedisofthefashion:
K 1stshell–2electrons
L 2ndshell–
maximumof8electronsM 3rdshell–
maximumof8electronsN4 shell–
th

maximumof8electrons
Thispatternworksforatleastthefirst
20elements.Theelectronicconfigurationhelpsustocorrectlyplaceelementsintotheirgroupsandperiodwithinperiodict
able.Thisinformationalsohelpsinthedeterminationofcombiningpowersofelements.

EVALUATION
1. Whatiselectronicconfiguration?
2. WritetheelectronicconfigurationofNa=11,P=15.

GROUPANDVALENCY
Thegroupreferstotheverticalarrangementincolumnsofelementsintheperiodictable.Valencyisthecombiningpowe
rofanelement.Itmustbecorrectlydeterminedandthecorrectchemicalformulaeofcompoundweretobedetermined
.
Group Valency
I +1
II +2
III +3
IV –4
V –3
VI –2
VII -1
O 0

EVALUATION
1. Definethetermvalency.
2. Whatisthevalencyof(a)GroupIIIelement(b)GroupIVelement.

FORMULAEOFBINARYCOMPOUND
FormulaeofbinarycompoundAcompoundisasubstancemadeof2ormoreelementschemicallycombinedtogether.Co
mpoundof2elementsonlyareknownasbinarycompoundsandhavethefollowingcharacteristics.
 Namesendwith–IDE.
 Composedofonly2elements.

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E.g.Carbon dioxide, Magnesium chloride,
AluminumOxide,AluminumChloride.C=6 2,4 Al=13 2,8,3
Mg=12 2,8,2O=8
2,6Cl=17
2,8,7

Mg Cl A1 0
+2 1 +3 2
MgC12 Al203

Al C
+3 -4
Al4C3

NON-BINARYCOMPOUNDS
Thesearecompoundsof2ormoreelementswhosenamesendwithATEexamplesare:Magnesiumtrioxocarbonate(I
V)
Berylliumtrioxonitrate(V)Calcium
tetraoxosulphate(VI)Potassiumh
eptaxodichromateVISodiumhexa
chloroplatimateII
Non-binarycompoundshavethesecharacteristics:

EVALUATION
1. Whatarenon-binarycompound?
2. Givetwooftheircharacteristics.
3. Stateanyfiveexampleofnon-binarycompound.

DETERMINATIONOFVELENCIESOFRADICALS
Radicalsaregroupofatomsbearingacharge.Theyarethepolyatomicionsi.e.ionswhichcontainmorethanonetypeofat
om.Exampleinclude;
1. Trioxonitrate(V)ion N03-
2. Trioxocarbonate(IV)ion C03 2-

3. Tetraoxosulphate(VI)ion S042–
4. Hydroxideion OH-
5. Cyanideion CH-
6. Tetraoxophosphate(V)ion PO43-
7. Hydrogentrioxocarbonate(IV)ion HC03-

Thechargeoneachpolyatomicionisdeterminedthus:S+4(
O)
But O=-
2andS=6S+4(-2)
6–8=-2
SO42-

CO32-
C+3(O)
But C=4,O=-
24+3(-2)
4–6=-2
C032-

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FORMULAEOFNON-BINARYCOMPUNDS
SodiumhexachloroplatinateII
Na=11 2,8,1
Valencyofsodium=1Hexachl
roroplatinateII=PtCl6Pt+6Cl
2+6(-1)
2–6
=-4

ValencyofPtCl6=-4Na
PtCl6

1 4
Na4PtCl6

EVALUATION
1. Namethefollowing(i)CaC03(ii)Na3PO4.
2.
Workoutthechargeonthefollowingpolyatomicions
(a)SO3n(b)NO3n.

IUPACNOMECLATURE
InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistryhaveagreedtoacommonwayofnamingchemicalcompoundsaccord
ingtoasetofrules,thesenamingsystemistermedIUPACnomenclature.
TherulesinvolvedinIUPACnomenclatureareasfollow:
Takeoxygenas–
2.Hydrogenas+1withnon-
metals.Hydrogenas–
1withmetals.
Thesenumbersaretheoxidationnumber.
C032-
C+3(-2)=-
2C–6=-2
C=-2+6=+4
Name=trioxocarbonate(IV)ioni.e.3atomsofoxygenandcarbonoxidationnumberis4.

EVALUATION/REVISIONALQUESTIONS
1. Whatarebinarycompounds?
2. Givethecorrectchemicalformulaeof(a)AluminumSulphide,(b)SodiumPhosphate
3. Definethetermaccommodation.
4. Describebrieflywhatismeantby(a)Hypermetropia(b)Myopia

READINGASSIGNMENT
BasisScience MadeEasyforJSSThreebyF.IKehindeetal.Chapter19.Page68-71.

WEEKENDASSIGNMENT
1. ThesymbolAgrepresentselement(a)Argon(b)Silver(c)Gold(d)Arsenic
2. Theelectronicconfiguration2,8,3isthatof (a)Sodium(b)Aluminum(c)Silicon(d)Argon
3. Thecorrectformulaoftetraoxophosphate(V)ionis(a)S042-(b)P033-(c)S032-(d)P043-
4. ThecompoundNa3AlF6hastheIUPACname(a)sodiumtrioxoaluminatesIII(b)sodiumhexafloroaluminat
eIII(c)sodiumheptafloroaluminateIII(d)sodiumtetrafloroaluminateIII

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5. TheacronymIUPACrepresents(a)InternationalUsageofPureandAppliedChemistry(b)InitiativeUnityfor
PureandAppliedChemistry(c)InternationalUnionofPureandAppliedChemistry(d)IndoorUnionofplayer
s,ActorandCorps

THEORY
1. Whatarebinarycompounds?
2. Stateanytwoexamplesofbinarycompounds.
3. Writetheelectronicconfigurationof(a)silicon(b)potassium.
4. WorkouttheoxidationnumberofchromiuminCr2O72-
5. Whatareradicals?
6. Statethreeexamplesofradicals.

WEEKSEVEN
TOPIC:
SIMPLECHEMICALEQUATIONSCONTE
NT
 ChemicalEquations
 EquationsandLawof ConservationofMatter
 WritingChemicalEquations
 BalancingChemicalEquations
If the law of conservation of matter is tobe kept, itmeansthattheremustbethe same number of atoms in
eachhalfof theequation.Theremustbethesamenumberofatomsinreactantsandintheproducts.

Thelawofconservationofmatterstatesthatmatterisneithercreatednordestroyed in

thecourseofchemicalreaction.Thisisthemainreasonwhythenumberofatomsofproductsmustbalancethoseofrea
ctionsandvice versa.

So, the
equation:Na+H2O=Na0H+H2isconsideredunbalanceandhencenotacceptabl
e.

Thishastobebalancedas:
2Na+2H20=2Na0H(aq)+H2(g)
S=solidL=LiquidsAq=aqueousg–gas

EVALUATION
1. Statethelawofconservationofmatter
2. Whatisabalanceequation?

WRITINGCHEMICALEQUATIONS
Chemicalequationsarewrittenusingchemicalsymbolsandformulae.Itisnecessarytohaveasmuchdetailaspossib
leaboutwhat is going oninareactione.g. hydrogen
gasreactswithoxygengastoproducewater.

Wetranslatethisinformationtoawordequation.
Hydrogen(gas)+Oxygengas=water
(Reactants) (Product)
2H2+02 2H20
Balancedequation

Commonchemicalreactionsinclude(a)Combustionofhydrocarbons(b)Neutralizationreactions

(c)Doubledecomposition
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Examples:
a) C3H8+02 C02+H20
b) HCl+Na0H NaCl+H20
c) AgN03+NaCl AgCl+NaN03

EVALUATION
1. Whatkindofreactionisneutralizationreaction?
2. Whataretheusualproductsofcombustionofhydrocarbons?

BALANCECHEMICALEQUATIONS
aN2+bH2=cNH3
N:2a =C……
(i)H:2b =3C…..(ii)
Leta=1Fromequation(i)
2(1)=C
2=C C=2
Fromequation
(ii)2b=3(2)2b=6
b=3
A=1, b=3

C=2N2+3H2=2NH3

Twomethodsarecommonlyemployedinchemicalequations:
1. Balancingbyinspection.
2. Balancingbytheuseofsimultaneousequations.

EVALUATION/REVISIONALQUESTIONS
1. Whattwomethodsarecommonlyusedinbalancingchemicalequation?
2. Givethebalancedequationfortheformationofwaterfromhydrogenandoxygen.
3. Whatarehormones?
4. Whatglandsproducetheminanimals?

WEEKENDASSIGNMENT
1. Ashortstorywhichtellsuswhathappensinachemicalreactionis known as:
(a)chemicalreaction(b)chemicalformulae(c)chemicalformulae(d)chemicalbalance
2. The subscript (aq)inawrittenchemical equation symbolizes:(a)Aquiline
(b)Aquarium(c)Aquarius(d)Aqueous
3.
Whatlawgovernsthewrittenofbalancedchemicalequation?
(a)lawofconstantcomposition(b)lawofconservationofmatter(c)lawofmultipleproportions(d)lawofreciproca
lproportions
4. aN2+bH2=CNH3. Whatdoa,b,andcrepresentintheequationwrittenrespectively?
(a) a=3 b=1 c=2(b)a=2 b=3 c=1(c)a=1 b=3 c=2
(d) a=1 b=2 c=3
5.
Thereactioninvolvingan acid and abasetoformsaltandwateronlyis known as
(a)Combustionreaction(b)Neutralizationreaction(c)Redoxreaction(d)precipitation

THEORY
1. Writeoutthechemicalequationofreactiondescribedbelow.
(a)Magnesiumribbonreactswithhydrochloricacidtoformmagnesiumchlorideandhydrogen
gas.
2. Whataretheproductsofcombustionofhydrocarbons?

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WEEKEIGHT
TOPIC:
SIMPLEMACHINECONTE
NT
 DefinitionofSimpleMachine
 TypesofMachine
 ImportanceofSimpleMachine

DefinitionofSimpleMachine
A machine is a tool or device that makes work easier. It is defined as a tool which uses force applied
(effort)at one point to overcome another resisting force (effort) at another point. Examples of machine
include: aplier,thehuman arm,a gear, a pulleyetc.

TypesofMachine
Therearesixtypesofsimplemachines.Theyare;
1. Lever
2. Wheelandaxle
3. Pulley
4. Wedge
5. Inclinedplane
6. Screw

Lever
Aleverisasimplemachinebuiltontheprincipleofastiffbarrestingonapivotorfulcrumwithaloadplacedatoneend
andeffort applied onthe otherend.
Therearethreepartsofthelever;
A. Load:Thisisthepointoftheresistingforce.
B. Effort:Thisisthepointwhereforceisapplied.
C. Fulcrum:Thisis theturningpointof thelever.

Typesof Lever
Therearethreeclassesororderoflever.Theyare;
1. FirstOrderLever:Inthis lever,thefulcrumisbetweentheloadandeffort
(LFE).Examplesinclude:scissors,clawhammer.

2. SecondOrderLever:Inthislever,theload(L)isbetweentheeffort(E)andthefulcrum(F)(FLE).Exampleof
thisincluding; wheelbarrow,nutcracker,bottleopeneretc.

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3. ThirdOrderLever:Inthislever,theeffortisbetweenloadandeffort.(FEL).Exampleofthisinclude;forearm.

WheelandAxle
Thissimplemachineisusedtoliftheavyloadfromdepth.ItconsistsofaLargewheelonasmallaxlethatturnsinthesame
axis.Examplesof wheelandaxle include:bicycles,fan, wagonetc.

Use
1. Itisusedtodrawoutheavyloadfromdepths
2. Itisusedtocreatetheturningeffectsinbicycle

EVALUATION
1. Definesimplemachine.
2. Listtwousesof(a)Lever(b)WheelandAxle.

Pulley
A machine consisting of a wheel over which a pulled rope or chain runs to change the direction of the
pullused for lifting a load. Combinations of two or more pulleys working together reduce the force needed to
liftaload.

Uses
1. Itisusedliftandmoveloadincranes
2. Itisalsousedinlifts(elevators)

Wedge
A wedge is a triangular shaped tool, and is a portable inclined plane. It can be used to separate two
objectsorportionsofanobject, liftupan object,orhold an objectinplace.

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Use
Itisusedtosplitobjectsopenespeciallywood.

Screw
Ascrewisatypeoffastenercharacterizedbyahelicalridgeknownasthread.Mostscrewrotateinclockwisemanner
butfew rotate inanticlockwise manner.

Use
Itallowsdrillingintohardsurfaces

Inclinedplane
Aninclinedplaneisaflatsupportingsurfacetiltedatanangle,withoneendhigherthantheother,usedasanaidforraisin
gorloweringaload.Theinclinedplaneisoftenusedtoliftaloadoveraverticalobstacle.

ImportanceofSimpleMachine
1. Simplehelpsmantoovercomefrictionindoingwork.
2. Ithelpstomoveloadoveralong distance.
3. Ithelpstosavetimeandeffort
4. Itismore efficient.
5. Simplemachinesarebasicandsimpletooperate.

GENERALEVALUATION\REVISIONALQUESTIONS
1. Whatisamachine?
2. Categorizethefollowingtotheclassoflevertheybelongto:forearm,plier,nutcracker,fishingrod.
3. Statefiveeffectofradiation.
4. Statefourreasonsforabortion.
5. Whatisnucleartransmutation?

READINGASSIGNMENT
BasisScienceMadeEasyforJSSThreebyF.IKehindeetal.Chapter17.Pg70-82.

WEEKENDASSIGNMENT
1. Anexampleofafirstorderleveris(a)forearm(b)nutcracker(c)seesaw(d)pulley
2. Theprincipleofinclinedplaneisusedintheconstructionofwhichofthefollowing(a)pulley(b)staircase(c)
lift (d) crane
3. has the load between the fulcrum and effort(a) First Order lever(b) Second Order
Lever(c)ThirdOrder Lever (d) Wedge

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4. Which of the following radiation has the lowest penetrating power?(a) alpha rays(b) beta
rays(c)gamma rays(d) X-ray
5. Theclearouterlayeroftheeyeis(a)iris(b)cornea(c)retina(d)lens

THEORY
1. Explainthethreetypesoflevergivinganexampleforeach.
2. Statetheimportanceofmachine.

WEEKNINE Date:……………………………..
TOPIC:
DIGESTIVESYSTEMCONTE
NT
 PartsoftheDigestiveSystem
 DigestionatVariousParts
 FunctionsoftheEnzymes
 SimpleFoodTests

PARTSOFTHEDIGESTIVESYSTEM
Thedigestivesystemconsistsofthealimentarycanal,whichisalongtubefromthemouth,attachedtovariousorgansand
endsattheanus.
Thealimentarycanalisalongtubethroughwhichfoodsubstancespass,becomedigested(brokendown),partlyabsorb
ed and the restpassed out.

Thealimentarycanalhasfivemainparts:(i)Themouth(ii)Thegullet(orOesophagus)(iii)Thestomach
(iv)Thesmallintestine(v)Thelargeintestine.

THEHUMANALIMENTARYCANAL

THEMOUTH
Itcomprisesthreeprominentstructuresfordigestionnamelytheteeth,saliva ry glandsandthetongue.

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TEETH:Structuresforfoodmastication.

SALIVARYGLANDS:SecreteSALIVA (Adigestivejuice)

TONGUE:Organoftaste.

THEGULLET
ItisalsoknownastheOesophagus.Itislinedwithsmoothinvoluntarymusclesbywhichcontractionoffood from the
mouth is regulated into the stomach by PERISTALSIS. Peristalsis is the motion by
whichfoodispushedalong thegullet and the restof thedigestive tract.

THESTOMACH
This is a muscular organ, which serves in the digestion of food and also acts as temporary food store.
Adigestive juice called the GASTRIC JUICE is secreted into the stomach by both the PEPTIC and
OXYNTICCELLS.

THESMALLINTESTINE
The longest portion of the digestive tract (about 9m in length if fully stretched out) which begins with the C-
shaped DUODENUM on which the LIVER and PANCREAS are attached. Both discharge their secretions –
THEBILEandthePANCREATICJUICErespectivelytothe duodenum.

THELARGEINTESTINE
Also known as COLON. It processes undigested food portion as FAECES for export outside the
bodythrough the ANUS. No digestion occurs in it. Excess water is also removed through the feaces by
largeintestine.

EVALUATION
1. Mentionthefivemainpartsofthehumandigestivesystem.
2. Whatdigestivejuicesarepresentalongthedigestivetract?

DIGESTION AT VARIOUSPARTS
Abalanceddietconsistsofcarbohydrates,fats&oils,proteins,mineralsalts,vitaminsandwater.Thecarbohydrate
s, proteins and fats are large complex molecules. They must be broken down into smallsimplermolecules
beforethe bodycan use them.

Theconversionoflargecomplexmoleculestosmallsimplermoleculesistheprocessofdigestion.

Digestion is defined as the breakdown of large complex molecules in foods into small simpler
absorbablemolecules by the enzymes. Digestion takes place in the mouth, stomach and the small intestine.
There arefourdigestive juices alongthe digestivetract. Theseare:
(i) SALIVA
(ii) GASTRICJUICE
(iii) PANCREATICJUICE
(IV) INTESTNALJUICE
Eachofthemcontainsoneormoredigestiveenzymes,whichconvertsspecificfoodcomplextosimplerforms.

Thefollowingarethecomponentsofeachdigestivejuice.
PartsofAlimentaryCanal DigestiveJuice Components
Mouth Saliva Ptyalin+Water
Stomach Gastricjuice Pepsin+Rennin

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S.I(Duodenum) PancreaticJuice Amylase+Lactase+Sucrase+Trypsin
S.I(Ileum) IntestinalJuice Maltase+Lactase+Sucrase+Erepsin+Lipase

FUNCTIONSOFTHEENZYMES
Ptyalin–convertscookedstarchtomaltose.
Pepsin – converts protein to peptones and
polypeptides.Rennin-
coagulatesliquidproteins(milk)intothickdigestiveform.Trypsin–
breaksdownprotein topeptonesandpolypeptides.
Amylase–breaksdownstarchintomaltose.
Lipase–breaksdownfatsintofattyacidandglycerol.
Maltase–breaksmaltosetoglucose.
Lactase – breaks lactose to glucose &
fructose.Sucrase – breaks sucrose to glucose
&galactose.Erepsin–
breakspolypeptidesintoaminoacid.

Mouth:Digestionofstarchbeginsinthemouth.Ptyalinconvertsstarchtomaltosesugarinthemouth.

Stomach:Onlyproteinsaredigestedinthestomach.Pepsinconvertssolidproteinsintopeptonesandpolypeptideswhil
e Rennin curdlesmilkproteins.

SmallIntestine(Duodenum):Thethreemajorclassesoffoodsarealldigestedhere.
Trypsin–convertsproteintopeptonesandpolypeptides.
Amylopsin–convertsstarchtomaltose.
Lipase–convertsfats&oiltofattyacid&glycerol.
SmallIntestine(Ileum)–
Digestioniscompletedhereasallpartiallydigestedfoodsubstancearecompletelydigested.
Maltase–breaksdownmaltosetoglucose.
Erepsin–breaksdownpolypeptidestoaminoacid.
Lipase -breaksdownfats&oiltofattyacidandglycerol.
ThesefinalproductsofdigestionintheIleumarethesmallsimplemoleculeswhichcanbeabsorbedintothebody.

ABSORPTIONOFFOOD
When food has been finally digested to simple absorbable forms, they are simply absorbed in the
smallintestine into the blood stream by diffusion through several fingers like projections on the internal
surfaceareaof the ileum.

These projections areknownasVILLI. Each villus comprisesa networkof capillariesandthe

latealvessels.GlucoseandAminoaciddiffuseintothenetworkofcapillariesofvilliintothebloodstreamwhilethelateal
vesseltakesup fattyacidandglycerol.
Indigestible portion of the food is regulated into the larger intestine where it is dehydrated and
processedintosemisolidfeacesfor egestion.

EVALUATION
1. a.Namethecomponentsofabalanceddiet.
b. Statewhichcomponentsofthebalanceddietsarelargecomplexmoleculesthatrequiredigestion?
2 a.Namethefourdigestivejuices.
b.Mentiontheenzymespresentineachjuice.
3. Explainthefollowing(a)absorptionoffood(b)egestion.

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SIMPLEFOODTESTS
1. Testforstarch
Starch+Iodinesolutions
Result:Blue –blackcolourconfirmsthepresenceofstarch
2. Testforreducingsugarse.g.glucoseGl
ucose+Fehling solutions
Boilthemixture
Result:Brick–redprecipitateconfirmsthepresenceofreducingsugar
3. Test for Non-reducing sugars eg
SucroseSucrose+DillHclacid
Boil for about 5
minutesCoolthe
mixtures
AddsomeNaHCO3untilthereisfittingNo
waddFehling’ssolution
Warmthetubes
Result:Brick–redprecipitateobtained
N.B: If Sucrose is not first heated as described, it would give no colour with Fehling solution for it is a non-
reducingsugar.TheHClbreaksdownthesucroseintosimplersugar,whichreactswiththeFehlingsolution.
4. Testforprotein
2cm3 of protein (milk) + 2-3 drops of Million’s
reagentBoilthemixture
Result:OrangecolourorBrickredprecipitateconfirmspresenceofprotein.`
5. Testforlipids
oil+SudanIIIsolution
Result: Red stains confirm presence of oil or
fatOR: oil+ paper
Result:Paperturnstranslucenttoshowthatlipidispresent
6. Testfor water
Water+whiteanhydrousCuSO4
Result:BluecolourconfirmspresenceofwaterOR
: WaterBluecobaltIIchloridepaper
Result:Pinkcolourconfirmthepresenceofwater

GENERALEVALUATION
1. Classifythefollowingsugarseitherasreducingornon-reducing(a)Sucrose(b)Maltose.
(c)Glucose(d)Lactose(e) Galactose(f)Fructose.
2. Mentionthereagentneeded totestfor eachofthe following:(a)Starch
(b)protein(c)reducingsugar(d)Lipid(e) water(f)non-reducingsugar
3. (a)Namethecomponentsofabalanceddiet(b)Statewhichcomponentsofthebalanceddietsarelargecomp
lexmoleculesthatrequiredigestion?
4. (a)Namethefourdigestivejuices.(b)Mentiontheenzymespresentineachjuice.
5. Explainthefollowing(a)absorptionoffood(b)egestion.

READINGASSIGNMENT
IntegratedScience MadeEasy,bktwobyF.I.Kehinde.Pgs13-15.

WEEKENDASSIGNMENT
1. Theprocessbywhichcomplexmoleculesinfoodarereducedintosimplerabsorbableoneis
A.EgestionB.ingestionC.digestionD.absorption
2. OneoftheseisNOTadigestiveenzymeA.MucinB.ptyalinC.pepsinD.amylase

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3. Whichreagentismostsuitablefortestingforpresenceofstarchinheat?A.OsmicacidB.iodine
C.million’sreagent D.SudanIIIsolution.
4. AllofthesearedigestivejuicesexceptA.SalivaryglandsB.pancreaticjuice C. Bile
pigmentD.succusentericus
5. Oxynticcellssecretes…………intothestomach A.DiluteHClB.Trypsin C.pepsin D.rennin

THEORY
1. Mentionthefivemainpartsofthedigestivesystem.
2. Definethefollowing(a)peristalsis(b)egestion.

WEEKTEN Date:……………………………..
TOPIC: THE CIRCULATORY
SYSTEMCONTENT
 BloodComponentsandFunctions.
 TheHeartandBloodVessels.
 The Human CirculatorySystem
 BloodDefectsandDiseases

BloodComponents and Functions

Blood is a liquid connective tissue, which is maintained in constant circulation round the body. In
certainorganisms, blood flows within a closed system of inter connecting vessels while the reverse holds in
otherorganisms.

ThehumanbloodisofPH7.4andcomprisesfourcomponents:
1. Plasma[liquidpartofblood]
2. RedBloodcells[Erythrocytes]
3. WhiteBloodCells[Leucocytes]
4. Bloodplatelets[Thrombocytes]

PLASMA
This is the liquid part of blood, which makes up about 55% volume of blood. The plasma itself is made
ofabout 90% water, proteins and mineral salts. It takes digested food from the small intestine to places
whereneededand alsotakeswasteproduct totheexcretory organsfor removal.

RED BLOOD CELLS: These are the most numerous cells in the blood. They account for the redness
ofblood. Each red cell contains HEAMOLOGIN, a respiratory pigment which enables Red Blood Cells
totransport oxygen in the blood. Red blood cells are also called ERYTHROCYTES. They are formed in
theBONE MARROW and destroyed in the LIVER and SPLEEN when too old to perform their
functionscompletelyafterabout120daysofexistence.

WHITEBLOODCELLS
They are the least numerous cells in the blood. They fight microorganisms and infections in the blood.
WBCalso helps the body to destroy bacteria and viruses through the agency of ANTIBODIES in the
bloodplasma.

PLATELETS
Thesecondmostnumerousbloodcellswhichhelpbloodtoclotinwounds.TheyarealsocalledTHROMBOCYTES.
They are tiny cells, which are much smaller than either the RBCs or WBCs. Most oftentheyare found
asfragments.

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EVALUATION
1. WhatisBlood?
2. Statethecomponentsofblood.
3. Explainbrieflyeachbloodcomponent.

TheHeartand Bloodvessels
Theheartisthemuscularpumpingorgan,whichmaintainsacontinualflowofbloodroundthebody.Thehumanheart
comprisesfourchambersnamely:
a. The2upperandsmallerchambers[ARTRIAorAURICLES]
b. The2LowerandbiggerchamberscalledVENTRICLES
Theheartisconnectedtobloodvesselswithinwhichbloodistransportedroundthebody.

THEBLOOD VESSELS

Threetypesofbloodvesselsknownare:
Veins:ReturnbloodtotheheartArteries:
Carry blood away from the
heart.Capillaries:Linkarterieswithvenules

DifferencesbetweenArteriesandVein
ARTERIES VEINS
1. Carrybloodawayfromtheheart Returnsbloodtotheheart
2. Carryoxygenatedbloodathigh

Carrydeoxygenatedbloodunderlowpressurepressure
3. Aredeeplylocatedundertheskin. Aresuperficiallylocatedbeneaththeskin

EVALUATION
1. Mentionthechambersassociatedwithbloodvesselsandvalvesofthehumanheart.
2. Statetwodifferencesbetweenarteriesandveins.

THEHUMANCIRCULATORYSYSTEM
Itisdescribedas aclosedcirculatorysysteminthat bloodiscirculatedround
thebodythroughasystemofinterconnectingbloodvessels. Thehumancirculatory system
isalsodescribedasdoublecirculationinthat

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blood has to flow twice through the heart before one complete circulation can be made through each time
itdoes.It flows throughseparatepathways.

The twopathwaysareknownasthe:
a. LungorPulmonarypathway.
b. Bodyorsystemic pathway.

The lung pathway ensures re-oxygenation of the blood while the body pathway ensures delivery of
oxygento the tissuesand cellsof thebody.

EVALUATION
1. Whatdoesitmeantodescribethehumancirculatorysystemas:a.Closedcirculationb.Doublecirculation?
2. Whatkindofbloodisconveyedbythea.Pulmonaryartery
b.Pulmonaryveinc.Aortad.Venacava?

BloodDefectsandDiseases
Some people may suffer through not having enough RBCs and hence are unable to get sufficient supply
ofoxygen.These people can be said to be Anaemic.Thus, anemia is a serious blood defect. Other
blooddiseasesabound andare named belowviz:
1. Leukaemia
2. Haemophilia
3. Sicklecell
4. Septicemia
5. Hypertension
6. Hypotension

Leukaemia:ImbalanceofredandwhitebloodcellsasthereisapreponderanceofdefectiveandcancerousWBCs.T
hisiscausedbyexposuretoradioactivefall-outfromatomic bombsor byoverexposuretox-rays.

Sickle Cell: This is a disease which arises from the formation of sickle shaped red blood cells in the
bloodandwhichareunabletodelivertheoxygenrequirementofthebodypromptlyandeffectively.Itishereditary.

Haemophilia:Inabilityofthebloodtocheckbloodlossautomaticallywhenminorinjuriesaresustained.Itisalso
hereditary.

Septicemia:Bloodpoisoningduetocertainbacterialinfectionsandwhichresultsinlackingoftheblood

Hypertension:Describestheclinicalcondition ofhighbloodpressure.

Hypotension: Low blood pressure. Occasionally, bleedingmay occur when blood vessels are
damagedorruptured inaccidents, woundsand certain illnesses.

GENERALEVALUATION
1 Mentiontwoheritableblooddiseases.
2 Distinguishbetweenhypertensionandhypotension.
3. WhatisBlood?
4. Statethecomponentsofblood.
5. Explainbrieflyeachbloodcomponent.

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READINGASSIGNMENT
IntegratedScience MadeEasy,bktwopgs21-25

WEEKENDASSIGNMENT
1. Which one of these is NOT a Blood compound cell?A. PlasmaB. Erythrocytes C.
LeucocytesD.Thrombocytes
2. AdiseasecausedbyapreponderanceofcancerousanddefectivewhitebloodcellsintheblooddescribesA.
Septicemia B.Leukemia C. HemophiliaD. Hypertension
3. Thebloodvessels,whichlookarteriolesupwithvennules,areknownasA.ArteriolesB.Venacava
C.Capillaries D.Vennules
4. ThechamberoftheheartwiththethickestwallistheA.Leftventricle B.rightauricleC.
leftauricleD.right ventricle
5. ThelargestarteryinthebodyistheA.PulmonaryarteryB.aortaC.hepaticarteryD.renalartery

THEORY
1. Drawandlabelthehumanheart.
2. Writebrieflyonthehumancirculatorysystem.

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