CE-205 SURVEYING – I

DR. KHAN SHAHZADA

Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering UET Peshawar
 Topics:
Maps and Plans,
Plotting, Contour Maps, Profiles, Cross-sections, and
Prismoidal Formula,
 Maps and Plans

Drawing Contours:
After locating contour points smooth contour lines are drawn connecting
corresponding points on a contour line. French curves may be used for drawing
smooth lines. A surveyor should not lose the sight of the characteristic features on the
ground. Every fifth contour line is made thicker for easy readability. On every
contour line its elevation is written. If the map size is large, it is written at the ends
also.
 Maps and Plans
Making a Contour Map:
• First prepare a planimetric map of the area. This is a map showing the boundaries
of the land, the surveying stations, the major physical features and all available
details.
• Add the points of known ground elevation to the map. To locate these points on the
map, use a distance scale and, if necessary, a protractor for determining any angles.
Write the elevations next to the points.
 Maps and Plans

Making a Contour Map:

• Find the points of lower ground elevation. Then, according to the contour interval
you have chosen, determine which elevation represents the first contour line you
need to draw.
• The first contour line will pass between ground points with elevations which are
lower and higher than the elevation of the contour points (joining the line).
Carefully locate the path of the contour line between these higher and lower points,
as you draw.
Note that contour lines are usually curved, not straight. You should draw them free-
hand, rather than using a ruler to connect the points
 Maps and Plans
Making a Contour Map:
 Maps and Plans
Making a Contour Map:
• Using the same procedure, draw the other contour lines. Show the progressively
higher elevations as multiples of the selected contour interval.
Note: contour lines are only drawn for elevations which are multiples of the contour
interval. Show the elevations of the contours by writing in numbers at appropriate
intervals; the contour line is usually broken to leave a space for the number.
 Maps and Plans
Making a Contour Map:
• This general procedure may vary, depending on the contour surveying method you
have used in the field.
(a) If you have used a direct method, the plan survey of the contours you have
identified gives you all the information you need to map the corresponding contour
lines. You will reduce the measured distances to scale, and use the parallel lines
marked on the ground as a background to the contour lines.
(b) If you have used an indirect method, you will lay out the pattern of lines roughly
in the drawing, map the points of known elevation and note their elevations. Then,
estimate the position of the contour lines, as explained above.
 Maps and Plans
Making a Contour Map:
 Plotting Contour Maps and Profiles
How to Plot Longitudinal Profiles:
Why are longitudinal profiles plotted?
• Longitudinal profiles are plotted to show relative elevations on a plan. When you
design a fish-farm, longitudinal profiles help you to determine the route and the
bottom slope of such works as water-supply and drainage canals. They are also
useful when you need to estimate the amounts of earth you need to dig out or build
up on a site (called the volumes of earthwork), and when you choose sites for the
construction of reservoir dams and river barrages (small dams that channel the
water into ditches or canals).
 Plotting Contour Maps and Profiles
Information from which longitudinal profiles can be plotted:
You plot a longitudinal profile as a continuous line drawn through points of known
elevations. The information you use for this can be:

Ground elevations, which are separated by known distances, along several lines, or
A contour map.
 Plotting Contour Maps and Profiles
Scales to be used for longitudinal profiles:
You need two different scales to be able to plot longitudinal profiles;
A horizontal scale: which reduces horizontal ground distances.
A vertical scale: which reduces vertical elevations.
Both scales should use the same unit of length. This is usually the meter.
The horizontal scale of the profile should preferably be the same as the scale of the
plan or map.
Example
If the scale of the plan is 1 cm per meter, the horizontal scale of the longitudinal
profile should also be 1 cm per m.
 Plotting Contour Maps and Profiles
Scale
 Plotting Contour Maps and Profiles
In most aqua culture surveys, the differences in elevation are very small in
comparison to the horizontal distances. When you plot longitudinal profiles for such
a survey, you will therefore need to make the differences in elevation seem larger.
You can use a vertical scale which is from 10 to 100 times larger than the horizontal
scale.
Example
Horizontal scale Vertical scale
1 cm per 25 m 1 cm per 2.5 m
1 cm per 10 m 1 cm per 0.25 m
 Plotting Contour Maps and Profiles
Plotting profiles from contour maps:
Get some sheets of square-ruled millimetric paper. Or, use one sheet as a guide only,
placing it under a sheet of transparent tracing paper on which you will plot your
profiles.
On the contour map, draw line AB along which you need to determine the
longitudinal profile. Study the range of the elevations you will plot, choose the
vertical scale, and decide where to start your drawing so that it will fit within the
limits of the sheet of paper. Choose the horizontal scale equal to the scale of the
contour map.
 Plotting Contour Maps and Profiles
Plotting profiles from contour maps:
Example:
Contour map with contour interval = 2 m;
contour lines from 484 m to 506 m;
horizontal scale 1 cm = 20 m (map and profile);
vertical scale 1 cm = 0.25 m.
 Plotting Contour Maps and Profiles
Plotting profiles from contour maps:
• Cut a strip of paper a little longer than the longitudinal profile AB you need to draw
and about 2 cm wide. Place this paper strip on the contour map with one edge
exactly on line AB.
• Mark points A and B with thin vertical lines to indicate the end-points of the
longitudinal profile. In a similar way, mark the position of each of the contour lines
along the edge of the strip. Note the elevations of the main contour lines next to their
mark.
 Plotting Contour Maps and Profiles
Plotting profiles from contour maps:
• Place the paper strip on the drawing sheet. Its marked edge should line up with the
horizontal line representing the lowest elevation present (484 m) in the longitudinal
profile. Align point A on the strip with the starting point of the drawing.
• Transfer all the penciled marks from the paper strip to the drawing and note the main
elevations next to their marks.
 Plotting Contour Maps and Profiles
Plotting profiles from contour maps:
• Using the vertical scale as a reference, transfer each of these marks vertically up to the
horizontal line that corresponds to its elevation. Using a sharp pencil with a hard lead,
make a small circled dot at each of these points on the lines.
• Join these points with a continuous line,
which represents the longitudinal profile of the
ground along selected line AB.
Note: you can only apply this method if the
horizontal scale of your drawing is the same
as the distance scale of the contour map.
 Plotting Contour Maps and Profiles
Plotting profiles from your own field survey:
• You can use measurements of distances and elevations from a field survey to plot
profiles. Along the horizontal axis, first plot the positions of the survey stations which
you have located, for example at regular intervals along a Centre-line, using the
horizontal scale (here 1 cm = 10 m) as a basis. Next to each of these points, mark its
distance from the starting point of the profile, the cumulative distance in (m).
 Plotting Contour Maps and Profiles
Plotting profiles from your own field survey:
• For each of these points, plot the elevations on vertical lines, using the vertical scale (1 cm = 5 cm)
and the two extreme elevations (1.34 m and 1.06 m) as bases.
• Join these points with a continuous line, which represents the profile of the ground along the
center-line.
• Add more information, such as the elevations of the
bench-mark (BM) and of any turning point (TP). If you
also plot the proposed canal slope (0.15 cm/m = 7.5 cm/ 50 m),
you can use the drawing to easily locate areas where you
need to raise the land to a required level (called a fill), or
places where you need to dig a channel (called a cut).
Then you can use the drawing to estimate the amount of
earthwork these will require.
 Cross Sections
How to plot cross-section profiles:
1. You can plot cross-section profiles either from contour maps or from levelling-
survey information.
2. A good example of when to use a cross-section profile plotted from a contour map
is for a study of a river valley when you want to create a water reservoir, or build a
small barrage that will raise the water level and fill the fish-ponds by gravity.
3. If you use the information from a levelling survey, you can plot cross-section
profiles to calculate volumes of earthwork when you are building water canals and
fish-ponds
 Cross Sections
How to plot cross-section profiles:
 Cross Sections
Plotting cross-section profiles from contour maps:
1. On the contour map, draw the lines along which you will study the profiles. These lines
should be perpendicular to a longitudinal profile.
2. Get several sheets of square-ruled millimetric paper, or use one sheet as a guide only,
under transparent tracing paper. Plot the cross-section profiles with the help of a marked
paper strip (as described in Plotting profiles from contour maps in previous slides).
 Cross Sections
Plotting cross-section profiles from contour maps:
Remember that:
• The horizontal scale of the drawing should be the same as the distance scale of the
contour map; and
• The vertical scale of the drawing should be from 10 to 20 times larger than the
horizontal scale.

Cross section of a valley

 Cross Sections
Plotting cross-section profiles for earthwork estimates:
1. To estimate how much earthwork you need to do, you can usually plot cross-sections
to a scale of either 1 cm per meter or 1 cm per 0.5 m. Use the larger scale when the
amount of a cut or fill is small. Horizontal scales and vertical scales should be
identical, so that you can obtain a true surface area from the scaled dimensions.
2. You can plot best on square-ruled millimetric paper or use one sheet of such paper
as a guide placed under a sheet of transparent tracing paper.
3. Draw a vertical center-line (LL) representing the center-line of the cross-section
profile. LL should follow one of the heavier lines of the squared-ruled paper.
4. On both sides of this center-line, draw the ground profile EFD on the basis of your
levelling data, using the horizontal scale for distances and the vertical scale for
elevations.
 Cross Sections
Plotting cross-section profiles for earthwork estimates:
 Cross Sections
Plotting cross-section profiles for earthwork estimates:
5. From the longitudinal profile, locate point A on line LL. In the example, it represents
the elevation of the bottom of the canal at this particular levelling station (see in plotting
profile from your own field survey , step 3 previous slides).
6. Through point A, draw a horizontal line BAC to show the canal bottom. Make sure
that AB = AC, and each is half the width of the canal bottom.
 Cross Sections
Plotting cross-section profiles for earthwork estimates:
7. Through B and C, draw lines BE and CD representing the sides of the canal (for
example, with a slope of 1.5: 1). These two lines intersect the ground surface at points E
and D.
8. The cross-section EBACDFE represents a vertical section of the earth. You can then
easily calculate the area of this cross-section (see, for example, Section 10.3). Using this
area as a basis, you can estimate the volume of earth you need to remove from this location
along the center-line of the canal.
 Prismoidal Formula
Volume:
In many civil engineering projects, earthwork involve the excavation, removal and
dumping of earth, therefore it is required to make good estimate of volume of
earthwork.
Volume computation are also required to determine the capacity of reservoirs.
 Prismoidal Formula
Prismoidal Formula:
V= d/3 x [ A1 + An + 4 (A2 + A4 + An-1) + 2 (A3 + A5+ ….. An-2)]
i.e. Volume= Common Distance/3 x [ Area of First Section + Area of Last
Section + 4 (Sum of areas of even Section) + 2 (Sum of Area of Odd
Sections)]
 Prismoidal Formula
Computation of Volume: The Prismoidal formula is applicable when there are odd
number of sections. If the number of sections are even, the end section is treated
separately and the area is calculated according to the trapezoidal rule. The volume of
the remaining section is calculated in the usual manner by the Prismoidal formula.
Then both the result are added to obtain the total volume.
Trapezoidal Rule/Formula
Becoming Extraordinary Means Giving Up a “Normal” Life.