Simulation of Mixing in Spiral Microfluidic Channels

This “Literature Review” briefly describes the sole detail of cause and works involved in this
Research project involving Simulation of Mixing in Spiral Microfluidic channels and it’s
expected outcome, findings, Theory, Model, Objective, Impacts, Ethics, Past works, timeline,
and the benefit of this project to the wellbeing of Society and Culture.

Literature Review
Initially the Primal Aim of this study relates to simulation of mixing in Spiral microfluidic
channels using CFD Analysis. The Design of Microfluidic channels solely rely on the mixing of
microfluids which enhances and play a vital role in the manipulation of fluids. Application of
this device’s and recent developments, have mostly influenced areas such as Biochemistry,
Bioengineering, Drug Delivery, Biomedical diagnostics and Chemical synthesis. In addition,
Microfluidic instruments in Life sciences provide the ability to control cellular micro-
environments with high spatiotemporal precisions, it also projects mechanical and
biochemical signals in a more physiologically relevant context.
Also, in pharmaceuticals microfluids engages in control over fluid flows and mixing, giving
a promising alternative to general conventional method. Facing the rapid growth in world’s
population and necessity, microfluidic instruments can be used for producing safer and more
functional foods, as well as monitoring water sources with high sensitivity and repeatability.
This project particularly involves the process of designing a microfluidic channel device of a
required varying sizes using SolidWorks by creating a Three-dimensional model geometry
later simulating the geometry by using “CFD” Ansys Fluent software to find its Fluid
behaviour, material property, Dean vortices, Reynold’s number, Fluid flow velocity, reactions
inside the channel etc, to get an efficient design to manufacture Long sustaining devices.
Primary Objective
The primal objective of this research deals with the growing scientific market of
Microfluidic field research, this particular research plays a pivotal role in the micro science
behind it, by the use of Ansys Fluent Simulation software and comparing the characteristics
and fluid flow differences and attained results, it would provide much efficient and
innumerable growth in the entire field of study in spiral micromixers as well as research.
▪ SolidWorks CAD Model: The initial generation of the Geometry is achieved using
SolidWorks CAD Software designing a variety of differing sized spiral micromixer channels
and later the model file is exported to Ansys Fluent software for further Analysis. ▪ Ansys
Fluent Validation: To find the potential of Ansys Fluent by analysing the model, meshing and
running the fluid flow analysis. This primary objective’s goal is to confirm the evaluation
strategies of Ansys Fluent software.
Secondary Objective
▪ Spiral Micromixer Design Analysis: The designed spiral micromixer is further used for
simulation and to study the fluid flow characteristics and Dean vortex generations, also
aiming its Fluid mixing capabilities which attains a better efficient design results. ▪ Study of
Fluid properties and Flow Rates: This part explains how the tuning of flow rates and fluid
properties can directly influence the Dean vortices in the Spiral micromixer and provide
greater insights into selecting fluid properties and boundary conditions for particular
operational parameter for specific design applications. ▪ Experimental data comparisons:
Comparing the simulation and results obtained from Ansys Fluent. The comparison of Dean
no, Reynolds no., velocity, etc. This solution provides the efficient model to choose and if
needed to optimise the Computational data strategies like mesh, turbulence, solver settings
to extract a greater model for better results.
The Current State of the Art and Previous Solutions
Introductory to Microfluidics and Micromixers, Microfluidics enables the construction of
devices and methods for manipulating liquids in small volume ranging from micro- to nano-
litres, also when the subjects are immersed. Whereas this technology was introduced in
1965 with the inception of inkjet printing. Some of the key features that attract microfluidics
in the field of researchers are laminar flows, immiscible fluids, capillary and diffusion
dominating features, which make microfluidic flows highly controllable and predictable. To
achieve these features, microfluidic structures must be fabricated with feature sizes on the
order of sub-millimeters to sub-microns, including micro-channels, junctions, valves and
reservoirs. Although microfluidics is still considered as an adolescent industry, its impacts on
bio-engineering, personalized medicines and microscale biology are some of the notable
workings. Also Fabrication methods for microfluidic devices were developed from silicon
microfabrication, which originated from microelectronics and extended to glass
micromachining, PDMS soft-lithography, 3D printing, bioprinting, and paper-based
construction. Having more than 50 years of development, microfluidics has become a game-
changer in numerous research and industrial areas. It not only improves existing
technologies such as inkjet printing, bio-assay, electronics cooling, and gas/liquid sensing,
but also ignites novel technologies, such as lab-on-a-chip, organs-on-a-chip, single-cell assay,
liquid biopsy, etc.
Many microfluidic devices are designed to be used in daily life, but several have proven to
be useful for space-science research projects or engineering sciences. In the 1960s, the role
of microfluidics in space technologies were first introduced by the development of
electrospray thrusters, enabling the fabrication of micro-sized nozzles and controlling liquid
propellants at a higher level of precision. Till dated, many different types of electrospray
thrusters based on capillary and porous surface wetting emitters have been demonstrated
on Earth or in space along with micro-valves, flow-rate sensors, and air bubble eliminators.
Furthermore, microfluidic-based studies were conducted on space, as well as several
miniaturized “bio-reactor” systems were developed for pioneering research in astrobiology
and space pharmacy fields for investigating cells and micro-organisms functionalities under
conditions involving microgravity and space radiation. Ever since the growth of Microfluidics
devices in point-of-cares and biological experiments experienced rapid growth in the 1990s
and early 21st century, the concept was adopted into space medicine for providing tools for
the astronaut’s healthcare. Microfluidic chips which monitors physiological indicators of
astronauts, diagnose infectious diseases, and oversee living conditions have been
constructed.
Similarly the usefulness of microfluidics in space mission’s stems from its fundamental
features. Primarily a microfluidics-based system along with the samples and reagents
involved can be made small, light-weight, and operated automatically with little power
consumption, which significantly reduces the cost and difficulties of carrying the system into
space. Also, key features of microfluidics are maintained when being examined under
microgravity conditions, since the laminar, capillary and diffusion features in the microscale
are not sensitive to gravity, making most microfluidic applications verified on earth workable
in space. Furthermore, microfluidic applications can work without or within little manual
application, making them suitable in unmanned spacecraft such as satellites and probes,
which are the most frequently used spacecraft at present. Finally, microfluidics provides
platforms capable of investigating biological samples scaling from one cell to entire human
beings, which is of greater interest to astrobiology, space medicine, and pharmaceuticals
community, have been attracting a lot more attention to scientific communities.
Understanding the behaviours of biological systems in space is of great significance for
astrobiology, in-space medicine, and the development of new drugs. However, the
opportunities to conduct such experiments in space are being limited to satiating the
curiosity of inquisitive researchers. To date, most in-space biomedical or biochemical
experiments are conducted in space stations or space shuttles by manual operation, thereby
dramatically increasing the cost and restricting the time devoted to each experiment. The
introduction of microfluidics or other automatic fluid handling systems into space would not
only minimize the size of experiment systems, but also significantly reduces the needs of
manpower for conducting such studies.
This cumulative amount of data and research shows that the development of microfluidic
devices and its benefits can become a prime example in the medical industry by aiding
multiple number of innovations. This entire study and its explanations deal with the
preliminary analysis and simulation of mixing in spiral microfluidic channels of different sizes
and dimensions to extract a efficient model from the results. Microfluidic devices by origin
have the capability of the manipulation of small volumes of fluids on a microscale level,
allowing for precise control, reducing number of samples and reagent consumption that is
cost effective and eco-friendly. In addition, these microfluidic systems can handle multiple
samples simultaneously which makes it highly valuable in drug discovery and genomic
studies. Micromixers are aiming the peak in the microfluidics industry, where the
development is focused on controlling the fluid flow, laminar flow, surface forces and
molecular diffusion. Apart from their macroscale rivalry counterparts, whereas most of the
mixing is occurred due to turbulent flow. Microfluidics focuses on harnessing the laminar
flow at the microscale level because the absence of turbulence is more seen in the
microfluidic devices and microlevels, which ultimately led to the importance of laminar flow.
Having the ability to control fluids of small volumes, microfluidic devices has paved way for
various scientific and industrial areas of research which includes drug development,
environmental monitoring, chemical as well as biological analyses. One of the finest
requirements needed in this study or experiment is efficient mixing of fluids, having the
dominance of laminar flow at the microscale level, conventional mixing or chaotic flows
aren’t suitable making the area of study more critical. For the past years various designs and
operational methods have been developed to react against the mixing constraints faced by
laminar flows. Which includes passive micromixers with advanced geometry and
architecture of the microchannels to stimulate mixing and active micromixers which rely on
external forces to enhance the mixing process. Whereas micromixers basically having the
major characteristics in microfluidics are originally designed to undergo mixing of fluids in a
efficient microscale condition, focused on the relation and control of fluid flow, and
dominance of laminar flow in small scale situations. The absence of turbulence and the
conventional mixing of fluid through gravitational stimulation in macroscale levels makes the
research on microlevel a bit critical to analyse. Initially micromixers should rely on
characteristics that aid laminar flow patterns, diffusion and particular mixer geometry which
improves mixing. But the applications which are gained by the use of microfluidics are vast,
ranging from biochemical, environmental monitoring and their capability to handle minute
volumes of fluid precisely.
Spiral Micromixers Spiral micromixers are a major development leap in spiral shaped
micromixers with better aesthetic shape which further enhances the fluid flow. Which
projects a curved or helical channel, thus improving the physics of Dean vortices as well as
the secondary forces which arise due to centrifugal forces in curved channels which
enhances mixing. These vortices disturb the laminar flow, which increases the interface
between fluid streams and providing efficient molecular diffusion. Spiral micromixers have
come to light because of its passive working function, which does not require any external
energy source, and their potential to operate efficiently across a variety a flow rates.
Cause for Research
This particular area of research focuses on aiding the medicine industry whereas by
mixing medicine to get an specific chemical solution for the field of research also it would be
beneficial for field’s such as biochemistry, drug delivery, biomedical diagnostics and chemical
synthesis etc,. The Technology of Microfluidic devices and biological experiments tend to rise
in the 1990s and early 21st century, the concepts were more beneficial to space medicine in
providing tools for astronaut’s healthcare, detecting and monitoring physiological indicators
of astronauts, diagnosing infectious diseases and overseeing living conditions such as food,
air and water. Since the Laminar, Capillary and diffusion features in microscale level are not
much affected by the sensitivity of gravity, making most microfluidic devices workable and
verified in earth as well as space. Silicon and glass also play a major role in the fabrication
materials of microfluidic devices, at present plastics are on the rise for the past few years.
Thermoplastic materials have been recently used in the microfluidic platforms to study and
perform experiments on cellular level studies or environmental monitoring and applications
with low cost disposable devices. Microfluidics industry is setup to spontaneous growth in
the mere future having it’s diverse applications across Biotechnology, material science,
bioengineering, healthcare sector. etc,. Miniaturized fluid handling devices produces
unprecedented precision and results in diagnostics, drug delivery and personalized
medicines. With current developments like lab-on a chip technology, point of care devices
and microfluidic-based organ on a chip model we can expect a drastic development in drug
delivery, diagnostics and tissue engineering. In further, the convergence of microfluidics with
artificial intelligence and automation has paved way for a more highly integrated solutions,
promising to reshape the industries and provide overall quality in healthcare and scientific
research in future years. Microfluidic market size in the global level was estimated to be USD
32.15 billion in 2023 and it is further expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate
(CAGR) of 12.22% between 2024 to 2030. This increasing potentiality of microfluidic devices
in various fields of research and diagnosis is expected to boost market growth.

How this Research would be beneficial

As a whole the entire research involves on fluid flow through a curved spiral channel, the
travel velocity and the losses occurred in such micro level environment. Although the fluid
can be sent through a straight-line channel, the constraints involved in the straight line is
more in comparison to the spiral channel. The Theory which was done by Prof. J Eustice
“Fluid motion in a curved channel” suggests that curved pipes does not create a sudden
change or critical velocity in the Fluid flow velocity. Flow in a curved pipe is streamline
compared to a straight pipe, in spite the experimental works done by Prof. J Eustice shows
that critical velocity in a curved pipe is much smaller than in a straight one. But according to
the theory it is observed that the stream-line fluid flow in a curved channel tends to get
smaller disturbances due to the absence of a sudden increase in the loss of head in
comparison with the straight-line channels.
From the problem we have come to know that it is the uniform shearing motion between
the flat plates is stable for small disturbances, but prof. G.I. Taylor “Professor of Fluid
mechanics at the university of Cambridge” suggest that it is the shearing motion between
concentric cylinders can become unstable for small disturbances. From the studies
mentioned we intend to use a rectangular or square shaped flat plates instead of concentric
cylinder for the fluid flow analysis. The analysis includes the modelling a geometry of Spiral
micromixer channel using Solid-works CAD software of varying sizes i.e., Geometry 1:
Generation of a 5mm diameter spiral micromixer with 0.3mm fluidic channels with 2
revolutions with a distance of 1mm between each revolution at a velocity of 0.2 m/s, finding
Dean vortices (Dean Number) and Reynold’s number, defining Boundary conditions like
material properties, flow velocity, density, specific heat, viscosity, material properties of
water etc. For First Geometry “0.1”m/s is a sufficient velocity to attain the expected results.
Geometry 2: A further Generation of the replicated geometry of previous design with a
slighter improvement with the width of 0.20mm and 0.12mm in height but the orientation
of the inlet design is changed from vertical to horizontal to find if it would cause any effect
on the results. The inlet dimensions of the spiral were 0.08 mm by 0.12 mm respectively.
The entire outer radius of the spiral is designed at 4mmwith an Rectangular Faced design.
Different velocities were applied to gain efficient simulation. Geometry 3: Generation of the
replicated geometry of previous design with a slighter improvement with a width of 0.20mm
and a height of 0.12mm where the orientation of the inlet design is changed from vertical to
horizontal to find if it would cause any effect on the results. The inlet dimensions of the
spiral were 0.2mm and 0.04mm respectively. The entire outer radius of the spiral is designed
at 2mm and the channels were made 5mm away from each one. Whereas the outer
diameter is 4mm and the number of revolution’s is 3. Different velocities were applied to
gain efficient simulation. Geometry 4: Generation of a final geometry with square shaped
inlet entrance is designed with an dimension of 0.25mm x 0.25mm in width and height.
Having Three Revolutions on the spiral model. This final geometry would be an efficient one
to simulate.
Application of Mesh Sizing: The Mesh generation for these geometries are done using
Ansys, whereas the geometry one has an mesh sizing of 0.0002m, further Geometry Two has
an mesh sizing of 1 e^-5 mm, the third geometry is sized to 1 e^-5 mm, in addition the
Fourth geometry is sized to 1 e^-5 mm where these mesh sizing would be beneficial for
getting the accurate results.
Potential Ethical Issues
For this research study it involves onsite visit for the usage of Software Labs at
Technological University Dublin, Bolton Street. In addition the output of this Project
submission should be submitted to TUD Bolton street university and it can be used for
further studies for students as well as staffs. Any gender Male/Female can utilize this study
for their research findings, there is no gender barriers for the access of this Course.
Sustainable Development Goals
In Accordance with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals : Development of
Economic and Social Affairs this research would be an greater benefit to the society as well
as innovative future culture the pandemic and other ongoing crises are hindering progress in
achieving SDG3, exacerbating existing health inequalities and threatening progress towards
universal health coverage. This has been particularly challenging in low- and middle-income
countries, where health systems were already under-resourced before the pandemic. The
pandemic has also highlighted the need for stronger global health security systems to
prevent and respond to future pandemics. Overcoming these setbacks and dealing with
longstanding shortcomings in health-care provision requires an urgent strengthening of
health systems. Microfluidic devices would foster directly or indirectly the “sustainable
developmental goals” according to World health organization affecting the culture,
environment, people’s wellbeing. Where this research project if this would be implemented
in the real world for future purposes it would acknowledge the Stage 3: Good health and
well-being (ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages) of SDGs by world
health organization. This microfluidic area of study if promoted in high disease prevalent and
high mortality, less immune response people and countries across the globe, it would be
benefitted by having more active essential health services, development of more R&Ds in
such places would help influence and develop the field of medicine and combat infectious
diseases.
Continuous Methodology to be carried out
The methodology of the work carried out in this project is initially the model which is to
be generated by the SolidWorks CAD Software designing a variety of differing sized spiral
micromixer channels and later the model file is exported to Ansys Fluent software for further
Analysis. After the creation of the Model it is exported to an Fluid Flow Analysis Software
called Ansys Fluent to validate and to find the potential of the geometry by analysing the
model, meshing and running the fluid flow analysis. This process is done to confirm the
evaluation strategies of the Ansys Fluent software. The designed spiral micromixer is further
used for simulation and to study the fluid flow characteristics and Dean vortex generations,
and also aiming its Fluid mixing capabilities which attains a better efficient design results.
Moreover, the tuning of flow rates and fluid properties can directly influence the Dean
vortices in the Spiral micromixer and provide such greater insights into selecting fluid
properties and boundary conditions for particular operational parameter and for specific
design applications. Comparing the simulation and results obtained from Ansys Fluent. The
comparison of Dean no, Reynolds no., velocity, Boundary conditions etc. This solution
provides the efficient model to choose and if needed to optimise the Computational data
strategies like mesh, turbulence, solver settings to extract a greater model for better results.
Work Phase: 1 Generation of SolidWorks CAD Model This part involves the generation of the
computational Model of Spiral Micromixer channel using SolidWorks CAD for varying sizes
as mentioned in the Geometry 1,2,3 and 4 in Personal computer or High performing
Supercomputers which is available in Mechanical engineering department Labs at
Technological University Dublin, Bolton Street. Due to the size constraints and mesh
requirement such aiding would help the researcher a greater benefit.
Work Phase: 2 Further work includes the developed Model to be exported to Ansys Fluent
software for further analysis, the exported model is opened in Ansys fluent, by running
computerized simulation of Fluids without any external source. Where the Fluid is passed
through the channels to analyse the Flow Characteristics and simulation.
Work Phase: 3 During this condition the Validated Ansys Fluent model of the spiral
micromixer is subjected to Analysis. Where each individual geometry of varying sizes and
mesh, boundary conditions is simulated to extract results. Including the collection of each
models data involves Reynolds number at different velocities for each model, also aiming it’s
Fluid mixing capabilities which attains a better efficient design results.
Work Phase: 4 The Study of fluid properties and flow rates involves the assumptions
previously made by researchers and the expected values of results and contradictions faced
by the current research and the similarities between model and results. This study would
lead to more efficient design of the spiral micromixers.
Work Phase: 5 The finalised values and results are being generated as a report for each
model either by Ansys Fluent report or it is individually noted down using MS Excel for Data
comparison study. Whereas this part will provide us an insight into whether the study
should be concluded and the model to be convicted as an workable device if not does the
findings on the model requires further more study to be carried out for future research.
Resources and Availability of Samples and Data
The Cost required for this project is very less in practical where only a continuous power
supply requirement is needed to carry out the experiment. If the requirement increases for
an industry level the researcher may be required to purchase a SolidWorks Software would
cost 4430 euros/ year. Whereas an industry usable Ansys Fluent software premium costs
4750 euros / year license. No amount of specialised software is further required for this
project. Also, since the University has hyper-computers with approved software, Whereas
this research does not require any license purchased software since this involves only an
educational setting. The mentioned samples are model with varying parameters in
Geometry one, Two, Three and Four. Where the samples are tested and the extracted results
are used for comparison.
Past works and Findings of previous Researchers
A brief study done by Dean, W.R. (1927) Note on the Motion of Fluid in a Curved Pipe
this study explains on how fluid flow in curved geometries affects and enhance the flow
from other conventionally designed geometries. streamline motion of a fluid in a curved
pipe is associated with a secondary motion in the plane of the cross section, which causes
the secondary motion to decrease the rate of flow produced by pressure gradient and
creates an outward force along the region where the primary flow is higher. The
consequences created by these Secondary Motion is inevitable, but it is further developed
and observed that the correction in the stream can be done by replacing a design which has
a uniform stream flow i.e., curved pipe. W.R. Dean described how the curvature of the pipe
affects the centrifugal forces which alters the secondary Motion, therefore this innovation is
now famously known as Dean vortices. Therefore, such vortices create an two counteracting
forces opposing the main flow, further the presence and constant motion of these vortices
are accumulated and calculated in an dimensionless parameters known as Dean number.
W.R. Dean is laureled as one of the popular Researcher in the field of micro-mixing
processes.
Study which was carried out by Terri Lynn McKay (2011). A CFD model of mixing in a
microfluidic device for space medicine technology. The primal aim of this study is focused
on developing a diagnostic tool that the DNA medicine technology is developing to use it in
National Aeronautics and Space Research Organization. The general-purpose of this
experiment includes analysing and diagnosis of biological samples without damaging the
specimen, and to further aid the reusability of the specimen for different fluidic samples.
The Author claims that the secondary flow analysis was not efficient in experimental data
could not solve the problem where the Dean flow caused the flow to rotate in the channel.
So there was an attempt of a CFD flow program for sufficient results. As the Reynolds
number of the experimental data for various test specimen with lower Re no 12 (De 11)
convective forces were dominating which relevantly showed lower results and provided
incapable outcomes, McKay decided to develop a CFD model with intermediate Reynolds
number 12-30 with an (De 2-11) where mixing appeared better on both convection and
diffusion, which caused the mixing occur primarily due to Dean flow vortices and
subsequent effective mixing performance of fluids in the spiral micromixers.
Some of the journal Handbook on Handbook of Industrial Mixing: Science and Practice
Edward L. Paul (Editor), Victor A. Atiemo - Obeng (Editor), Suzanne M. Kresta (Editor) This
Handbook provide insights into the area of variety of industrial mixers in a clear and concise
manner, also includes turbulence in mixing applications, scope of fundamental flow
measurement techniques, equipment design and practical applications. Where the initial
literature is about macroscopic mixing on industrial applications in addition the principles
and techniques are also associated with microscale level. This book also represents
computational tool as an major indicator for fluid flow analyses, computational fluid mixing
for continuous scaling and observing Flow characteristics and design optimization.
A study on Engineering flows in Small Devices : Microfluidics toward a Lab-on-a-chip,
Article in Annual review of Fluid Mechanics. H.A. Stone, A.D. Stroock and A. Ajdari. This
Article involves Stone and Stroock, Ajdari discussing about various fluid dynamical problems
and new fluid responses and its application in scientific and industrial contexts. It also
thoroughly explains the microfluidic flow studies on controlling and manipulating fluid flows
with length scales less than a Milli-meter. In this literature they also give a brief on variety of
methods for making microdevices, which deals with Eg,. planar structures with long and
narrow channels for better lubrication-style analyses studies. Further it shows that the
future vision of microfluidics is the “Chemical plant on a chip” in a more broader viewpoint,
which urges science and applications in cellular biology, material science, chemistry, fluid
dynamics transport and chemistry is also discussed in this article. Therefore, this article
illustrates the potential of the application of CFD simulation and its future in microfluids,
which has the ability of precise control and manipulation of fluids at the microscale level.
Fundamentals and Applications of MICROFLUIDICS Artech house – Nam-Trung Nguyen,
Steven T. Wereley, Seyed Ali Mousavi Shaegh. This book provides deep understanding of
Microfluidics, Nanotechnology and MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) etc. Major
commercial aspects as well as scientific aspects are explained throughout the literature. It
also provides knowledge on the fundamentals and applications of microfluidics in the
industry as well as the past years, liquid flows and boundary conditions fluid mechanics
theory were also discussed, Wereley, Sayed and Nguyen focus both on fabrication
techniques for microfluidics, experimental flow characterization, microfluidics for external
flow control, microfluidics for internal flow control: microvalves, Micropumps, Microflow
sensors. It also deals with Microfluidics for Life sciences and chemistry: Microneedles,
Micromixers, MicroDispensers, Microfilters and MicroSeparators, Microreactors. etc. Nguyen
and Wereley concentrates both on theoretical and practical applications, ranging from lab-
on-a-chip in biochemical lab systems to drug delivery. With having the Drastic growth of CFD
in the industry it also aids the usage of computer simulations, integration, understanding
and prediction of fluid flows at different models and optimising the geometry for better
microfluidic system results. This book provides an exceptional knowledge and data’s which
will be very beneficial for the study of micromixers.

References (IEEE)
[1] George M. Whitesides, “The Origins and the future of microfluidics,” 2006.
[2] Makhsuda Juraeva, Dong-Jin Kang, “Mixing Performance of a Passive Micromixer
Based on Multiple Baffles and Submergence Scheme,” pp. 1-3, 2023.
[3] Abraham D. Stroock, Stephan K. W. Dertinger, Armand Ajdari, Igor Mezić, Howard A.
Stone and George M. Whitesides, “Chaotic Mixer for Microchannels,” pp. 647-651,
2002.
[4] W.R. Dean M.A. (1927), “Note on the motion of fluid in a curved pipe,” pp. 208-223,
2009.
[5] W.R. Dean, “Fluid motion in a curved channel,” 2009.
[6] N. Nivedita, P. Ligrani and I. Papautsky, “Evolution of Secondary Dean vortices in spiral
microchannels for cell separations,” pp. 639-641, 2014.
[7] N. Nivedita and I. Papautsky, “Use of Secondary Dean Vortices in spiral microchannels
for cell separations,” pp. 2483-2485, 2014.
[8] Terri Lynn McKay, “A CFD Model of Mixing in a Microfluidic Device for Space Medicine
Technology,” pp. 1-90, 2011
[9] Nam-Trung Nguyen, Steven T. Wereley, Seyed Ali Mousavi Shaegh, “Fundamentals and
Applications of Microfluidics, Third Edition. pp. 1-567, 2019.
[10] Parham Vatankhah, Amir Shamloo, “Parametric study on mixing process in an in-plane
spiral micromixer utilizing chaotic advection,” 2018.
[11] Edward L. Paul (Editor), Victor A. Atiemo - Obeng (Editor), Suzanne M. Kresta (Editor),
“Handbook of Industrial Mixing: Science and Practice,” 2004.
[12] H.A. Stone, A.D. Stroock and A. Ajdari, “Engineering Flows in Small Devices,
Microfluidics towards a Lab-on-a-chip” pp. 381-411, 2004.
[13] Aashish Mehra, “Microfluidics Market worth $41.1 billion, Markets and Markets,”
2023.
[14] Grand View Research, “Microfluidics Market Size, Share & Trends Analysis Report By
Application (Medical/Healthcare, Non-Medical), By Material (Silicon, Glass), By
Technology, By Region, And Segment Forecasts, 2024 – 2030,” pp. 1-135, 2022.
[15] “Role of Microfluidics in accelerating new space missions” (National Library of
medicine (National Center for Biotechnology Information) Shuangyang Kuang, Nishtha
Manish Singh, Yichao Wu, Yan Shen, Weijia Ren, Liangcheng Tu, Ken-Tye Yong and Peiyi
Song. pp.1-27, 2022 Apr 21.
[16] “J. Appl.Polym. Sci.” Raj M K., Chakraborty S., 2020,” pp 137.
[17] “Drug Discovery Today, Yu F. and Choudhury D., pp 24,” 2019.
[18] “Microfluidics for Pharmaceutical Applications (William Andrew Publishing), Wibowo
D., Zhao C. X., and He Y., pp. Ch.2.” 2019.
[19] “Electric propulsion Development, Stuhlinger E., Academic Press, 1963”.
[20] “Sens. Actuators, Xiong J., Zhou Z., Dong S and Ye X,. pp. A 117, 168,” 2005.
[21] “Recent Pat. Space Technol., Wan Salin W. W., Park J., Haque A. and Marchall D., pp.
3,24,” 2013.
[22] "The Physics and Manipulation of Dean Vortices in Single- and Two-Phase Flow in
Curved Microchannels" DOI: 10.3390/mi14122202.