Integration of Waste Glass Powder in the Development of
Eco-Friendly Unglazed Wall Tile
A Research Paper
Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Engineering and Architecture
Iloilo Science and Technology University
La Paz, Iloilo City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
Lester Khiets D. Roa
James Vincent L. Tono
May 2024
2
ILOILO SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
La Paz, Iloilo City
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
APPROVAL SHEET
This study entitled, “Integration of Waste Glass Powder in the
Development of Eco-Friendly Unglazed Wall Tile,” prepared and submitted by Mr.
Lester Khiets D. Roa and Mr. James Vincent L. Tono in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree, BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
is hereby recommended for Oral Defense.
ENGR. MARK LYNDON D. BRILLANTES
Adviser
Passed the Oral Defense on April 19, 2024
PANEL
Approved by the Committee on Oral Defense with a grade of PASSED.
ENGR. AL JOEVID B. MIRASOL
Chair
DR. ROWENA P. CALASARA ARCH. MARY MICHELLE L.
BATAYOLA
Member Member
ENGR. ERYL C. LAZARTE
Course Professor
Accepted on in partial fulfillment for the degree, BACHELOR
OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING.
ENGR. AL JOEVID B. MIRASOL DR. ROWENA P. CALASARA
Department Head Dean, CEA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We, the researchers, would like to take a moment to acknowledge and express
our gratitude to the following personas throughout this endeavor:
First and foremost, we express our heartfelt gratitude to the Almighty Creator
for the wisdom and strength granted throughout this research journey.
Our esteemed panel members, Engr. Al Joevid Mirasol, Dr. Rowena P.
Calasara, and Arch. Mary Michelle L. Batayola, for their invaluable guidance,
constructive feedback, and insightful suggestions, which greatly contributed to the
enhancement of this research.
Our respected Research Professor, Engr. Eryl C. Lazarte, for providing
continuous support, encouragement, and scholarly expertise, significantly enriching
our research endeavors.
Our dedicated Research Adviser, Engr. Mark Lyndon D. Brillantes, for his
unwavering commitment, mentorship, and expertise, guiding us every step of the way
toward the successful completion of this study.
The faculty and staff of the Civil Engineering Department of Central
Philippine University, for generously allowing us to utilize their Universal Testing
Machine, enabling us to conduct essential experiments and analyses crucial to our
research, free of charge.
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Our beloved families, for their unconditional love, unwavering support, and
understanding throughout this challenging yet fulfilling journey.
Our dear friends, especially Anjie Cabalcar, Irish Mae Daguplo, Corrine Deane
Turija, Francine Grace Sumagaysay, Metchel Tenegra, Hely Grace Deduayan, and
Edmar Grace Diaz, for their encouragement, companionship, and moral support,
which provided us with strength and motivation during difficult times.
Lastly, to all those who have contributed in any way to this research, whether
mentioned or not, we express our sincerest gratitude for your assistance,
encouragement, and unwavering belief in our capabilities. Your support has been
instrumental in the successful completion of this endeavor.
Lester Khiets D. Roa
James Vincent L. Tono
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Integration of Waste Glass Powder in the Development of
Eco-Friendly Unglazed Wall Tiles
Lester Khiets D. Roa, James Vincent L. Tono
lesterkhiets.roa@students.isatu.edu.ph
jamesvincent.tono@students.isatu.edu.ph
Iloilo Science and Technology University
Burgos Street, La Paz, Iloilo City
Abstract
This research addressed the urgent environmental issue of waste glass pollution by
exploring its potential as a sustainable construction material. Focusing on the
development of eco-friendly unglazed wall tiles, waste glass powder was integrated
into the mixture to mitigate glass waste pollution. The study aimed to assess
aesthetics, durability, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact compared to
standard wall tiles. Researchers utilized a mix ratio of 1:4 (1 part cement and 4 parts
sand) where sand was replaced by waste glass powder in varying percentages of 5%
(Mixture A), 10% (Mixture B), and 15% (Mixture C). Through laboratory testing,
several key findings emerged, and the differences between the developed unglazed
wall tile and commercial wall tile were successfully outlined. Waste glass powder
seamlessly blended with other materials, not affecting the overall visual appearance of
the developed unglazed wall tiles. Incorporating waste glass powder, particularly at
15% replacement (Mixture C), significantly improved water absorption properties.
Mixture C exhibited the highest flexural strength, indicating enhanced durability. All
samples demonstrated successful adherence to walls and resistance to stains. It was
inferred from the scratch resistance test that waste glass powder improved the
hardness of unglazed wall tiles but could not surpass the level of hardness of a
commercial wall tile. Cost analysis revealed competitive pricing, suggesting
commercial viability. Overall, the developed tiles showcased properties akin to
commercial counterparts, underscoring the feasibility of waste glass integration.
Notably, higher replacement percentages yielded superior performance, highlighting
the potential for optimization.
Keywords: adherence, eco-friendly, feasibility, flexural strength, scratch, stain,
unglazed wall tiles, visual aesthetics, waste glass powder, water absorption
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgment iii
Abstract v
Table of Contents vi
List of Figures x
List of Tables xii
List of Appendices xiv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Objectives of the Study 3
Conceptual Framework 4
Definition of Terms 6
Significance of the Study 11
Scope and Limitation 12
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 14
Waste Glass 14
Challenge of Increasing Waste Glass 16
The Growing Challenge of Waste Glass Pollution 17
in the Philippines
Environmental Benefits of Glass Recycling 19
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Wall Tiles 20
Unglazed Ceramic Tiles 21
Production Process of Wall Tiles 21
Design and Development of Non-Load 23
Bearing Oyster Shell Wall Tiles
Use of Glass Waste as a Raw Material in 26
Porcelain Stoneware Tile Mixtures
Utilization of Soda Glass (Cullet) in the 27
Manufacture of Wall and Floor Tiles
Glass Waste as a Flux Instead of Feldspar 29
in Ceramic Tile
Experimental Investigation on Tiles Using 30
Agro-Industrial Wastes
Flexural and Compressive Strength of Concrete 31
Tiles with Different Levels of Partial Substitution
of Pulverized Solid Waste Materials for Gravel
Synthesis 33
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 35
Collection and Cleaning of Materials and Equipment 35
Crushing and Powdering of Waste Glass 36
Particle Size Classification of Waste Glass 37
Fabrication of Forms 38
Design Mix Proportion 40
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Specimen Casting 43
Unmolding of the Specimen 45
Curing 46
Laboratory Tests 48
Visual Inspection Test 48
Water Absorption Test 49
Stain Resistance Test 50
Scratch Resistance Test 51
Adherence Test 52
Flexural Strength Test 53
Cost Analysis 54
CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 55
Visual Inspection Test 55
Water Absorption Test 56
Scratch Resistance Test 60
Stain Resistance Test 67
Flexural Strength Test 69
Adherence Test 72
Cost Analysis 75
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 77
Summary 77
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Conclusions 79
Recommendations 82
REFERENCES 85
APPENDICES 88
CURRICULUM VITAE 120
LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure Page
1 Paradigm of the Study 5
2 Example of Wall Tile 20
3 Wet Milling, Atomization, and Single Kiln Firing 22
Flowchart: The Most Common Wall Tile
Production Procedure
4 Collection and Cleaning of Materials and Equipment 35
5 Crushing and Powdering of Waste Glass Using 36
Compaction Hammer
6 Particle Size Classification of Waste Glass 37
7 Waste Glass Powder 38
8 Fabrication of Forms 39
9 Parts of the Fabricated Form 39
10 Weighing the Quantity of Materials for Controlled Mixture 41
11 Weighing the Quantity of Materials for Mixture A 41
12 Weighing the Quantity of Materials for Mixture B 42
13 Weighing the Quantity of Materials for Mixture C 42
14 Mixing of Cement, Sand, Waste Glass Powder, and Water 43
15 Specimen Casting into the Forms 44
16 Compressing the Specimen on the Form 44
17 Drying of Samples Under Room Temperature 45
18 Unmolding of Specimen 46
19 Curing of the Specimen for Seven Days 47
20 The Developed Unglazed Wall Tiles 47
21 Visual Inspection Test 48
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22 Water Absorption Test 49
23 Stain Resistance Test 50
24 Scratch Resistance Test 51
25 Adherence Test 52
26 Flexural Strength Test 53
27 Mohs Hardness Scale 61
LIST OF TABLES
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Table Page
1 Chemical Composition of Different Glass Types 15
2 Design Mix for Sample A 24
3 Design Mix for Sample B 24
4 Mix Designs for Each Trial 40
5 Visual Inspection Results of Unglazed Wall Tiles 56
6 Results of Water Absorption for Mixture A 57
7 Results of Water Absorption for Mixture B 58
8 Results of Water Absorption for Mixture C 58
9 Results of Water Absorption for Controlled Mixture 59
10 Results of Water Absorption for Commercial 60
Unglazed Wall Tile
11 Results of Scratch Resistance Test for Mixture A 62
12 Results of Scratch Resistance Test for Mixture B 63
13 Results of Scratch Resistance Test for Mixture C 64
14 Results of Scratch Resistance Test for Controlled Mixture 65
15 Results of Scratch Resistance Test for Commercial 66
Unglazed Wall Tile
16 Results of Stain Resistance Test for Mixture A 67
17 Results of Stain Resistance Test for Mixture B 67
18 Results of Stain Resistance Test for Mixture C 68
19 Results of Stain Resistance Test for Controlled Mixture 68
20 Results of Stain Resistance Test for Commercial 69
Unglazed Wall Tile
21 Results of Flexural Strength Test for Mixture A 70
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22 Results of Flexural Strength Test for Mixture B 70
23 Results of Flexural Strength Test for Mixture C 71
24 Results of Flexural Strength Test for Controlled Mixture 71
25 Results of Flexural Strength Test for Commercial 72
Unglazed Wall Tile
26 Results of Adherence Test for Mixture A 73
27 Results of Adherence Test for Mixture B 73
28 Results of Adherence Test for Mixture C 74
29 Results of Adherence Test for Controlled Mixture 74
30 Results of Adherence Test for Commercial 75
Unglazed Wall Tile
31 Cost Analysis of the Developed Unglazed Wall 76
Tiles Integrated with Waste Glass Powder
LIST OF APPENDICES
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Appendix Page
A Letter of Appointment of Research Adviser 89
B Letter of Request for Appointment of Research Panel 90
C Letter of Proposal Presentation and Final Defense Schedule 94
D Advisory Consultation Report 95
E Letter of Request for Editing 96
F Certificate of Recognition for Material Testing 97
Laboratory Facility of Central Philippine University
G Data on Flexural Strength Test 98
H Request Letter to Use Other Libraries 99
I Request Letter to Use the Universal Testing Machine 100
J Cost Analysis Calculations 101
K Flexural Strength Test Calculations 102
L Mix Design Calculations 103
M Scratch Resistance Test Calculations 104
N Water Absorption Test Calculations 105
O Picture/Documentation 106
P Curriculum Vitae 120
