CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
This explained the materials to be used in carrying out the study and the methods adopted to
achieve the set objectives.
3.1 MATERIALS
The following materials will be used for this study: Cement, Water and Finely Crushed Glass.
3.1.1 Sample Collection and Preparation
i. Cement
The cement is one of the ingredients for making tiles and it had the properties to act as a binding
agent in the presence of water. The cement employed in this investigation is grade 42.5N,
conforming to NIS 444-2003 and was obtained locally from Tarauni market in Kano. The
cement collected was without lumps and has a specific gravity of 3.11.
ii. Glass Bottle Waste
The glass bottle for this work are the post-consumer glass waste obtained from landfills, or bottle
waste from vendors. The glass wastes were washed with detergent to remove contaminants, dried
at room temperature, broken down into pieces, pulverized in a ball milling machine and passed
through sieves to follow the same gradation of fine aggregate as Per BS EN 12620 specifications.
iii. Water
Portable water collected from Trophy Builders Laboratory was used for preparing the mix
(cement + finely crushed glass) and also for curing the specimens. The water used was clean and
did not include any contents of oil and acids.
The water aided the hydration of cement, which resulted in setting, and hardening of the tile. The
water conformed to the requirement of BS 3148.
3.2 METHODS
3.2.1 Tests of the Material
The sample of the waste glass will be subjected to the following tests; sieve analysis, specific
gravity test, bulk density test, aggregate crushing value (ACV), aggregate impact value (AIV)
and water absorption test.
3.2.2 Mix Design
3.2.3 Tests Carried Out On the Glass Tiles Samples
i. Water Absorption Test
All samples were weighed before and after soaking in water and noted as W 1 and W2
respectively.
W 2−W 1
Water absorption is given as: WA= ∗100
W1
ii. Flaking Test
The dried tile sample was weighed (W1) and hard brush was used to rub the two surfaces of the
sample tile. 50 strokes of forward and backward movements were made against the surfaces. The
flaked particles from the surfaces were collected and weight (W2). The same procedure was
repeated for the remaining samples.
W 1−W 2
Flaking Concentration (Fc) is given as: F c =
W1
iii. Flexural Strength
The dried samples were subjected to flexural (Bending) stress using a (apparatus name) in
compliance with (Standard).
PI
Flexural Strength is given as: F=
bd 2
Where F represent flexural strength; P maximum load on the tile I, b and d represent span, width
and depth of the tile respectively.
iv. Compressive Strength
This test was carried out in accordance with ASTM C648-20. The samples were subjected to
compressive force, loaded continuously until failure occurred. The load at which failure occur
was then recorded. In this investigation, for each mix 3-samples were tested and the average
strength were compared to nominal mix of M25 grade. Totally 12-tiles of size (150mm x 150mm
x 150mm) were cast and tested at 7 and 28 days of curing. The compressive strength of the tile
sample expressed as:
Compressive strength (N/mm2) = applied load (N) / (Area of cross section)
v. Chemical Resistance Test
The tile pieces were crushed and sieved. 2.0g was then weighed from the particles retained on
the 1mm screen. The tile particle was then treated with 5ml of 0.1M H 2SO4 and heated until the
acid fumed vigorously. The sample was then allowed to stand for 24 hours and then thoroughly
washed with water, oven dried (110-1150°C) and then weigh. The procedure was then repeated
with 5ml of concentrated (98%) H2SO4.
vi. Slip Resistance Test
Each of the dried samples was tasted using an English XL Variable Incidence Tribometer and
was conducted according to the method det*** in ASTM standard F1679-04 “Standard Test
Method for Using a Variable Incidence Tribo***”.
vii. Abrasion Resistance
This test was conducted in accordance with the standard (STANDARD). The tiles were mounted
on the testing apparatus, and the abrasive wheel was rotated over the tile surface for (NO of
CYCLES) cycles at a load of (LOAD) and speed of (SPEED). The weight loss or thickness
reduction of each tile sample was measured and recorded.
(The formula depends on the STANDARD USE)
viii. Impact Resistance
ix. Dimensional stability
x. Flatness
xi. Rectangularity
xii. Density
