CVLE 341
(Structural Analysis I)
Tutorial 1
Spring 2020-2021
Wind Load
Calculation factors: Leeward roof
Leeward wall
a)For walls: Windward roof
❑ Windward wall
❑ Leeward wall
❑ Sidewall
Windward wall
b) For roof
❑ Windward roof
❑ Leeward roof
sidewall
Loads
• Types of load
• Wind loads
q z = 0.613 K z K zt K V 2 ( N/m 2 )
d
where
V = velocity in m/s of a 3s gust of wind measured 10 m above the ground.
Values are obtained from a wind map.
K z = velocity pressureexposure coefficien t. A function of height and depends upon theground terrain.
See Table 1 - 5.
K zt = a factor that accounts for wind speed increases due to hills & escarpments. For flat ground K zt = 1
K d = a factor that accounts for the direction of the wind.
It is used only when the structureis subjected to combinations of loads.
For wind acting alone, K d = 1
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Table 1-5
Loads
• Types of load
• Wind loads
• Once qz is obtained, the design pressure can be obtained from a list of relevant
equations
p = qGC p − qh (GC pi )
q = q z for the windward wall at height z above the ground
qh for the leeward walls, side walls and roof, where z = h, mean height of the roof
G = a wind - gust effect factor, depending on exposure.
For rigid structure, G = 0.85
C p = wall or roof pressure coefficient
Negative values indicate pressure acting away from the surface.
GC pi = the internal pressure coefficient which depends upon the
type of openings in the building.
For fully enclosed building, GC pi = 0.18
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• Example 1.3
The enclosed building is used for storage purposes and is located outside of Chicago,
Illinois on open flat terrain. When the wind is directed as shown, determine the design
wind pressure acting on the roof and sides of the building using the ASCE 7-10
Specifications.
Basic wind speed, V = 47 m/s
For flat terrain, K zt = 1
Wind loading only, K d = 1
q z = 0.613K z K zt K dV 2 = 1354 K z
h' = 22.5 tan 10 0 = 3.97 m
h = 7.5 + 3.97 / 2 = 9.48 m
• Example 1.3 (Solution)
Using values of K z in Table 1.5, calculated values of pressure profile are listed in the table below.
Note the value of K z was determined by linear interpolation for z = h
( 1.04-0.98 )/( 12.2-9.1 ) = ( 1.04-K z )/( 12.2-9.48 )
K z = 0.987 , qh = 1354( 0.987 ) = 1337 N/m 2
G = 0.85, (GC pi ) = 0.18
p = qGC p − qh (GC pi ) = q (0.85)C p − 1337(0.18) = 0.85qC p 241
Structural Analysis Eighth Edition l © 2012
Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
• Example 1.3 (Solution)
z (m) Kz Qz (N/m2)
0 – 4.6 0.85 1151
6.1 0.90 1219
7.6 0.94 1273
h = 9.48 0.987 1337
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Windward wall
Pressure varies with height z
For all L/B, C p = 0.8
p0− 4.6 = 542 N/m 2 or 1024 N/m 2
p6.1 = 588 N/m 2 or 1070 N/m 2
p7.6 = 625 N/m 2 or 1107 N/m 2
Leeward wall
L/B = 2(22.5)/45 = 1, C p = −0.5
p = −809 N/m 2 or − 327 N/m 2
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Side walls
For all values of L/B, C p = −0.7
p = −1037 N/m or − 555 N/m
2 2
Windward roof
Here h/L = 9.48 / 2(22.5) = 0.211 0.25,
so that C p = −0.7 and q = qh
p = −1037 N/m 2 or − 555 N/m 2
Leeward roofs
In this case, C p = −0.3 and q = qh
p = −582 N/m 2 or − 100 N/m 2
• Q1
• The wall is 2.5 m high and consists of 51 mm x 102 mm wood studs
plastered on one side. On the other side is 13 mm fiberboard, and
102 mm clay brick. Determine the average load in kN/m of length of
wall that the wall exerts on the floor.
• Q1
• The wall is 2.5 m high and consists of 51 mm x 102 mm wood studs
plastered on one side. On the other side is 13 mm fiberboard, and
102 mm clay brick. Determine the average load in kN/m of length of
wall that the wall exerts on the floor.
clay brick
fiberboard
stud
DL
• Use Table 1–3.
• For studs
• Weight = 0.57 kNm2 (2.5 m) = 1.425 kNm
• For fiberboard
• Weight = 0.04 kNm2 (2.5 m) = 0.1 kNm
• For clay brick
• Weight = 1.87 kNm2 (2.5 m) = 4.675 kNm
• Total weight = 6.20 kNm
• Q2
• The floor of a light storage warehouse is made of 150-mm-thick
lightweight plain concrete. If the floor is a slab having a length of 7 m
and width of 3 m, determine the resultant force caused by the dead
load and the live load. (use 1.4DL +1.6 LL).
• From Table 1–3
• DL = [0.015 kNm2 .mm (150 mm)] (7 m) (3 m) = 47.25 kN
• From Table 1–4
• LL = (6.00 kNm2) (7 m) (3 m) = 126 kN
• Total Load
• F = (1.4 x 47.25 kN )+ (1.6 x 126 kN) = 267.75 kN
• Q3
• The office building has interior columns spaced 5 m apart in
perpendicular directions. Determine the reduced live load supported
by a typical interior column located on the first floor under the
offices.
Q4
A wind blows on the side of a fully enclosed located located on open flat terrain in
Arizona. Determine the external pressure acting over windward wall, which has
height of 9.1 m. The roof is flat
V = 55 m/s
Kzt = 1
Kd = 1
qz = 0.613 Kzt Kd Kz V2
qz = 0.613 Kz (1)(1)(55)2 = 1854 Kz N/m2
From Table 1-5
Z Kz qz
0-4.6 0.85 1576
6.1 0.9 1667
7.6 0.94 1743
9.1 0.98 1817
𝑝 = qGC𝑝 − 𝑞ℎ 𝐺𝐶pi
Cp = 0.8 from table G = 0.85 Cpi = ± 0.18
p = q (0.85)(0.8) – 1817 (± 0.18) = 0.68 q ± 327
P0-4.6 = 0.68 (1576) ± 327 = 1399 N/m2 or 745 N/m2
P6.1 = 0.68 (1667) ± 327 = 1461 N/m2 or 807 N/m2
P7.6 = 0.68 (1743) ± 327 = 1512 N/m2 or 858 N/m2
P9.1 =0.68 (1817) ± 327 = 1563 N/m2 or 909 N/m2
Q5
A wind blows on the side of a fully enclosed located located on open flat terrain in
Arizona. Determine the external pressure acting over leeward wall, which has length
of 60 m and height of 9.1 m. The roof is flat
V = 55 m/s
Kzt = 1
Kd = 1
qh = 0.613 Kzt Kd Kz V2
qh = 0.613 Kz (1)(1)(55)2 = 1854 Kz N/m2
From Table 1-5 , z= h = 9.1 m, Kz = 0.98
qh = 1854 (0.98) = 1817
L/B = 60/60 = 1 so that Cp = - 0.5
𝑝 = qGC𝑝 − 𝑞ℎ 𝐺𝐶pi
p = 1854 (0.85)(-0.5) – 1854 (± 0.18)
p = -1122 N/m2 or -454 N/m2
• Q6
• The school building has a flat roof. It is located in an open area where
the ground snow load is 0.68 kNm2. Determine the snow load that is
required to design the roof.
• pf = 0.7 Cc Ct Is Pg
• pf = 0.7(0.8)(1.0)(1.20)(0.68)
• = 0.457 kNm2
• Also
• pf = pf = Ispg = (1.20)(0.68) = 0.816 kNm2
• use
• pf = 0.816 kNm2
