Functions of several variables
𝐄𝐱. 𝟏) 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐃𝐨𝐦𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐑𝐚𝐧𝐠𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟 𝐱, 𝐲 = 𝟒 − 𝐱𝟐 − 𝐲𝟐
Solution: For Domain,
F is defined for,
4 − x2 − y2 ≥ 0
⇒ x2 + y2 ≤ 4
∴ Domain = x, y : x 2 + y 2 ≤ 4
Which indicates a circle whose centre is at (0,0) and radius is 2.
Again, for all the points on the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4, f x, y = 0 and the maximum value at the centre
4 = 2. Therefore, for every value of the domain the functional value will stay within 0,2 .
∴ Range = 0,2
𝐄𝐱. 𝟐) 𝐒𝐤𝐞𝐭𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟 𝐱, 𝐲 = 𝟒 − 𝟒𝐱 − 𝟐𝐲.
Solution: Let, z = 4 − 4x − 2y ⇒ 4x + 2y + z = 4
This is an equation of a plane, which coincides the axes at x = 1, y = 2 and z = 4.
A triangular portion of the plane can be sketched by plotting the intersections with the co-ordinate axes and
joining them with the line segments.
Y
(0, 2, 0)
X
(1, 0, 0)
(0, 0, 4)
Z
𝐄𝐱. 𝟑) 𝐒𝐤𝐞𝐭𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟 𝐱, 𝐲 = 𝟒 − 𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐲 𝟐 .
Solution: Let, z = 4 − x 2 − y 2
This is an equation of a paraboloid, which coincides the axes at x = 2, y = 2 and z = 4.
Limit and Continuity:
𝐱+𝐲−𝟏
𝐄𝐱. 𝟒) 𝐈𝐟 𝐟 𝐱, 𝐲 = , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭, 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝐟(𝐱, 𝐲)
𝐱+𝐲+𝟐 𝐱→𝟎 𝐲→𝟏 𝐲→𝟏 𝐱→𝟎
Solution:
x+y−1 x+1−1 x 0
L. H. S: lim lim f(x, y) = lim lim = lim = lim = =0
x→0 y→1 x→0 y→1 x + y + 2 x→0 x + 1 + 2 x→0 x + 3 0+3
x+y−1 0+y−1 y−1 1−1
R. H. S: lim lim f(x, y) = lim lim = lim = lim = =0
y→1 x→0 y→1 x→0 x + y + 2 y→1 0 + y + 2 y→1 y + 2 1+2
∴ lim lim f(x, y) = lim lim f(x, y) (showed)
x→0 y→1 y→1 x→0
𝐄𝐱. 𝟓) 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐨𝐰𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝟎, 𝟎 .
𝐱𝟑 + 𝐲𝟑 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐
𝐢 𝐟 𝐱, 𝐲 = 𝐢𝐢 𝐟 𝐱, 𝐲 =
𝐱𝟑 − 𝐲𝟑 𝐱 + 𝐲 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐱 𝟐 𝐲 𝟐
x3 + y3
𝐒𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: i Given, f x, y =
x3 − y3
Now,
x3 + y3 x3
lim lim f(x, y) = lim lim = lim = lim 1 = 1
x→0 y→0 x→0 y→0 x 3 − y 3 x→0 x 3 x→0
And,
x3 + y3 y3
lim lim f(x, y) = lim lim 3 = lim 3 = lim −1 = −1
y→0 x→0 y→0 x→0 x − y 3 y→0 −y x→0
∴ lim lim f(x, y) ≠ lim lim f(x, y)
x→0 y→1 y→1 x→0
Therefore, iterated limits of the function does not exist at the point 0,0 .
𝐱𝐲
𝐄𝐱. 𝟔) 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭, 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟 𝐱, 𝐲 = 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝟎, 𝟎 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐬
𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐
𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐬𝐢𝐦𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐞𝐨𝐮𝐬 𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐬𝐭.
Solution:
xy
i Given, f x, y =
x2 + y2
Now,
xy
lim lim f(x, y) = lim lim = lim 0 = 0
x→0 y→0 x→0 y→0 x 2 + y 2 x→0
And,
xy
lim lim f(x, y) = lim = lim 0 = 0
y→0 x→0 y→0 x 2 + y 2 x→0
∴ lim lim f(x, y) = lim lim f(x, y)
x→0 y→1 y→1 x→0
Therefore, iterated limits of the function does not exist at the point 0,0 .
Now, the simultaneous limit of the function along y = mx at 0,0
x. mx m
lim f x, y = lim = ; it will have different values for different values of m.
x,y → 0,0 x,y → 0,0 x 2 + m2 x 2 1 + m2
Therefore, simultaneous limit of the function does not exist at the point 0,0 .
