Jacobian: If u=u(x,y,z), v= v(x,y,z) and w=w(x,y,z) are partial differentiable then the following

determinant is called jacobian of u, v and w with respect to x,y,z in the domain function which is
(u, v, w)
denoted by
( x, y, z )

u u u
x y z
 (u, v, w) v v v

 ( x, y, z ) x y z
w w w
x y z

We actually use jacobian in integration for changing the variable. Because

dudvdw  j ( x, y, z ) dxdydz

Example 1: Evaluate  ( x  y)dydx by making the change of variables, where R is the region
enclosed by the lines x=o, x+y=2,y=0 and x+y=3

Solution: let x+y=u and x=v

So, y=u-v

u u
 (u , v) x y 0 1
Now, j ( x, y )     1
 ( x, y ) v v 1 1
x y

When x=0 then v=0

And x+y=2 then u=2

y=0 then u-v=0 so, u=v

and x+y=3 then u=3

Now the region enclosed by the lines x=o, x+y=2,y=0 and x+y=3 is replaced by the area
enclosed by u=2, u=3, v=0 and v=u
V
Y

x=0

U=2 U=3 U

Y=0 X
 3
u 3 3
u 3 
 ( x  y)dydx  2 0 ududv  2 v udu  2 u du   3   3
3 u 2 19
0
2

x y
Example 2: Evaluate  sin( x  y )dydx by making the change of variables, where R is the region
enclosed by two axis and x+y=1.

Solution: Let x-y=u andx+y=v

u u
 (u , v) x y 1 1
j ( x, y )   = 2
 ( x, y ) v v 1 1
x y

1
dxdy  dudv
2

When x=0 Then u=-v

When y=0 Then u=v
When x+y=1 Then v=1

Now the region enclosed by two axis and x+y= is changed by the equations u=-v, u=v, v=0 and
v=1.

V
Y

X U

x y
v
1 v u1 1 1 u
 sin( x y
)dydx    sin   dudv    v cos  dv  0
0 v
v2 2 0 v  v
 yx

 e
y x
Example 3: Evaluate dydx , where is the trapezoid with vertices (0,1), (0,2),(2,0) and (1,0)

1 1
Solution: let u=y-x and v=y+x so x  (v  u), y  (v  u)
2 2

u u
 (u , v) x y 1 1
j ( x, y )     2
 ( x, y ) v v 1 1
x y

1
dxdy  dudv
2

(x,y) (u,v)
(0,1) (1,1)
(0,2) (2,2)
(2,0) (-2,2)
(1,0) (-1,1)

So, the new region is enclosed by the lines v=1, v=2, u=v and u=-v.

Y
V
(0,2) (-2,2) (2,2)

(0,1)
(-1,1) (1,1)
X
(1,0) (2,0) U

v
1 2 
yx u vu 2
1 2 v v 1 2 v 1 1
 e dydx    e dudv   ve    (ev  )dv  (e  )  vdv
y x

2 1 v 2 1   2 1 e 2 e 1
v

2
1 1 v2  3
 (e  )    (e  1 )
2 e  2 1 4 e
 x  2y
Example 4: use the change of variables u= x-2y , v=2x+y to evaluate the integral  2 x  y dydx ,
where is the rejoin enclosed by the lines x-2y=1, x-2y=4, 2x+y=1 and 2x+y=3.

Solution: let u=x-2y, and v=2x+y

1 1
So, x  (u  2v) , y  (v  2u)
5 5

u u
 (u , v) x y 1 2
j ( x, y )    5
 ( x, y ) v v 2 1
x y

1
dxdy  dudv
5

When x-2y=1 then u=1

When x-2y=4 then u=4

When 2x+y=1 then v=1

When 2x+y=3 then v=3

Now the area is enclosed by v=1,v=3, u=1 and u=4.

4
x  2y 1 u 2 
 2 x  y dydx  5 1 1 v dudv  5 1 udu1 vdv  5  2  ln v1  2 ln 3
1 4 3u 1 4 31 3 3
1