2.

How psychol
ogyandpri
nci
plesandtheor
iesofpsychol
ogycan
beappli
edin

2.
1 Heal
thset
ti
ngandt
reat
ingpsy
chol
ogi
cal
disor
der
s?

2.
1.1 Heal
thSet
ti
ng

Psychologi
cal
pri
ncipl
esandtheor
iespl
ayacrucial
rolei
nvar
iousaspectofheal
th,
ragi
ngf
rom
prevent
ivemeasur
et otr
eat
mentandrehabi
l
itat
ionincl
udi
ng:

1.Heal
thpr
omot
ionanddi
seasepr
event
ion

A.Behav
ior
alChangeTheor
ies

Behavi
oralchanget
heor
ieshel
pinunder
standi
ngwhypeopleengagei
nheal
th-
promot
ing
behav
iorsandwhatcanbedonetoencouragesuchbehav
ior
s.

I
tisasetoft
heori
esandmodel t
hatexpl
ainandpr
edi
cthowpeopl
emodi
fyt
hei
rbehav
iort
o
i
mproveorpr
eventheal
thr
elat
edevents.

Peoplear
elessli
kel
ytochangetheirhel
thbehavi
orsunl
esst
heybeli
evet
heyareatri
sk.For
i
nstance,
peoplewhodon'
tthinktheywil
lgetthef
luarel
essl
ikel
ytogetafl
ushot.

B.St
ressManagement

Techni
quesf
rom Cogni
ti
ve-Behavi
oral
Therapy(CBT)canbeusedt omanagestr
ess,whi
chin
tur
ncanprev
entchroni
cdiseasesl
ikehear
tdiseaseanddi
abetes.TheseCBTtechni
quesar
e:

-Rel
axat
ion -Jour
nal
i
ng -Schedul
i
ngact
ivi
ti
es

-Rol
epl
ayi
ng -Br
eaki
ngdownt
asks

2.Ment
alHeal
thTr
eat
ment

A.Ther
apeut
icAppr
oaches

Var
iouspsy
chologi
calt
herapi
es,
incl
udi
ngCBT,psy
chodynamictherapy,andhumani
sti
cther
apy
,
ar
eusedtotreatment
alhealt
hcondi
ti
onssuchasdepr
ession,
anxiety,
andPTSD.

B.Mi
ndf
ulnessandRel
axat
ionTechni
ques

Thesetechni
quesarebasedonprinci
plesf
rom posi
ti
vepsy
chol
ogyandar
eusedt
oreduce
symptomsofment alheal
thcondi
ti
ons.

1
 3.Chr
oni
cDi
seaseManagement
A.Copi
ngSt
rat
egi
es

Psy
chological
theor
iesprovi
deinsi
ghtsintohowpat
ient
scandev
elopef
fect
ivecopi
ng
mechanismstodeal wi
thchroni
cil
lnesses.

B.Mot
ivat
ional
Int
erv
iewi
ng
Thisi
sacounseli
ngappr
oacht
hathel
pspeopl
efi
ndt
hemot
ivat
iont
omakeposi
ti
vechangesi
n
thei
rheal
thbehav
ior
s.
Thistechni
quehelpspat
ient
sident
if
ypersonal
mot
ivat
ionsf
ormaki
ngheal
th-
rel
atedchanges,
enhancingthei
rcommitmenttotr
eatment.
C.Behav
ior
alI
nter
vent
ions
Psychologi
cal
theor
iesgui
dethedev
elopmentofi
nter
vent
ionstohelppati
ent
smanagechr
oni
c
condit
ionsbypromoti
ngadher
encetotr
eat
mentplansandli
fest
ylechanges.

4.Heal
thPr
omot
ionandEducat
ion

A.Heal
thBehav
iorChange

Model
sliketheTranstheor
eti
calModel
andHeal
thBeli
efModel
areusedt
odesi
gnpr
ogr
ams
t
hatencouragehealt
hybehavior
sandprev
entdi
sease.

B.Communi
tyOut
reach

Psychol
ogical
princi
plesareemployedtodevelopef
fect
ivepubl
i
cheal
thcampai
gnsand
educati
onalmateri
alsthatr
esonatewit
hdiversepopul
ati
ons.

C.Communi
tyPsy
chol
ogy

Thi
sfi
eldfocusesont
heappl
icat
ionofpsy
chol
ogi
cal
pri
nci
plest
opr
omot
eheal
thandwel
l
-
bei
ngatthecommunit
ylev
el.

D.Heal
thCampai
gns
Psychol
ogi
calinsi
ght
sareusedtodesi
gnef
fect
ivepubl
i
cheal
thcampai
gnst
hatai
mtochange
heal
thbehavi
orsonalar
gescale.

Ther
ear
eal
soalotareaswherepsychol
ogicalpr
inci
plesandtheor
iesofpsy
chol
ogycanbe
appl
i
edi
nheal
thset
ti
ngt hatar
enotmentionedabovei ncl
udi
ng:

-Pat
ient
-Pr
ovi
derI
nter
act
ion. -Pai
nManagement
-Rehabi
li
tat
ionandRecov
ery
. -Publ
icHeal
thandet
c.
I
ngeneral,Psychol
ogy
’sr
oleinheal
thi
svastandmult
ifacet
ed,contr
ibut
ingsigni
fi
cant
lyt
oour
under
standingofhumanbehavi
orandthedevel
opmentofeffect
ivei
nter
v ent
ionst
oimprove
heal
thoutcomes.

2
 2.
1.2. Tr
eat
ingPsy
chol
ogi
cal
Disor
der
s

Psychol
ogypl
aysapi
vot
alrol
einunder
standing,di
agnosi
ng,andtr
eati
ngpsychol
ogi
cal
di
sorder
s.Her
e’sal
ookathowvari
ousprinci
plesandtheor
iesareappl
ied:

1.Cogni
ti
ve-
Behav
ior
alTher
apy(
CBT)

A.Cogni
ti
veRest
ruct
uri
ng

Cognit
iverestructur
ing( CR)isat her
apeuti
ctechniquethathelpspeopleidentif
y,eval
uate,and
cor
rectinaccuratebel i
efs.It
'sakeymet hodintr
eat i
ngav ari
etyofpsychologicaldi
sorders,
i
ncludi
ng: Majordepr essivedisorder
,Pani
cdisorder,Soci
alanxiet
ydisorder,Obsessiv
e-
compulsivedisorder,andPost -tr
aumaticst
ressdisorder(PTSD).

CRisbasedontheideathatir
rat
ional
thought
sandmal adapti
vebel i
efsar
eresponsibl
eforthe
emoti
onsandbehav i
orsassoci
atedwithmentalhealt
hdisorders.Thegoalist
ohel ppeople
i
mprovethei
rfunct
ioni
ngbychallengi
ng,st
opping,andrestr
ucturingnegat
ivethoughtpatt
erns.

Thistechni
quehel
psi
ndi
vi
dual
sident
ifyandchal
l
engedi
stor
tedt
hinki
ngpat
ter
nst
hat
contr
ibutet
othei
rpsy
chol
ogi
caldi
str
ess.

B.Behav
ior
alAct
ivat
ion

Behaviouralacti
vat
ion(BA)isati
me‐eff
ici
ent,evi
dence‐
basedpsychother
apyforcommon
mental heal
thdisor
ders.Thepri
marytherapeuti
ctechni
quesofBAar eacti
vi
tymonitor
ingand
scheduling,
throughwhichthepati
enti
ncreasesactiv
eandgoal‐
orient
edbehaviour
s

Encouragespat
ient
stoengagei
nact
ivi
ti
est
hatcani
mpr
ovemoodandr
educedepr
essi
ve
symptoms.

2.Psy
chody
nami
cTheor
y
A.Unconsci
ousPr
ocesses

Thist
heoryexpl
oreshowunconsci
oust
hought
sandchi
l
dhoodexper
iencesi
nfl
uencecur
rent
behavi
orandment al
heal
th.

Unconsci
ousprocessesareakeypartofmentalf
unct
ionandarei
nvol
vedi
nmany
psychol
ogi
caldi
sorders.Unconsci
ouspr
ocessescanbetarget
edi
navari
etyofway
s,i
ncl
udi
ng:

Psy
choanal
ysi
s

Si
gmundFreud'
sappr
oachtother
apy,whichemphasizesunder
standi
ngtheunconsci
ousmind.
Fr
eud'
spat
ientswoul
dtal
kaboutthei
rprobl
emsthroughfreeassoci
ati
onorrepor
ti
ngdreams.

Cogni
ti
vet
her
apy

Ai
mst
omakeunconsci
ouspr
ocessesconsci
oussot
hatt
heycanbecor
rect
ed.

3
Ot
hermet
hods

Hy pnosi
s,eyemovementdesensiti
zati
onrepr
ogr
amming,t
ranscr
anial
magneti
cst i
mulati
on,
andt r
anscrani
aldi
rectcur
rentst
imulat
ioncanal
sobeusedtochangeimpl
i
citprocessesint
he
brain.

B.Ther
apeut
icRel
ati
onshi
p

At herapeuti
crelati
onshipalsoknownast heprofessi
onalr
elat
ionshi
pisacriti
calf
actorinthe
successofpsy chot
herapyandt hetr
eatmentofpsy chol
ogi
caldisor
ders.I
t'
sthebondbet weena
therapistandacl i
entthat'
sbuil
tontrust
,respect
, andasenseofhope.Thisrel
ati
onship
providesasaf espacef ort
heclientt
oexpr esst
hemsel v
esandexplorethei
rthought
s,feeli
ngs,
andbehav i
ors.

Emphasi
zest
heimportanceofthetherapi
st-
cli
entr
elat
ionshi
pinbri
ngi
ngaboutchangeand
al
soempathy
,uncondi
tional
posit
iveregar
d,andgenuinenessint
hether
apeut
icrel
ati
onshi
p

3.Humani
sti
cTher
apy
Sel
f-
Act
ual
izat
ion

Self-
actuali
zati
onisapsy chologi
cal processthatcanhel
pimprovement alheal
thby
encouragingpeopletoexpl or
etheirv al
ues,setgoals,
andunderst
andthemsel v
es.Self
-
actuali
zati
on-ori
entedtherapi
escanhel ppeopletakeanact
iverol
eintheirheal
ingprocess,
whichcanl eadt or
esili
enceandper sonal devel
opmentandfocusesonhel pi
ngindi
vi
duals
real
izetheirpotent
ialandachieveper sonalgrowth.

4.Behav
ior
alTher
apy
Exposur
eTher
apy

Exposuret
her
apyi
sapsychol
ogi
cal
treat
mentt
hatcanhel
ppeopl
econf
rontt
hei
rfear
sand
overcomepsy
chol
ogi
cal
disor
der
s:

Howi
twor
ks

Inasafeenvir
onment
,peopl
earegradual
lyexposedtot
hei
rfear
s,suchasobj
ect
s,act
ivi
ti
es,
or
sit
uat
ions.Thi
scanhel
preducefearandavoidance.

Condi
ti
onsi
tcant
reat

Exposur
ether
apycanhel
ptr
eatav
ari
etyofcondi
ti
ons,
incl
udi
ng:

-Phobi
as -Post
-t
raumat
icst
ressdi
sor
der(
PTSD)

-Pani
cdi
sor
der -Gener
ali
zedanxi
etydi
sor
der

-Soci
alanxi
etydi
sor
der -Obsessi
ve-
compul
siv
edi
sor
der(
OCD)

4
 5.Bi
ologi
calPsy
chol
ogy

A.Medi
cat
ionManagement

Medicat
ionmanagementi sacoll
aborati
vepr
ocessbet weenapati
entandapsy chi
atr
istor
ot
herment alheal
thpr
ofessi
onaltotr
eatmentalhealt
hdi sor
der
swithmedicat
ion.Thegoalof
medicat
ionmanagementi stoensur
et hesaf
ety
,effect
iveness,
andtol
eranceofthemedicati
on
whi
leminimizingsi
deeffect
s.

I
nvol
vesunderst
andingthebiol
ogi
cal
under
pinni
ngsofment
aldi
sor
der
sandusi
ng
phar
macologi
cali
ntervent
ionst
omanagesymptoms.

B.Neur
oimagi
ng

Neuroi
magingisakeypartofpsy
chi
atr
icr
esear
chanddi
agnosi
s,andi
susedt
ost
udyar
ange
ofpsychol
ogi
caldi
sorder
s.

Techniquesli
kefMRIandPETscansar
eusedt
ost
udybr
ainst
ruct
uresandf
unct
ionsr
elat
edt
o
psychologi
caldi
sor
ders.

6.Dev
elopment
alPsy
chol
ogy
A.At
tachmentTheor
y

Examineshowear
lyat
tachmentexper
ienceswi
thcar
egi
ver
sinf
luencel
aterpsy
chol
ogi
cal
heal
th.

Att
achmenttheor
yisacli
nicalpsy
chologyf
ramewor
kthatcanbeusedt
ounder
standandt
reat
psychol
ogi
caldi
sorder
sinseveralway
s:

Under
standi
ngdev
elopment

Att
achmenttheor
ycanhelpexpl
ainhowear
lyi
nter
acti
onswi
thcar
egiversshapeaperson's
i
nternalmodel
sofrel
ati
onshi
ps,
whichcani
mpactthei
remot
ional
regulati
onandint
erpersonal
behavior
s.

I
mpr
ovi
ngment
alheal
th

Attachmenttheorysuggest
sthatasenseofatt
achmentsecur
it
ycanimprovementalheal
thand
resil
i
ence.Secureindi
vi
dualsar
ebetterabl
etohandl
estr
ess,r
ecoverf
rom di
str
ess,and
experienceposi
ti
veemot i
ons.

Accordingtoattachmenttheoryandresear
ch,l
ackofparentalsensiti
vi
tyandresponsiv
eness
contri
butestodisordersoft
heself,
charact
eri
zedbylackofsel f
-cohesion,
doubtsaboutone'
s
i
nternalcoherenceandcontinui
tyoverti
me,unst
abl
eself-esteem, andover-
dependenceon
otherpeople'
sappr oval
.

5
B.Li
fe-
SpanDev
elopment

Consi
der
showpsy
chol
ogi
cal
disor
der
smani
festandchanget
hroughoutdi
ff
erentst
agesofl
i
fe.

Li
fespandev
elopmenti
sapsychol
ogi
cal
fiel
dthatst
udi
eshowpeoplechangeandgr
owfrom
concept
iont
odeath.I
tcanbeappl
i
edtotr
eati
ngpsychol
ogi
cal
disor
dersinanumberofways,
i
ncludi
ng:

-Li
fespandev
elopment
alpsy
chopat
hol
ogy

-Under
standi
ngment
alheal
thi
nol
dage

-Ant
ipsy
chot
icpr
escr
ibi
ngandet
c.

7.Soci
alPsy
chol
ogy
A.Soci
alSuppor
t

St
udi
est
her
oleofsoci
alnet
wor
ksandsuppor
tsy
stemsi
nment
alheal
th.

Socialsupporti
sakeyfact
orintreat
ingpsy
chol
ogi
cal
disor
der
s,andcanhel
pwi
thmedi
cat
ion
adherence,rel
apse,
andoveral
lrecov
ery.

Soci
alsuppor
tisposi
tiv
elyassoci
atedwi
thposi
ti
veaf f
ectandnegat
ivel
yassoci
atedwi
th
anxi
ety
,anddepressi
onandalsowithper
cei
vedstress.

B.Gr
oupTher
apy

Ut
il
izesgr
oupdy
nami
csandpeersuppor
ttof
aci
l
itat
erecov
ery
.

Groupt herapyisatypeofpsy chot herapyt hatinvolvesagroupofpeoplewor

kingwithoneor
moret herapist
stotreatpsychol ogicaldisorders.Itcanbeusedtotreatavar
ietyofdisor
ders,
i
ncluding: anxi
ety
,depressi
on, grief,eat
ingdi sorders,schi
zophr
eni
a,panicdi
sorder,
social
anxiet
y, chroni
cpain,andsubst anceabuse.

8.Posi
ti
vePsy
chol
ogy
St
rengt
h-BasedAppr
oaches
Focusonl
ever
agi
ngi
ndi
vi
dual
s'st
rengt
hsandr
esi
l
iencet
oov
ercomepsy
chol
ogi
cal
chal
l
enges.

Ast r
ength-
basedapproachintr
eati
ngpsychol
ogicaldisor
dersi
satherapeut
icmethodthat
focusesonapatient
'sstr
engthsandabil
it
iest
ohelpt hem ov
ercomechall
enges.I
t'
salsoknown
aspositi
veint
ervent
ions,r
esi
li
ence-
based,orr
esource-ori
ent
edmethods.

Thesepr
inci
plesandtheori
esprovideacomprehensi
vef
rameworkforunderst
andi
ngand
tr
eati
ngpsychol
ogical
disorder
s,helpi
ngi
ndi
vi
dualsachi
evebet
termentalhealt
handwel
l-
bei
ng.

6
Ref
erences

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ti
vePsy
chol
ogy
.(2019)
.Ment
alHeal
thTheor
ies.

ht
tps:
//posi
ti
vepsy
chol
ogy
.com/
ment
al-
heal
th-
theor
ies/
.

-Oxf
ordAcadami
c.(
2023)
.Psy
chol
ogi
cal
l
yInf
ormedHeal
thCar
e.

ht
tps:
//academi
c.oup.
com/
tbm/
art
icl
e/13/
5/289/
7000439.

-Neur
olaunch.(
2024)
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chol
ogi
cal
Theor
iesShapi
ngHumanBehav
ior
.

ht
tps:
//neur
olaunch.
com/
6-t
heor
ies-
of-
psy
chol
ogy
/

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,B.K.
,&Viswanat
h,K.(
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ior
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y,Resear
ch,
and
Practi
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d,G.O.(
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chody
nami
cPsy
chi
atr
yinCl
i
nical
Pract
ice.Amer
icanPsy
chi
atr
ic
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ishi
ng.

-Rogers,
C.R.(
1961)
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ngaPer
son:
ATher
api
st'
sVi
ewofPsy
chot
her
apy
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Miff
li
n.