Assignment-2
1. Explain Ad-Hoc Networks in Detail
Ad-hoc networks are decentralized wireless networks where nodes (devices) communicate directly with one
another without relying on pre-existing infrastructure like routers or access points. These networks are
dynamic, self-organizing, and designed to establish temporary connections between devices.
Key Characteristics:
1. Decentralized Structure:
o Unlike traditional networks, ad-hoc networks do not depend on centralized infrastructure.
Each node acts as both a sender and receiver, participating in the routing process.
2. Dynamic Topology:
o Nodes can join or leave the network at any time, and the topology frequently changes as
devices move.
3. Multi-hop Communication:
o If two nodes are out of direct communication range, data is relayed through intermediate
nodes to reach the destination.
4. Self-Configuring:
o Nodes automatically detect and configure the network, enabling quick deployment without
human intervention.
Applications:
• Military Use: Communication in battlefield scenarios where infrastructure is unavailable.
• Disaster Recovery: Establishing communication in areas affected by natural disasters, where
infrastructure is damaged.
• Temporary Networks: Setting up wireless networks in conferences, exhibitions, or remote locations.
• IoT Devices: Connecting smart devices in homes or industrial environments.
Advantages:
• Quick and flexible deployment.
• No reliance on existing infrastructure.
• Cost-effective in temporary or emergency situations.
Challenges:
• Limited bandwidth and range.
• Susceptible to security threats due to the lack of centralized control.
• Difficulty in managing dynamic topology.
2. Explain the Concept of MANET in Ad-Hoc Networks
MANET (Mobile Ad-Hoc Network) is a specific type of ad-hoc network where all participating nodes are
mobile and communicate wirelessly. The key feature of a MANET is its ability to function in environments
where no fixed infrastructure exists, making it highly dynamic and adaptive.
Features of MANET:
1. Mobility:
o All nodes are mobile and can move freely, leading to frequent changes in the network's
topology.
2. Peer-to-Peer Communication:
o Devices communicate directly with one another without centralized control. Each node serves
as a router to forward data to other nodes.
3. Self-Healing:
o MANETs can automatically reconfigure themselves when nodes move or leave the network,
ensuring continuous operation.
4. Multi-hop Routing:
o Communication between distant nodes is achieved through intermediate nodes that act as
relays.
5. Resource Constraints:
o Devices in a MANET often have limited battery life, computing power, and bandwidth, which
impacts network performance.
Applications of MANET:
• Military Networks: Secure, flexible communication between troops and vehicles in the field.
• Disaster Response: Quickly establishing communication networks for rescue operations in areas with
no infrastructure.
• Sensor Networks: Connecting distributed sensors to collect and relay data.
• Vehicular Networks: Supporting communication between vehicles (VANETs) for traffic
management and safety.
Advantages of MANET:
• Highly adaptable to changes in topology and mobility.
• Easy to deploy in remote or infrastructure-less environments.
• Facilitates communication in emergency situations.
Challenges of MANET:
1. Routing Complexity:
o Finding optimal routes in a constantly changing topology is challenging. Protocols like AODV
(Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) are used to
address this issue.
2. Security Risks:
o MANETs are vulnerable to attacks like eavesdropping, spoofing, and denial of service due to
the absence of centralized control.
3. Resource Constraints:
o Limited bandwidth, power, and processing capabilities of mobile nodes can hinder
performance.
4. Scalability Issues:
o Performance decreases as the number of nodes in the network increases.
