Department of Mechanical and Construction

Engineering

Faculty of Engineering and Environment

University of Northumbria

Fluid and Energy Projects

Fluids & Energy

KB5038

21053814
QUESTION 1
S=4
No of families = 4+10 =14
Hsys = (100 + 10 × 𝑆) × 𝑄2 = (100+10x4) Q2 = 140 Q2
water capacities
Assumed Daily water requirement per capita is 160L/Day and 4 persons are in a family
Daily water capacity =160x4X14 = 8960 L
One week water reservoir capacity = 7 x 8960 l/day = 62720 l
Calculation
Let’s take Q = 0.225 m3/s
Hsys= 140 Q2 = 140 x (0.225)2 = 7.09 m
Flow Rate(Q)/(m3/S) System curve- Head /(m) Pump curve - Head/(m)
0 0 207.00
0.225 7.09 202.50
0.453 28.73 196.20
0.681 64.93 178.20
0.906 114.92 128.70
0.99 137.21 81.90
1.077 162.39 0.00
Pump Performance curve & system Curves

The selected Duty point is 906 L/s at 115m

Pump Selection

Horizontal split case centrifugal pumps are suitable for high-flow applications.

Characteristics of Horizontal Split-Case Centrifugal Pumps

➢ Split Casing is split horizontally along the shaft axis, allowing easy access to the internal
components (impeller, bearings, and seals),
➢ Double Suction Impeller which reduces axial thrust and allows for high flow rates.
➢ Heavy-duty construction made from robust materials like cast iron, to withstand high pressure
and demanding conditions.
➢ Bearings and Shafts are equipped with bearings and shafts designed to handle high loads and
minimize deflection.
Advantages

➢ Higher efficiency & low life cycle costs

➢ Double suction minimizes axial load, increasing seal and bearing life
➢ Double Volute Design for efficiency increasing.
➢ maintenance easiness

Selected Hunan M&W Pump (XS 400 – 665 pump ) can deliver 960 L/s at 115 m with 1480 RPM
Speed.
QUESTION 2

Data
TCi (Cold inlet temperature) = 15 °C
TCo (Cold outlet temperature) = 45 °C
mc (Cold mass flow rate) = 0.25 kg/s
Thi (Hot inlet temperature) = 100 °C
Tho (Hot outlet temperature) =?
mho (Hot mass flow rate) = 3 kg/s
U (Overall heat transfer coefficient) = 950 W/m²·°C
Specific Heat Capacity (Cp) for water = 4.2 kJ/kg·°C

Calculations
For the following calculation a counter flow double tube heat exchanger is considered.

1) Minimum Heat Capacity Rate (Cmin)

Ccold=4.2x0.25 =1.05 kJ/s·°C

Chot =4.2x 3 =12.6 kJ/s·°C
2) The Maximum Possible Heat Transfer (Qmax)
Qmax= Cmin* (Thi - TCi) = 1.05 kJ/s·°C * (100 °C - 15 °C) = 89.25 kJ/s

3) Heat Transfer amount (Q)

Q = Ccold( TCo - TCi) = 1.05(45-15) = 31.5 kJ/s

4) Effectiveness ( ε)
effectiveness (ε) = Q/Qmax = (31.5/89.25) x100 % = 35.3%

5) Hot Fluid Outlet Temperature (T h o )

Tho= Thi - Q / Chot = 100 °C – 31.5 kJ/s / 12.6 kJ/s·°C = 97.5 °C.

6) Number of Transfer Units (NTU)

For counter-flow heat exchangers

NTU = ε * (Cmin / Cmax) = 0.353 * (1.05 kJ/s·°C / 12.6 kJ/s·°C) = 0.0294

7) Heat Transfer Area(A)

𝑼𝑨
NTU =
𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝑵𝑻𝑼 𝑪𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟎.𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝒙 𝟏.𝟎𝟓𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
A= = = 0.032495 m2
𝑼 𝟗𝟓𝟎
 Analysis

Heat tranfer rate ( Q) vs Hot fuild inlet Heat tranfer Area(A) vs Hot fluid inlet
temperature (T h,in) temperature ( Th,in)

40 0.08
heat tranfer rate( kw)

heat transfer area (m2)

30 0.06
20 0.04
10 0.02
0 0

100
104
108
112
116
120
68

76
60
64

72

80
84
88
92
96
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
100
104
108
112
116
120
hot fuild inlet temperature ( c) hot fluid temperature (c)

Figure 3 (a) Figure 3 (b)

effectiveness vs hot fluid inlet

temperature ( th,in)

0.8
effectiveness

0.6
0.4
0.2
0
104
60
64
68
72
76
80
84
88
92
96
100

108
112
116
120

hot fluid inlet temperature (c)

Figure 3 (a)

Figure 3(a) shows that the actual heat transfer remains unchanged with variations in the hot fluid inlet
temperature, due to the fixed cold fluid inlet and outlet temperatures. Additionally, Figure 3(b)
demonstrates that the heat transfer area decreases as the hot fluid inlet temperature increases.
Moreover, Figure 3(c) indicates that the effectiveness decreases with an increase in the hot fluid inlet
temperature.

Heat tranfer rate ( Q) vs overall heat Heat tranfer Area(A) vs overall heat
transfer coefficient (w/m2 °c ) transfer coefficient (w/m2 °c )
Figure 3 (c)
heat tranfer rate( kw)

heat transfer area (m2

40 0.05
30 0.04
0.03
20
0.02
10 0.01
0 0
750
784
818
852
886
920
954
988
1022
1056
1090
1124
1158
1192
1226
1260

954
750
784
818
852
886
920

988
1022
1056
1090
1124
1158
1192
1226
1260

overall heat transfer coefficient (w/m2 °c) overall heat transfer coefficient (w/m2 °c )

Figure 4 (a) Figure 4(b)

 effectiveness vs overall heat transfer
coefficient (w/m2 °c)

0.4
effectiveness

0.3
0.2
0.1
0

954
750
784
818
852
886
920

988
1022
1056
1090
1124
1158
1192
1226
1260
overall heat transfer coefficient (w/m2 °c)

Figure 4 (c)

Figure 4(a) shows that the actual heat transfer does not change with variations in the overall heat
transfer coefficient, given the fixed cold fluid inlet and outlet temperatures. Figure 4(b) reveals that the
heat transfer area decreases as the overall heat transfer coefficient rises. Moreover, Figure 4(c)
demonstrates that the effectiveness stays constant even as the overall heat transfer coefficient
increases.

Heat tranfer Area(A)vs hot fluid inlet

Heat tranfer rate ( Q) vs Hot fluid inlet
temperature range ( 60 c -120 c) & overall
temperature (c) & overall heat transfer
heat transfer coefficient ( 750 - 1250 w/m2
coefficient (w/m2 °c )
°c )
40
heat tranfer rate( kw

30 0.1
heat transfer area (m2

20
0.05
10

0 0
hot fluid inlet temperature range ( 60 c -120 hot fluid inlet temperature range ( 60 c -
c) & overall heat transfer coefficient ( 750 - 120 c) & overall heat transfer coefficient (
1250 w/m2 °c ) 750 - 1250 w/m2 °c )

Figure 5 (a) Figure 5 (b)

Effectiveness vs hot fluid inlet temperature

range ( 60 c -120 c) & overall heat transfer
coefficient ( 750 - 1250 w/m2 °c )

0.7
0.6
0.5
effectiveness

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
hot fluid inlet temperature range ( 60 c -
1 2 0 c ) & o ve r a l l h e a t t r a n s f e r c o e f f ic ie n t (
750 - 1250 w/m2 °c )

Figure 5 (c)
figure 5(a) shows that the actual heat transfer remains constant despite variations in the hot fluid inlet
temperature (ranging from 60°C to 120°C) and the overall heat transfer coefficient (ranging from 750 to
1250 W/m²°C), due to the steady cold fluid inlet and outlet temperatures. Additionally, Figure 5(b)
indicates that the heat transfer area decreases as the hot fluid inlet temperature rises from 60°C to
120°C and as the overall heat transfer coefficient increases from 750 to 1250 W/m²°C. Moreover, Figure
5(c) demonstrates that the effectiveness diminishes with the increase in both the hot fluid inlet
temperature (from 60°C to 120°C) and the overall heat transfer coefficient (from 750 to 1250 W/m²°C).

RESULTS

From above analysis, the ideal hot fluid inlet temperature is determined to be 60°C, and the overall heat
transfer coefficient is 750 W/m²°C. With these conditions, the system's effectiveness is around 66.67%,
and the necessary heat transfer area is roughly 0.0777 m².

REFERENCES

I. ÇengelY.A. and Ghajar, A.J. (2015). Heat and mass transfer : fundamentals & applications.
New York, Ny: Mcgraw Hill Education,pp.670-683.
II. Engineering ToolBox (2004). Water - Heat Capacity (Specific Heat). [online]
Engineeringtoolbox.com. Available at: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-
capacity-water-d_660.html.