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INSTRUCTION MANUAL
FOR
CROSS FLOW HEAT TRANSFER
(Heat Exchanger Test Rig)
Manufactured by:
ROORKEE EQUIPMENT & MODELS PVT LTD
Factory : C-18 Ram Nagar Industrial Area, Ram Nagar
Roorkee Distt-Haridwar,
Roorkee-247 667.
Email: rempvtltd@yahoo.in , remtender007@gmail.com
Website: www.rempvtltd.com
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Objective:
To investigate the effect of changes in hot fluid and cold fluid flow rate on the temperature
efficiencies and overall heat transfer coefficient.
Specifications
System: water to water , concentric tube type
Heat Exchanger: length 0.250 m (approx.)
Outer tube :Material (GI) : ID-12.7 mm
Inner Tube: Material cupper : I.D-9.5 mm
Length :0.250 m long
No of tube : 17 No’s
water flow measurement : Rota meters (2 No’s) one each foe hot & cold fluid
Hot water circulation : hot water tank with electric heater
Control Panel Equipped with
Digital Temperature Controller: 0-199.9 ⁰C with multichannel switch.
Temperature Sensors :(5 Nos.)
Standard make: on/off switch, mains indicator etc.
Introduction
Heat Exchanger are devices in which heat is transferred from one fluid to another. The
necessity for doing this arises in a multitude of industrial applications. Common examples
of heat exchangers are the radiator of a car, the condenser at the back of a domestic
refrigerator and the steam boiler of a thermal power plant.
Theory
A transfer type of heat exchanger is one on which both fluids pass simultaneously through
the device and heat is transferred through separating walls. In practice most of the heat
exchangers used are transfer type one.
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A simple sample of transfer type of heat exchanger can be in the form of a tube type
arrangement in which one of the fluids is flowing through the inner tube and the other
through the annulus surroundings. The heat transfer takes place across the walls of the
inner tube.
Experimental Procedure
1. Put water in bath and switch on the heaters.
2. Adjust the required temperature of hot water using DTC.
3. Adjust the valve. Allow hot water to recycle in bath through by-pass by switching on
the Geyser.
4. Start the flow through annulus and run the exchanger either as parallel flow unit.
5. Adjust the flow rate on cold water side with the help of Rota meter
6. Adjust the flow rate on hot water side with the help of Rota meter
7. Keeping the flow rates same, wait till the steady state conditions are reached.
8. Taken the temperature on hot water and cold water side and also the flow rates
accurately.
9. Repeat the experiment with a counter flow under identified flow conditions.
Heat Transfer rate, is calculated as
Assume Cph = Cpc = 1 Kcal/kg.oC
L M T D – logarithmic mean temperature difference which can be calculated as per the
following formula :
Where Ti = Thi – Tci (for cross flow)
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To = Tho – Tco (for cross flow)
Note that in a special case of Counter Flow Exchanger exists when the heat capacity rates
Cc & Ch are equal, then Thi – Tco = Tho – Tci thereby making Ti = To. In this case LMTD
is of the form 0/0 and so unidentified. But it is obvious that since T is constant throughout
the exchanger, hence
Tm = Ti = To
Overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated by using
Q = UA Tm
U = q/A Tm K cal/hr. m2-oC
Calculated Uri based on Ai = diL
Uro based on Ao = doL
(iv) Compare the values of Tm and q in the parallel flow and counter flow runs. Note that
if experiment is conducted very carefully then the superiority of counter flow
arrangement in terms of higher value of Tm and excess value of q for same flow rates
condition can be revealed.
Precautions
1. During the complete EXPERIMENTATION open the valves before starting it.
2. For parallel flow open the valves V4 & V2 and close valve V3 & V5.
3. For counter flow open the valves V3 & V5 and close valve V2 & V4
Observation table for Cross Flow
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Hot water side Cold water side
S.No
Flow rate T1=Thi ⁰C T2=Tho⁰C Flow rate T3=Tci⁰C T4=Tco⁰C
mh kg/hr mc kg/hr
Calculations :
Where Thi Temperature of Hot water input = oC
Tho Temperature of Hot water output = oC
Tci Temperature of cold water input = oC
Tco Temperature of cold water output. = oC
Inner Tube Material: I.D. = 9.5 mm
Outer tube Material:: I.D. = 12.7 mm
Length of the Heater Exchanger : L= 0.250 m
Area of Inear Tube Ai = diL =3.14 x 0.0095 x 0.250 = 0.00745m²
Area of Outer Tube Ao= diL =3.14 x 0.0127 x 0.250 = 0.0099 m²
mh Hot Water Flow Rate = kg/hr
mc Cold Water Flow Rate = kg/hr
Assume Cph = Cpc = 1 Kcal/kg.oC
1. Heat Transfer rate
qh = Heat transfer rate from hot water
= Kcal/hr.
qc = Heat Transfer rate to the cold water.
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.
= Kcal/hr.
Q= Kcal/hr.
2. L M R D – logarithmic mean temperature difference which can be calculated as per the
following
Formula :
Where Ti = Thi – Tci (for parallel flow)
To = Tho – Tco (for parallel flow)
Tm = Ti = To
3. Overall heat transfer coefficient can be calculated by using
Q = UA Tm
U = q/A Tm K cal/hr. m2-oC
Calculated Uri based on Ai = 0.0074 m²
Uro based on Ao= 0.0099 m²
Correction factor chart: depends upon geometry of heat exchanger and inlet and outlet
temperature The value of F varies from 0 to unity.
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Tubes
Baffles
