Additional Mathematics
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Chapter 1 : Functions
Additional Mathematics 1 Functions
Chapter 1 : Functions
Key Words
Mapping diagram
Function
One – one function
Domain
Range
Composite function
Modulus
Absolute value
Self – inverse functions
1. 1 Mapping
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Three types of mappings
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1. 2 Definition of a function
Mapping that are either
The set of input values for a function is called the domain of the function.
The set of output values for function is called the range ( or image set) of
the function.
Q. Which mapping is(are) function(s)?
Q. State the domain and range of each relation. Then state
whether the relation is a function.
a. {(-3, 0), (4, -2), (2, -6)
b. {(4, -2), (4, 2), (9, -3), (-9, 3)}
Function
x f y = f(x)
Domain Codomain
f(x) = y
The image of x under f = y
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Function, Domain and Range
Vertical line test
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Functions are a fundamental concept in mathematics and come in various types, each
with unique characteristics. Here are some of the primary types of functions:
a. Liner Functions:
• Form: f(x) = mx + b
• Graph: Straight line
• Example: f(x) = 2x + 3
b. Quadratic Functions:
• Form: f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
• Graph: Parabola
• Example: f(x) = x2 – 4x + 4
c. Polynomial Functions:
• Form: f(x) = anxn + an-1 xn-1 + … + a1x + a0
• Graph: Can vary, smooth curve
• Example: f(x) = x3 – 2x2 + x -5
d. Rational Functions:
𝑝(𝑥)
• From: f(x) = 𝑞(𝑥) where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials and q(x) ≠ 0
• Graph: Can have vertical and horizontal asymptotes
𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
• Example: f(x) = 𝒙+𝟐
e. Exponential Functions:
• Form: f(x) = a. bx
• Graph: Exponential growth or decay
• Example: f(x) = 2x
f. Logarithmic Functions:
• Form: f(x) = logb (x)
• Graph:
• Example: f(x) = log2(x)
g. Trigonometric Functions:
• Includes sine, cosine, tangent, etc
• Graph:
• Example: f(x) = sin(x), f(x) = cos(x)
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h. Inverse Functions:
• Function that reverses another function
𝑥−3
• Example: if f(x) = 2x + 3, then its inverse f-1(x) = 2
i. Absolute Value Functions:
• Form: f(x) = |𝑥|
• Graph: v-shaped
• Example: f(x) = |𝑥 − 3|
1. 3 Composite functions
Most functions that you meet are combinations of two or more functions.
When one function is followed by another function, the resulting function is
called a composite function.
There are three important points to remember about composite functions
fg only exists if the range of g is contained within the domain of f.
In general, fg (x) ≠ gf (x).
ff (x) means you apply the function f twice
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1. 4 Modulus functions
x if x > 0
|𝑥| = 0 if x = 0
-x if x < 0
The statement |𝑥| = k, where k ≥ 0, means that x = k or x = - k.
Must Know 1
|𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏| = k,
ax + b = k and ax + b = -k
Must Know 2
|ax + b| = cx + d,
ax + b = cx + d and ax + b = -(cx + d ).
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1. 5 Graphs of y = |𝒇 (𝒙)| where f (x) is linear
First draw the graph of y = x.
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Then reflect in the x-axis the part of the line that is below the x-axis.
Must Know
The Modulus function
The modulus function is not 1 : 1. Hence it has no inverse.
Further Study
Sketch the function y = |(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)|
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1 . 6 Inverse functions
The inverse of a function f(x) is the function that undoes what f(x) has done.
The inverse of the function f(x) is written as f-1 (x).
It is important to remember that not every function has an inverse.
The domain of f-1 (x) is the range of f(x).
The range of f-1 (x) is the domain of f(x).
The inverse of a one-one mapping is another one-one mapping and that is a function.
However, the inverse of a many-one mapping would be one-many and that is not a
function.
Thus, only one-one function have inverses.
In all cases, ff-1(x) = f-1 f(x) = x.
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1.7 the graph of a function and its inverse
Drawing f and f-1 on the same graph gives.
Note:
The graphs of f and f-1 are reflections of each other in the line y = x.
This is true for all one – one functions and their inverse functions.
This is because: ff-1 (x) = x = f-1 f(x).
Some functions are called self-inverse functions because f and its inverse f-1
1 1
are the same. If f(x) = for x ≠ 0, then f-1(x) = for x ≠ 0.
𝑥 𝑥
1
So If f(x) = for x ≠ 0 is an example of a self – inverse function.
𝑥
When a function f is self-inverse, the graph of f will symmetrical about the
line y= x.
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