1.
Functions
Overview
This chapter looks into the meanings of
functions, composite and inverse functions, all
terms related to these functions, solving
problems and sketching graphs of them.
1
1. Functions
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1.1 understand the terms: function, domain, range
(image set), one-one function, inverse function and
composition of functions
1.2 use the notation f(x) = sin x, f: x ↦ lg x, (x > 0), f-1(x)
and f2(x) [= f(f(x))]
1.3 understand the relationship between y = f(x) and y =
|f(x)|, where f(x) may be linear, quadratic or
trigonometric
2
1. Functions
Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1.4 explain in words why a given function is a function or
why it does not have an inverse
1.5 find the inverse of a one-one function and form
composite functions
1.6 use sketch graphs to show the relationship between
a function and its inverse
1.7 Form and use composite functions.
1.8 Use sketch graphs to show the relationship between
a function and its inverse
3
1.1 Mapping
What is mapping?
Mapping is the process which connects a set of input
values to another set of output values.
Mapping diagrams.
4
1.1 Mappings
Types of mapping?
5
1.1 Mappings - Exercises
Do the following exercises (1.1) from textbook (pg
2).
Q1 to Q8.
6
1.1 Set Symbols
Symbols and meanings used in set theory.
7
1.1 Definition of a Function
What is a function?
A function is a rule that maps each x value to just one y value
for a defined set of input values or a function is one where
more than one input values x gives rise to just one y value
A function can only be due to one-one or many-one mapping
and not one-many mapping.
Examples of function.
y = 2x + 1 ; y = x2 ; y = x2 - 2x + 6 ; y = sin x ; y = cos x.
Non-functions.
y= 𝒙.
8
1.1 Domain and Range of a Function
What is the domain of a function?
The set of input values for a function is called the domain
of the function. Example: f(x) = y = 2x + 1 for x > 1 is the
domain.
What is the range of a function?
The set of output values for a function is called the range
of the function. Example: f(x) = 2x + 1, y >3 is the range.
9
1.1 Functions & Non-functions
Functions.
on-one function many-one function
non-function
10
1.1 Horizontal Line Test
11
1.2 Terms of Function
General expression to denote a function.
Rightly a fully defined function is as follows :
f : x x2 - 2x + 6, x
where x means that x can be any member of the set
of real numbers.
Terms of a function.
The set of input values (x) for a function is called the
domain while the set of output values (f) is called the
range. Range is the subset of the codomain. Codomain
is the set of all possible outputs.
12
1.2 Worked Example
Example 1.
13
1.2 Worked Example
Example 2.
14
1.2 Other Examples
Example.
For the function defined by f : x 2x + 1, x , A is
the point on the line for which x =2 and B is the point for
which x = -1. Define the function represented by the
segment AB and state its range.
The mapping represented by the line AB is x 2x + 1, x
, -1 x 2.
The range of this function is the set of values
of f(x) corresponding to -1 x 2 is -1 f(x) 5.
15
1.1 Functions - Exercises
Do the following exercises (1.2) from textbook (pg
4).
Q1 to Q8.
16
1.2 Domain & Range Composite Functions
Domain of composite function.
Domain gf ⊆ Domain f
Range of composite function.
Range gf ⊆ Range g
17
1.2 Worked Example
Example 3.
18
1.2 Worked Example
Example 4.
19
1.2 Inverse Functions
What is an inverse function?
The inverse of a function f(x) is the function that undoes what
f(x) has done.
The inverse of the function f(x) is written as f-1(x).
The domain of f-1 (x) is the range of f(x).
The range of f-1(x) is the domain of f(x).
It is important to remember that not every function has an
inverse.
An inverse function f-1(x) can exist if, and only if, the function
f(x) is a one-one mapping. If f is a many-one mapping, then f-1
does not exist.
20
1.2 Process to get Inverse Functions
Procedures.
If f(x) = 5x – 2, find the inverse f-1 of f.
21
1.2 Worked Example
Example 5.
22
1.3 Function Notation
The following are function notations that are used.
23
1.4 Modulus
What is the meaning of modulus?
The modulus (| |) of a number is the magnitude of the number
without a sign attached.
For example | 4 | = 4 and | -4 | = 4.
Also the modulus of a number is also called the absolute value.
The statement | x | = k ,where k 0, means that x = k or x = -k.
24
1.4 Modulus Functions
What is a modulus function?
A modulus function is written as y = |f(x)|.
What is the difference between y = f(x) and y =
|f(x)|?
For a certain domain and range of f(x), |f(x)|
converts all negative values of f(x) into positive
values.
25
1.4 Graphical Representation of |f(x)|
Example.
y = x and y = |x|
26
1.4 Solve Modulus Equations
How to solve equation involving modulus functions?
For example:
| ax + b | = k ax + b = k and ax + b = -k
| ax + b | = cx + d ax + b = cx + d and ax + b = -(cx + d)
Example 6.
27
1.4 Solve Modulus Equations
Example 6.
28
1.4 Modulus Equations - Exercises
Do the following exercises (1.4) from textbook (pg
9).
Q1 to Q4.
29
1.4 Solve Modulus Equations Graphically
Example |2x + 1| = 5.
Find the intersection values for x of y = |2x + 1| and y =
5 which are x = -3 or 2 as shown:
30
1.4 Solve Modulus Equations Graphically
Example |x - 3| = 2x.
Find the intersection values for x of y = |x - 3| and y =
2x which is x = 1 only as shown:
31
1.4 Solve Modulus Equations
Algebraically
Worked examples.
1. Find the range of values of x if x + 1 4.
Solution
x+14 x3 or x + 1 -4 x -5.
i.e. -5 x 3
2. Find the range of values of x if 1 - 2x 5
- 5 1 - 2x x 3 or 1 - 2x 5 x -2
i.e. -2 x 3
32
1.4 Trigonometric Functions
What are the forms of equation of trigonometric
functions?
33
1.4 Graphs of Modulus Functions
- Exercises
Do the following exercises (1.5) from textbook (pg
11 to 12).
Q1 to Q9.
34
1.5 Function not to have an Inverse
Why is it that a function does not have an inverse?
It is because it is not a one-one function.
That is, many-one and one-many functions do not
have an inverse.
35
1.6 Find the Inverse of One-one
Function
How to find the inverse of a one-one function.
If f(x) = 5x – 2, find the inverse f-1 of f.
36
1.6 Worked Example
Example 7.
Q. If f(x) = y = e2x, find f-1(x).
Solution
y = e2x
Taking ln on either side of the equation,
ln y = 2x ln e = 2x ½ lny = x
Hence,
f-1(x) = ½ lnx
37
1.6 One-One Inverse Function
- Exercises
Do the following exercises (1.6) from textbook (pg
13 to 15).
Q1 to Q17.
38
1.7 Composite Functions
What is an composite function?
A composite function is a function of another function like fg(x).
That is, when one function is followed by another
function, the resulting function is called a composite function.
A composite function can also be represented as fg. Note that fg
gf and fg f x g.
fg (x) means the function g acts on x first, then f acts on the
result of g. f2 (x) means ff (x), so you apply the function f twice.
39
1.7 Composite Functions
Ways to form composite functions?
(i) If f(x) = 2x – 3 and g(x) = x +1, then
gf(x) = (2x –3) + 1 = 2x – 2 [ put the result of f into g ]
fg(x) = 2[x + 1] – 3 = 2x – 1 [ put the result of g into f ]
(ii) If f(x) = 5x + 4 and g(x) = 3x –2, then
fg = 5(3x - 2) + 4 = 15x –6
gf = 3(5x + 4) – 2 = 15x + 10
40
1.7 Composite Functions
How to know a composite function exist or not?
Lets look at the composite function fg(x). For fg to exist, the
output/range of g must all fall within the domain of f.
Example.
f(x) = 𝒙 is defined for x 0 and g(x) = - x2 for all real x. Explain
why fg(x) does not exist.
Solution
fg(x) = f(-x2) = −𝒙2 . As the output/range of g(x) is always
negative or 0, it falls out of the domain of f(x) (x 0) and hence
fg(x) does not exist or defined in real numbers.
41
1.7 Composite Functions
How about gf(x)?
f(x) = 𝒙 is defined for x 0 and g(x) = - x2 for all real x. Does gf(x)
exist?
Solution
gf(x) = g( 𝒙 ) = -( 𝒙)2 = -x . As the output/range of f(x) are all real
numbers, it falls within the domain of g(x) (all real numbers x) and
hence gf(x) exists or defined in real numbers with domain x 0 .
42
1.7 Sample Past-Year Question
2024 May-June P21.
Mark Scheme.
43
1.7 Calculate Value of a
Composite Function
Example.
If g : x 2x ; f : x x + 5
then fg(x) =2x + 5; gf(x) = 2(x + 5) = 2x + 10
To calculate (a) fg(2) & (b) gf(2):
(a) First find g(2) = 2 x 2 = 4
Then put 4 into f that is f(4) = 4 + 5 = 9 is fg(2)
(b) First find f(2) = 2 + 5 = 7
Then put 7 into g that is g(7) = 2 x 7 = 14 is gf(2)
Hence fg gf
44
1.2 Domain & Range Composite Functions
Domain of composite function.
Domain gf ⊆ Domain f
Range of composite function.
Range gf ⊆ Range g
45
1.7 Form & Use Composite Functions
- Exercise
Do the following exercises (1.3) from textbook (pg 6
to 7).
Q1 to Q13.
46
1.8 A Function and Its Inverse
How a function and its inverse related on a graph?
A function is the reflection of its inverse in the line y = x.
That is, the graphs of f and f-1 are reflections of each in the
line y = x.
Example.
𝒙+1
For example, f = 2x – 1 and g = are reflections of each
2
other in the line y = x. Therefore g = f-1.
47
1.8 A Function and Its Inverse
Example of graphs of a function and its inverse.
48
1.8 A Function and Its Inverse
Example of graphs of a function and its inverse.
49
1.8 Worked Example
Example 8.
50
1.8 Function and Its Inverse
- Exercise
Do the following exercises (1.7) from textbook (pg
17 to 18).
Q1 to Q8.
51
1.9 Past-year Questions
Refer textbook (pg 19 to 22)
52
1.9 Past-year Questions
1. To be updated
[2020 ON P12]
[ (a) d = -3, a = 176, (b) 119]
53
1.9 Past-year Questions
2. To be updated
54
1.9 Past-year Questions
3. To be updated
55
1. Summary
1. A function is a rule that maps each input x-value of to
just one output y-value for a defined set of input values.
Hence mappings that are either one-one or many-one
are called functions. E.g. y = x or y = x2 .
3. A modulus function is one that reflects all its negative
section of values about the x-axis.
4. A composite function (fg or gf) is made up of two
functions (f and g) where the result of one is
subsequently processed by the second.
5. An inverse function (f-1) is one that undoes what f
has done. f-1 can exist if and only if f is one-one.
56
1. Functions
End of Chapter
57
