CLASS-8, L-14 REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS, SOMETHING TO KNOW.
A. Fill in the blanks.
1. Generally identical individuals are produced by asexual reproduction.
2. Gametes are specialized cells that take part in sexual reproduction.
3. An animal, that produces both male and female gametes, is known as a
hermaphrodite animal.
4. A fertilized egg is also known as the zygote.
5. The incubation period for a hen’s egg is 21 days
B. Match the following.
1. Hydra (a) hermaphrodite
2. Reptiles (b) calcite
3. Earthworm (c) budding
4. Gills (d) oviparous
5. Egg shell (e) tadpole
Ans. 1- (c), 2- (d), 3- (a), 4- (e), 5- (b)
C. Tick the correct option.
1. The site of fertilization in humans, is the
(a) uterus (b) oviduct (c) vagina (d) ovary
2. The reason, why parrot does not belong to the same group as that of
monkey, man, cat, is that-
(a) it is oviparous. (b) it undergoes external
fertilization.
(c) it undergoes internal fertilization (d) it is viviparous.
3. An organism, which reproduces by Budding, is
(a) Plasmodium (b) yeast (c) amoeba (d) spirogyra
4. A caterpillar develops into a silk moth through the process of
(a) Fertilization (b) metamorphosis (c) hatching (d) parthenogenesis
5. A foetus can be best defined as-
(a) A fertilized egg (b) a developing embryo
(c)a well developed embryo (d) an unfertilized egg.
D. Answer the following questions in brief.
Q1. Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction.
Ans. Asexual reproduction is a process of reproduction in which a single
parent (individual) can produce young ones without the involvement of
another individual. No formation of gametes take place. For example,
amoeba reproduces by binary fission.
Sexual reproduction- It is a process in which two types of gametes are
produced (generally, by two different individuals) and new individuals are
formed by the fusion of gametes. For example, Humans.
Q2. How is reproduction carried out in Hydra?
Ans. In Hydra, asexual reproduction takes place, by budding. A small
protuberance, called the bud appears on the parent body. It remains
attached to the parent during its growth into a new offspring. It separates at
an appropriate time to live as an independent organism.
Budding in hydra
Q3. How is fertilization in a hen different from fertilization in a frog?
Ans. In case of a hen, fertilization takes place in the initial part of the oviduct,
that is, it takes place inside the body of the female hen, it is an internal
fertilization. On the other hand, in case of a frog, the fertilization (fusion of
sperm and egg), takes place in water, that is, outside the body of the female
frog, it is external fertilization.
Q4. State the difference between oviparous and viviparous animals.
Ans.
Oviparous animals (ova= egg) Viviparous animals (vivus= alive)
1 These animals lay eggs. In these animals, the females
give birth to young ones.
2 The development of the egg The embryo develops inside the
takes place outside the body body of the mother (female).
of the mother (female), in This distinguishes mammals
favourable external from others.
surroundings.
It is common in fishes,
amphibians, reptiles, birds
and insects
Q5. Why is the number of eggs, laid by frogs at a time, much higher than
those laid by a hen?
Ans. The number of eggs laid by frogs at a time, is much higher than those
laid by a hen because, the chances of survival of eggs, in case of frogs are
very less as compared to the hens. Hens lay fewer eggs and are able to
protect and nurture their off-springs better than frogs.
Q6. How will you differentiate between a zygote and an embryo?
Ans. A zygote is a single cell formed after fertilization (fusion of an egg and
sperm). It contains the nuclear part of the sperm (from the father) and of the
egg (from the mother). It immediately divides into two cells. These cells then
divide again and again, over a couple of days, resulting in a cluster of cells.
This cluster of cells is called an embryo.
Q7. It is the mother who gives birth to a child. How do children, then, get
features of both the parents?
Ans. The zygote contains the nuclear material from the sperm (from the
father) and the nuclear material from egg (from the mother). This is the
reason that a child has some characteristics of father and some
characteristics of the mother.
E.Answer the following Questions.
Q1. Define the term ‘Metamorphosis’. List the changes that a tadpole
undergoes to develop into a frog.
Ans. A marked more or less abrupt developmental change in the structure
and habits of an animal (as in case of a butterfly or a frog), occurring during
the life cycle, is termed as metamorphosis.
Following are the changes that occur in a tadpole to become a frog-
(i) Firstly, the hind legs appear, followed by the front legs.
(ii) Lungs develop for aerial respiration.
(iii) Intestine shortens to adapt to a carnivorous diet.
(iv) Finally, the tail gets absorbed by the body during the last stages
of metamorphosis. A tailed tadpole, changes into a tail-less frog.
Q2. Trace the sequence of events that led to the development of a chick from
the fertilized egg of a hen.
Ans. After fertilization, in the initial part of the oviduct, the zygote formed,
starts dividing and moves down the oviduct. As it moves down the oviduct, a
number of protective layers get formed around it. The embryo develops
inside the egg for about 21 days, after which a chick gets fully developed.
Finally, the egg shell breaks down and the chick comes out.
Q3. Where does fertilization occur in human beings? How does the zygote
eventually develop into an infant?
Ans. Fertilization occur in the initial part of the oviduct of a female, in human
beings. The zygote formed by the process of fertilization, immediately divides
into two cells. These cells then divide again and again, over a couple of days,
and the resulting cluster of cells makes its way to the uterus (womb). This
cluster of cells is called an embryo, it implants itself in the lining of the uterus
and continues dividing its cells to make billions of new cells. It gradually
develops the different body parts, such as the head, eyes, hands, legs etc.
When the embryo reaches the stage where all its body parts can be
identified, it is called the foetus. The foetus, when born, is called an infant.
Q4. Draw a neat and labelled diagram of a human sperm. Also, write how its
shape and size help it in its functioning?
Ans. A structure, at the tip of the head of the sperm, produces enzymes that
help the sperm to penetrate the female ovum (egg). Its shape and small size
help it to provide good mobility towards the human ovum.
Human sperm
Q5. Draw a neat and well labelled diagram of (i) the reproductive system of
human female (ii) the male reproductive system.
Ans. Human female reproductive system
Human male reproductive system
Q6. Write the function (s) of each of the following parts of the human female
reproductive system: (a) Ovaries (b) Oviduct (c) Uterus.
Ans. Functions:
(a) Ovaries- To produce eggs
(b) Oviduct- providing site for fertilization
(c) Uterus- The growing embryo attaches itself to the uterus for further
development into a foetus.
