NucLEI

(CHAPTE R-13)

* Nules is maae up c neuten and peten

NEUTRON +PROTON NUCLEONS|

PROTON CHARAE- te I•6x 10°"C

MASS- (·67 X 10kg- au

1

SYMBOL- H
1

NEUTRON CHARGE 0
MASS: 1 -6 4X 10kq 1 anmu
SYMBOL: n

ATOMIC NUMBER(z)
44 is the numbe oy uetens pruent inude nuleus
Z= Number of retons
= NumbM of clctrons (in neutral atem

MASS NUMBER (A)

44 & the total nmb o utans and netens inie the atomiu nuleus
oy the lement

A= Numbtnof preons +Numbes of neutons

16

TS0TOPES: Atems ay the Same lement whesenulei hAMe Aame numbe,

o% uetans but dyonent numbu aneutns.
Atomienumbeh Same
Mas numbeu ifonent
 Pctiun Denteiwn, Titiwm

TSOBAR

bt ditent nwnbeu c uctcns and neutrens

Atomie nunbt-iffunt
Mass nnbeu- Same
11
N
(6p.Sn) (7pn)

T50TONES
#tee of ditttnent clemevt uihCiU nlei hane same numsen cy netre but
diktrenent numbeu cy prettns

Atcne nmbey-pfercnt
Mas nunbeu- Diffcrnt

(1p2n) (Ap.2n)

SIRE OFNUCLEUS

cA

whee, R=TAdus rulus

NUCLEAR DENSITY:-(9) 3
P= Mass nulus
a

Veume ok nulus AXaMu -AX\Amu

-AX1am = AX1ame 3Xlamu

4TRA
P= 3Xlamu
4ITRo

P =3X1'6X 1027
4 X 314 x(-25X 1015)

MAS5-ENEREY RELATION:
Acenaing t0 Eintcn Taticn atmas and
enengy
E= mc2 -)
E= Eo t K•E
E =m,c? +1mu-) where, E-
Eo=
tetal eoy
Vt mass cniay
Frem eauaticn ) ). and
m ncumal
m= mass(aht
mascut)
speea)
mc2= mgc? tKE
K'E= mc?-mc?

MASS DEFECT- (Am)

the mas that dlisafpeneq is temed as Mas Delet'

Am=[Zmp t(A-) mn -M M= mas ay nules

•Masdelet ts taken in amu

 NUCLEAR BINDING ENEREY

bnding enongy (Af6)

uleus.

AEb=Zmp t(A-2) mn-MJC

Enexgy.
1 amu q31 MeV

4E=Amc2
I ms deft i taken n amu,
Am-[ämp t+ @mn-M]amu )
Ey-(zmp +(A-)my-M451 Mev
AE= Am X 431 MeV

• Mee binding eney means mee table nulus

Nuiuan bunding gYRWNuleny'
Jhe watic oy ttal buting engy cy
nuleus to total numbew ay
daue as nuleaw büuiy cnciy nuleans u
penuuleons
Ey Jotal binding energy
Numbu of niuleon(h)

•he
CAuey binding eieyy per nuuleans
elease
. eans yam nleus
a
is

BINDING ENERGY CURVE

 (85MeV),

ccl2

12

Jhen eements whee mas

numhew & eaiy diuided
by 4 (cempletey) en these

„ilseime)
thein bnding eney er

Binding
Pu
eneugy

(Mev)

100 125
Mas Number
she yeuuiung wethe eatwes oy the plot
Avevage büing cne pe neanyon Mas numbew lesta,. Z,

p
Seme
neenthan tuimas numbe
ulei uith 3t 20) ano Lwyebinding wy
) For nulei unoe mas nunben is queatevthan Sbn than
neugy per nuleen daseales- F waniuw, ane c he
bunding
heauiet attwal cienut. budiny negg peo nueen draps he to sMeN
CONCLUSION:

ONUCLEAR FIGSION:

When a heang nulewu cpiu up into tigut ov nuuei leq wanium)hen binding
euwyy pe nuteons ey tiakn nulel i'maMe than that o the Briainat hany
nucliis Jhis pres cauig nuleaw uian is

ONUCLEAR FUSION - heany nuleus

lwhen tts vey nuei (ey hydugcn) Cembine to oum
ignt a

thn bindng negy povhulens oy ieauy nuleus beuemes mene lan the
Ligten nuleiº In atiou wonds, he nuuecnl oy the tyuad heany nleu

NUcLEAR FORCE:
Cntsgy(Mev)
Pctenttal
2

Seme ay he inpertant chanatentiu ane:

) Nulean oes ane vOny sliort Yange fores

hey a acpendut)en spi 04 anquan mementum o utet

than thwcalembfoue

Wasses

RADIOACTIVITY
Jhe watable nulel gains tbility pr p
andy- EMwes
bhehotPAETles
pantiles
 LAW OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY

• Radlaatiity u a Tandem pes

STATISTICAL LAW
when theue is a lge nwnbwanulei, vate of deay cu diintegralio
u divetty qrepenticnal tt the number onuuei in th tample

Rate ot dey no ef nuulei dcays

ttme
= -dN
t
-dN N

dt
-dN =N
dt
A= deay canitaut e
diinteqratten cantant

h> depends cwcheut elent and isetepe

o

N unbUwcndeuayed nulei

No

Cag N- eg No -(t-0)
eg No
N -t
N o initial nuben
nuei
N= -t
of
N, Eypcnential fom

DECAY CONSTANT) when tya NNoe No(V) 0- 368 No

 GRAPHH OF N VS 4

HHALF UFE OF DECAY(4m)

wnen t ty) N No/2

N N,et
No

NUMBER OF NUCLET LEFT AfTER n'HALF LIVES

22

An n hale ite N-Ne

No

No/2

N No/4

Nel8
Nel6 Nels2
 ACTIVTY OF A RADI0ACTIVE SAMPLE:

A ctinity Rate ay deLAy

R= -dN
dt
R= N

R= Noet
R- Roa-t

Becyuerel (Ba)
Rutherfond ( d)

aDECAY
a-ptile u heium nulew
(ap.an)

)Mas = 4amu

3 X "He
A-4
+-2
Paunt Jaughter

254

92
He + Th ta
&=my- my- mHe C

zX y + e +(Antneutino)
 40)

22 12
Na Ne +e+v t t

SAMMA DECAY

(Exdtecj cnt) (Gnund tiat)

60

Er-1-MeY

Eret33 MaV

NUcLEAR EISSION

AM, Hhis wulea Heutien,aheant nuleus Hpia nte

lisit iii

2U 92
+ S6
4

into bafww ang krypten

NULEAR EUSION
pus w whiuhtue wey ight nuulei combue to um a
nuleus withh a ye masnmben aleng utw rea o lay

Nulea uuien
it cannot
is t me
kneuun as
takepauo eaMy
nleaatien
to
beauue

• A temputwne ot the dwoy 10° keluiw à reauined

to stwt hulean fuien